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	Sufism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Junayd was among the first theorist of Sufism, known for his teachings on ‘fanaa’ and ‘baqaa’, the state whereby the annihilation of the self occurs in the divine presence and is accompanied by a great clarity towards the world of phenomena.
		Sufism was now recognized and understood by virtue of the spiritual values that it propagates, and because of the intellectual efforts of the great thinkers of this time, these scholars used all due discretion when they addressed matters of high spirituality.
		Although Sufism as a whole is approved in Islamic thought, there is a tendency to distinguish between different Sufi thoughts and practices in terms of their conformity with Shari'a and hence the introduction of an Islamic or authentic form of Sufism by religious authorities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sufism (4818 words)

	History of Sufism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Annemarie Schimmel proposes that Sufism in its early stages of development meant nothing but the interiorization of Islam.
		==Sufism in 21st century in the Uk This section is a stub.
		In this period of history, we saw from the hand of the Great Murshid, humanity benefiting as he stripped them of the vices of this world and led them onto the Straight Path, siraatal mustaqeem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Sufism (11891 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Sufism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Some of these new perspectives originate from the synthesis of Persian civilization with Islam http://www.khamush.com/sufism/persian_sufism.htm, an emphasis on spiritual aspects of Islam as a reaction against the prevailing impersonal, formal and hypocritical practice of religion http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/sufism/67134, and possibly the incorporation of ideas and practices from other mystic systems such as Gnosticism and Hinduism into Islam.
		In the history of Sufism, the founders and early scholars of the schools (madhhabs) had positive attitudes towards Sufism, for example Imam Hambal used to visit the Sufi master Bishr al Hafi frequentlyhttp://www.crescentlife.com/spirituality/early_scholars_on_sufism.htm.
		Some Muslim movements (such as Salafism, alternatively called Wahabism, a fundamentalist Islamic movement) hold Sufism to be a form of reprehensible innovation influenced by unislamic sources http://www.allaahuakbar.net/sufism/index.htm, http://www.qss.org/articles/sufism/sufi7.html.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Sufism (4666 words)

	Sufism: The Reluctant Messenger - Rumi Sufi Sufis Sufies
		The history of Sufism records that during the lifetime of the Prophet Mohammed, fifteen centuries ago, there was a group of pious individuals from different arabic nations who were guided by this ancient understanding.
		It is from this group that all the schools of Sufism that have ever existed owe their origin, for by pursuing the path of unsullied inner knowledge they were the founders of Sufism, and the binding link between its subsequent developments.
		History shows that within a century or two their style of self understanding and discipline were introduced by their students to nations as diverse and widely separated as Persia, India, Indonesia, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and North Africa.
	reluctant-messenger.com /sufi.htm (1233 words)

	Sufism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sufism began after the first Century of Islam, as a struggle against the increasing distortions of Islam and its teachings.
		Sufism is very much a part of the Islamic teachings, however, seems to represent the more mystical aspects of the Islamic Faith.
		Sufism is a path of self purification and a purification of the heart.
	www.iamuniversity.org /worldreligions/sufism.html (582 words)

	Sufism - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is a mystic tradition of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism).
		Sufism was now recognized and understood by virtue of the spiritual values that it propagates, and because of the intellectual efforts of the great thinkers of this time.
		This view of Sufism has been popular in the West but is opposed by traditional Sufis who practice it within the framework of Islam as the science of Sufism was always practiced as a discipline in Islam and could never be separated from it.
	www.voyager.in /Sufi (4523 words)

	Sufism
		Sufism also includes the methods to attain and refine these experiences, the theories and doctrines regarding their origin and significance, and the place of these experiences within the lives of individuals and their societies.
		Sufism is examined from a variety of different perspectives: as a vibrant social institution, a specific form of artistic expression (mainly poetic), an ascetic and contemplative practice, and a distinctive intellectual tradition that derived its vitality from a dialogue with other strands of Islamic thought.
		Sufism is neither modernist nor fundamentalist, and I will make some attempt to situate it in relation to these other currents that struggle over not only the hearts and minds of Egyptians but also over the right to determine Egyptian politics and law.
	www.wordtrade.com /religion/islam/sufismR.htm (17796 words)

	Sufism - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sufism (Arabic: تصوف, taṣawwuf), a part of Islamic studies, is a mystic tradition of Islam based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as it is gradually revealed to the heart and mind of the Sufi (one who practices Sufism).
		Junayd was the first theorist of Sufism, known for his teachings on ‘fanaa and baqaa’, the state whereby the annihilation of the self occurs in the divine presence and is accompanied by a great clarity towards the world of phenomena.
		Image:Tomb of rumi at konya turkey.jpg Sufism was now recognized and understood by virtue of the spiritual values that it propagates, and because of the intellectual efforts of the great thinkers of this time.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Sufism (4462 words)

	REL 165 - SUFISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In this part, we will focus on the early and later representatives of Sufism such as Hasan al-Basri, Rabi’ah al’Adawiyyah, and Hujwiri, their contributions to the development of Sufi ethics and literature, and the role the Sufis have played in Islamic history in various fields ranging from philosophy and sciences to arts, politics and economics.
		In addition to the history of Sufism, we will analyze the basic doctrines of Sufism on God, the universe, man and woman, natural environment, ethics, psychology, spiritual states, meditation and invocation, spiritual chivalry, and master-disciple relationship.
		Sufism between tradition and modernity will be analyzed within the context of contemporary Islamic world and its struggle to come to terms with its own tradition and legacy on the one hand, and modernism, on the other.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/religiousstudies/ikalin/Syllabi/Sufism.htm (1362 words)

	Practical Sufism and Philosophical
		It is because of the inner truth of Sufism, a belief system and discipline free from the confines of time and place, that people from diverse cultural backgrounds and all walks of life, who are, yet, seeking a common pathway to an eternal and transcendent truth, can call themselves Sufis.
		The history of Sufism records that when the news of Islam spread throughout the middle east and its neighboring nations, many people from many lands were attracted to Arabia.
		Sufism is established on the essential laws of Being, and the laws of Being are timeless, free from dimensions of time and place and the limitations of human qualities.
	www.meta-religion.com /World_Religions/Sufism/practical_sufism.htm (1529 words)

	SUFISM IN INDIA: Its origin, history and politics.
		The concept of Sufism was therefore, to focus the mystic power on the spiritual dimension of Islam with a view to shield the believers from the outwardly and unrealistic dogma of the faith.
		Suhrawardiyya and Naqshbandiyya orders of Sufism had more support of Muslim political powers in India." The numerous Sufi religious establishments in India were the major means of spreading Islam and adapting it to indigenous cultural tradition" (Islamic Mysticism in India by Nagendra Kumar Singh, former Chairman, Islamic Research Foundation, Delhi).
		Sufism in India has commonly been viewed as a secular attempt for eternal quest of the soul for its direct experience of the ultimate Super power.
	www.saag.org /papers10/paper924.html (3968 words)

	Hazart Khawaja Moinuddin Hasan Chisty (R.A)- Love towards all malice towards none
		Early history of Sufism reveals that this particular branch of Divine knowledge originated and developed under conditions of strict discipline of quietism, seclusion, renunciation and incessant devotion to prayers under the guidance of a 'Murshid' or spiritual preceptor.
		During the 4th and 5th centuries, Sufism grew in strength in spite of the frowning Ulema it was in this period that the Zikr and Sama from their simple congregational recitation and meditation over the Quran began to show more definite liturgical tendency marked specially by the recitation of chants and litanies.
		Ultimately principle of compromise between orthodoxy and Sufism was inevitably sought with the result that a celebrated theologian Al-Qushari (died 1072 AD) wrote a treatise urging the cause of the higher Sufism and the acceptance of the doctrine of ecstatic communion with God.
	www.dargahajmer.com /i_sufi.htm (5181 words)

	History (from Sufism) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Despite these general stages, however, the history of Islamic mysticism is largely a history of individual mystic experience.
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
		Brief history of Uruguay from its settlement by Europeans in the 16th century to the restoration of democracy in the 1980s.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-68903 (789 words)

	Sufism Journal: Sufi History: Philosophy & Law: Shari'a, Tariqa, Haqiaq
		It is the relationship of the three that scholars and philosophers have contemplated and debated throughout the history of mystical Islam.
		In early Islamic history, Sufism was not recognized as a separate, inner dimension of Islam, but was identified with Islam as such.
		The Prophet (pbuh) was the ultimate Sufi Master, who taught the essential doctrines of esoteric Islam to the sahaba, or 'Companions.' In turn, the Companions transmitted the teachings and practices of the Prophet (pbuh) to their disciplines, cultivating the seeds for schools of esoteric practice based on the true knowledge of the self.
	www.sufismjournal.org /history/historysharia1.html (414 words)

	1994 Sufism Symposium
		Throughout the weekend, the history and growth of Sufism was presented, in its earliest origin through the evolution of many orders in different parts of the world, to the message of Sufism for the world today.
		Ellen Hammerle, a member of the International Association of Sufism, conducted a workshop introducing the practice of meditation and led her audience to experience the deep inner silence necessary for spiritual travel.
		The principles of Sufism, the foundation of the Sufi path, was explored by Michael Newman of the International Association of Sufism.
	www.sufismsymposium.org /1994.html (840 words)

	Brief History of Gnosis
		For this purpose it appears to be proper to give first of all a brief history of gnosis and mystic ism from the first century of Hijri era to the tenth century.
		Hasan Basri: Like that of scholastic theology the history of gnosticism and mysticism also begins with Hasan Basri who died in 110 A.D. Hasan Basri was born in 62 A.H. and died at the age of 88.
		A characteristic of this group was that they were mostly jurists and divines and as such they were very particular about maintaining harmony between the mystic beliefs and practices and the rules of external religion and morality.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Stage/8217/36/05.htm (6502 words)

	William Chittick, Sufism: A Short Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		By way of carefully formulated statements as well as hints and allusions, Chittick reminds the modern students of Sufism that there is no progress in the path of spiritual realization without formally and firmly clinging to the injunctions of the Shari’ah.
		Furthermore, this is not a book on the history of Sufism, and the author emphasizes ideas and doctrines rather than names or events throughout the book.
		In a general book on Sufism, however, one expects the major figures of Sufism to be given equal weight lest those who are new to the subject leave the book with an incomplete list of names in mind.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/religiousstudies/ikalin/Reviews/Chittick-Sufism.htm (1007 words)

	IAS :: Events :: Sufism Symposium
		The Annual Sufism Symposium is a weekend of unity and self discovery presented by the International Association of Sufism.
		Individual Sufis came to the symposium from all parts of the world, people of many differing backgrounds and cultures, representing diversity in the depth of most honorable unity, sharing their wisdom on the topic of ethics and humanity, the theme of this year's symposium...
		The Sixth Annual Sufism Symposium, the unifying topic of Sufism and Self Discovery created an atmosphere of special intimacy, affording the participants the opportunity to look within and share their own experiences on the path of self discovery.
	www.ias.org /sufismsymposium.html (777 words)

	Sufism - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		While Sufism is said to have incorporated elements of Christian monasticism, gnosticism, and Indian mysticism, its origins are traced to forms of devotion and groups of penitents (zuhhad) in the formative period of Islam.
		Their theoretical contributions led to the development within Sufism of a complex system of initiation and progression toward the Divine and set the stage for the emergence of organized Sufi orders.
		Although Sufism has made significant contributions to the spread of Islam and the development of various aspects of Islamic civilization (e.g., literature and calligraphy), many conservative Muslims disagree with many popular Sufi practices, particularly saint worship, the visiting of tombs, and the incorporation of non-Islamic customs.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=Sufism (666 words)

	DISKUS: Andrew Rawlinson
		Hazrat Inayat Khan taught that it was in 'inner' Sufism - the mystical core that is found in all religions, independent of the external shell; the Western Shadhiliyya-cum-Traditionalists said that, on the contrary, it was in the whole fruit of Islam, both the outer shell (Shari'a) and the inner core (Haqiqa).
		The Western translations were mainly concerned with Persian Sufism, and Persia, though it had diplomatic, military and trade connections with the West (mainly Britain), did not have a resident Western population (unlike India and Ceylon).
		The significance of this for Western Sufism is that Gunon was initiated by Agueli in Paris in 1912.
	web.uni-marburg.de /religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/rawlinson.html (11928 words)

	Sufism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Some hold that Sufism is related to Islamic prescriptions; others hold that it is prior to Muhammad's teaching and historical life.
		However it may be, Sufism may be considered the core of all religions and philosophies.
		I have written three books on this issue: in the first, I introduced readers to the history of Sufism, its psychology and its pedagogy, drawing on the best masters, such as Rumi, Attar, and Ibn Arabi; in the other works, I have collected some Sufi stories, which are therapeutic devices, and have re-elaborated them.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Rhodes/4731/Sufism.html (294 words)

	Sufism
		Sufism has influenced many Muslims, and is, especially in the West, portrayed and regarded as a valuable and legitimate part of the Islamic faith.
		Sufism gives special attention for the spiritual issues, because they believe that when a Muslim has good faith and good spiritual life then he will be a good Muslim.
		Actually, the Sufism movement in Canada and North America is very weak in my opinion, because Sufism depends on shaikhs [guru-type leaders], special scholars who lead their students, teaching them and watching them, and we don’t have those scholars to lead this movement.
	www.rim.org /muslim/sufism.htm (6340 words)

	Sufism Journal: Sufi Biographies
		Not a few mystics claimed to be the qutb of their time, and quite a number of them assumed the role of the Mahdi, the manifestation of the hidden imam and the qutb, as manifested in the mystical preceptor, is common to Sufism and Shiism.
		SUFISM gratefully acknowledges permission from the University of North Carolina Press to reprint this article which comprises a portion of Chapter 4 from Annemarie Schimmel's Mystical Dimensions of Islam.
		The "Kashf al-Mahjub," the Oldest Persian Treatise on Sufism by al-Hujwiri.
	sufismjournal.org /history/history.html (1408 words)

	1995 Sufism Symposium
		On the date of April 1, 1995 I looked around me and saw people from around the world gathered together in San Francisco to attend the Sufism Symposium, in that moment I was suddenly taken back to the beginning of the history of Sufism, at a time where the people of Suffa lived.
		On that Saturday and Sunday of April 1 and 2, people with warm gestures and admirable discipline began arriving from early in the morning in order to reserve their space in the grand ballroom of the Cathedral Hill Hotel were the Symposium was held.
		This is the first time in the history of Sufism that an organization was established, and dedicated itself to the cause of Sufism beyond the confines of prejudice in order to invite Sufis from many different schools to celebrate the eminent beauty of Sufism and to celebrate the greatness of such fascinating history.
	www.sufismsymposium.org /1995.html (1109 words)

	University of Durham
		BA Honors in Politics and History of the Middle East with one- or two-year MA: Middle East politics
		In addition to studying the language, all undergraduates study Islam and the history and literature of the Middle East region and receive an introduction to present-day issues in the region’s economy, politics and social science.
		The series covers all aspects of the economy, politics, social science, history, literature and languages of the Middle East.
	fp.arizona.edu /mesassoc/Directory/UDurham.htm (842 words)

	Essays on Islamic Piety and Mysticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		His publications combine masterful philological method and precision, profound and penetrating textual interpretation, and a wide-ranging familiarity with primary sources which may truly be characterized as phenomenal.
		His work on Sufism covers the whole of the Islamic world and Islamic history from its beginnings up to the 20th century.
		The selected articles deal with the history of Sufism; Sufi morals and practices such as dhikr and samā‘; the historical development of the master-disciple relationship; Ibn Taymiyya's attitude toward Sufism; pious devotional practices such as making use of the tasliya; essential sources for the history of Sufism in the Maghreb and the Almoravids.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=8672 (232 words)

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