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Topic: History of Svalbard

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Svalbard

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Geography of Svalbard

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1906

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	SVALBARD MUSEUM
		The exhibition presents fragments of Svalbard's 400-year history and describes factors that help support life and the activities taking place here, which together reveal the close relationship between sea and land, nature and cultural history.
		Svalbard museum is nominated to the award "Museum of the year 2006"
		Glomdalsmuseet in Elverum, IKM in Oslo and Svalbard Museum is nominated to the national award "Museum of the year" for 2006.
	www.svalbardmuseum.no /eframside.php (116 words)

	History of Svalbard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vikings and/or Russians may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century.
		Norway's sovereignty was recognized by the Svalbard Treaty of 1920 with an addition that limited military use of Svalbard and that the other nations retained the rights to their settlements; five years later Norway officially took over the territory.
		From the late 1940s to the early 1980s the geology of the Svalbard archipelago was investigated by teams from Cambridge University and other universities (e.g., Oxford University), led by Cambridge geologist W.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Svalbard (322 words)

	Svalbard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Svalbard is an archipelago lying in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole.
		With the 1925 Svalbard Act, Norway chose to make Svalbard a part of the Kingdom, and it remains one of four special entities whose status is recognized by international treaty in the world today.
		Svalbard consists of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean; ranging from 76° to 81° North, and 10° to 35° East, it forms the northernmost part of Norway and the northernmost lands of Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Svalbard (1815 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Svalbard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Svalbard, part of the Kingdom of Norway, lies in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe.
		It consists of a group of islands ranging from 74° to 81° North, and 10° to 34° East; it is the northernmost possession of the Kingdom of Norway.
		Svalbard consists of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean; ranging from 74° to 81° North, and 10° to 34° East, it forms the northernmost part of Norway and the northernmost lands of Europe.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Svalbard (1324 words)

	State of Environment in Norway: Geology
		During most of its geological history, Svalbard was submerged, and there has been an almost continuous deposition of sand, gravel, mud, and lime, etc., which progressively were altered into bedrock.
		Although glaciers cover most of the land area, Svalbard is one of the few places in the world that provides excellent access to study most sections of the earth's history.
		Svalbard is thus both natural geological archives and a laboratory where past and present geological processes are particularly well demonstrated.
	www.environment.no /templates/PageWithRightListing____2815.aspx (404 words)

	Nordic Culture > Svalbard and Spitsbergen, Arctic Circle, Norway - Scandinavica.com
		Svalbard became a demilitarized Norwegian dependency in 1920 and is administered by a Governor named by the Norwegian Ministry of Justice.
		Svalbard is a Norwegian dependency run by a Governor and therefore all the settlements in the archipelago are under Norwegian jurisdiction.
		The Svalbard reindeer was almost extinct by human overhunting by the time when Norway took control of the territory in 1925 and declared the Svalbard reindeer as a protected specie.
	www.scandinavica.com /culture/travel/svalbard.htm (2289 words)

	History of Cyprus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article is about the History of Cyprus.
		The sovereign Republic of Cyprus joins the EU on 1 May but the EU acquis is suspended in the occupied north.
		History of: Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia •
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Cyprus (2162 words)

	Svalbard travel guide - Wikitravel
		Svalbard [1] (Russian: Grumant) also known as Spitsbergen, is a group of islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and the Norwegian Sea.
		Svalbard is the northernmost tip of Europe and its settlements are the northernmost permanently inhabited spots on the planet.
		Svalbard is a popular staging point (at least in relative terms) for launching expeditions to the North Pole.
	wikitravel.org /en/Svalbard (2003 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The University of Svalbard (1995) and an aurora research station are located in Longyearbyen.
		Probably discovered by Vikings in 1194, Svalbard appeared in early Norwegian stories, and the islands were rediscovered by a Dutch expedition under the navigator Willem Barents in 1596; Henry Hudson reached them in 1607.
		Whale-hunting became important in the area in the 17th century and the Dutch, the British, and the Danes claimed sovereignty over the islands.
	historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..sv218900.a (315 words)

	Svalbard Geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Svalbard comprises all islands between latitude 74° North and latitude 81° North and between longitude 10° East and longitude 35° East.
		During the later part of the Cretaceous, Svalbard was subject to a tectonic uplift causing erosion and a hiatus in the sedimentary record.
		Fossil footprint of a Iguanodon-like reptile, Festningen, Isfjorden, Svalbard.
	www.hi.is /~oi/svalbard_geology.htm (2828 words)

	Svalbard Images - News, Maps and Pictures of the Svalbard Archipelago
		A wide range of activities are available on Svalbard, from hiking, kayak, boat trips, cruise, during summer and autumn to skiing trips with snowmobile or dog-sled transport during the winter season.
		Svalbard is also worth experiencing from a kayak which offers opportunities for combining kayak with hiking.
		Nordauslandet in North East of Svalbard is a large island which has the two larger ice caps of the archipelago.
	www.svalbard-images.com (427 words)

	Svalbard History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is however assumed that Svalbard (the name means “cold shore”) was already found by Norse seamen in 1194.
		Moreover, some Russian scientists believe that Svalbard was visited by Pomory hunters from the White Sea region, in the 15th and 16th century, but these issues are still controversial.
		During the late 18th and the 19th century, Svalbard was mostly visited by Russian and Norwegian fur hunters and trappers.
	dpsg1.epfl.ch /instituts/ipt/berglund/history.html (323 words)

	Index
		Spitzbergen (Spitsbergen, Svalbard) is a part of Norway by international treaty.
		The correct term for the territory is Svalbard (from Norse, meaning "The land with the cold coasts") while Spitzbergen/Spitsbergen is the name of the largest island.
		Norsk Polarinstitutt conducts a lot of research on Svalbard, and has lots of information on their server.
	www.janeriks.no /Books/Svalbard.htm (177 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The rapid colonization of the shores of the Mediterranean and of the Black Sea by Phoenicia and the Greek city-states in the first millennium BC must have been accompanied by the exploration of their hinterlands by countless unknown soliders and traders.
		Herodotus prefaces his History (written in the 5th century BC) with a geographical description of the then known world: this introductory material reveals that the coastlines of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea had by then been explored.
		Edward Heawood, A History of Geographical Discovery in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1912, reprinted 1965), treats the topic in a broad context.
	www.history.upenn.edu /coursepages/hist086/material/Exploration.html (8846 words)

	1000Countries.com: Svalbard I: svalbard, SVALBARD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Svalbard, a Norwegian dependency, lies in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe...
		Svalbard means the land with the cold coast, and the name is...
		Svalbard is Norwegian territory, located between northern latitudes 74 and 81, where the Arctic Ocean meets the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea.
	www.1000countries.com /countries_of_the_world/svalbard_1.html (1916 words)

	Svalbard and Jan Mayen - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Svalbard and Jan Mayen - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Svalbard and Jan Mayen are Norwegian territories in the Arctic Ocean, considered together for administrative purposes.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Svalbard and Jan Mayen contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Svalbard_and_Jan_Mayen (87 words)

	Svalbard Archaeology
		The history of Svalbard, or Spitsbergen as it was generally known as before the ratification of the Svalbard treaty in 1925, has always been connected to the exploitation of natural resources.
		During the course of the 18th century, human activity on Svalbard was dominated by hunters from northern-western Russia, the Pomors.
		The Svalbard coal was first mentioned by the whale hunters of the 17th century, who used it on board their ships.
	www.svalbardarchaeology.org /history.html (1438 words)

	Elderhostel : No Dates Available
		Longyearbyen is the capital of Spitsbergen, the largest island in the Svalbard archipelago.
		The northwest coast, 250 miles long, displays many historical monuments that testify to a heroic polar history, and is home to a rich wildlife and vegetation thanks to the Gulf Stream.
		As we explore Spitsbergen by boat and pass spectacular mountain peaks and precipitous glacier fronts, lectures address Arctic nature, the history of Norwegian settlements in the region, and contemporary life in Svalbard.
	www.elderhostel.org /Programs/unavailable.asp?part=3356 (588 words)

	☞ Svalbard, History bulletin board index
		Svalbard 'History' index Classifieds1000 World Expat and Travel Forum
		Please make sure your message is relevant to Svalbard and the selected topic.
		You are welcome to include urls in your forum postings, however, keep in mind that the forum is designed for discussions about topics not just posting of urls.
	board.classifieds1000.com /Svalbard/History (252 words)

	THE QUATERNARY HISTORY OF SVALBARD
		Objective: Students will be introduced to the Quaternary history of Svalbard, within the context of long-term climatic fluctuations between glacial and interglacial periods in the Arctic.
		The last major glaciation on Svalbard, during the Late Weichselian (~25,000-10,000 BP) ended with a rapid deglaciation during the period ca.
		During early-mid Holocene, Svalbard climate was milder than now and most glaciers were probably smaller than at present.
	www.unis.no /STUDIES/GEOLOGY/AG-210.HTM (337 words)

	Spitsbergen Tours—Polar Bear Tours & Wildlife of Spitsbergen—TravelWild Expeditions
		nly a very few lucky travelers have visited the pristine Arctic islands of Svalbard and fewer still on a cruise that is totally dedicated to the interests of wildlife and nature enthusiasts.
		With a mild climate due to the northernmost influence of the Gulf Stream, the summer snow line recedes to between 1,600 and 2,300 feet uncovering verdant patches of green and red mosses and delicate wildflowers.
		On the northern edge of the archipelago drifting pack ice crowds the shore, and it is common to find polar bears hunting seals and walruses.
	travelwild.com /Svalbard.asp (807 words)

	TravelWild Expeditions - Svalbard/Spitsbergen - Itinerary
		These next eight days are dedicated to exploring the Svalbard Archipelago, especially around the environs of its biggest and most spectacular island—Spitsbergen.
		Our exact day-today itinerary will remain flexible, depending on local weather, ice and wildlife conditions, but the ship is totally at our disposal to go where and when we please.
		We are very likely to experience up-close meetings with Svalbard reindeer grazing along mossy banks, walruses on land and amidst the ice floes, arctic foxes, bearded and ringed seals and, possibly, whales.
	www.travelwild.com /PolarBuggy_Itinerary.asp (413 words)

	Svalbard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		During a conference in Svalbard in the summer of 1999, I took time out with Svalbard historian Per Kyrre Reymert to survey the wreck of a German Junkers Ju.88 near Longyearbyen.
		At the international research village of Ny-Aalesund stand the remains of the mooring mast used to tether Umberto Nobile's polar airships "Norge" and "Italia" prior to their polar flights in 1926 and 1928.
		Two historical sites, one maritime and one terrestrial, dating from the earliest American polar expedition launched from the Svalbard archipelago, in 1894, will be surveyed at Waldenoya, Svalbard, at 81 degrees North, during SWEDARCTIC 2000.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/p/j/pjc12/Svalbard.htm (520 words)

	Links (Postal History)
		Postal history covers from all over the world, mainly from Austria and German area, some topical items too.
		The Forces Postal History Society brings together the many collectors interested in the postal history of the Armed Forces of all countries, (and United Nations), at all times, whether in war or peacetime, including the study of postmarks, cachets, postage rates, prisoner-of-war mail, stamps and stationery, censorship and the organisation of military postal services.
		The HKSC was formed in 1951 to record and circulate information on the philatelic and postal history of Hong Kong and treaty ports.
	stampcollectingnews.tripod.com /id52.html (711 words)

	Svalbard - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Svalbard, archipelago (23,958 sq mi/62,051 sq km), island group (1994 pop.
		Except as otherwise permitted by written agreement, the following are prohibited: copying substantial portions or the entirety of the work in machine readable form, making multiple printouts thereof, and other uses of the work inconsistent with U.S. and applicable foreign copyright and related laws.
		THE HISTORY CHANNEL and BIOGRAPHY are trademarks of AandE Television Networks used under license ©2004 AandE Television Networks.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=Svalbard (672 words)

	GG32330 - THE QUATERNARY HISTORY OF SVALBARD (UNIS)
		Describe and explain the long-term climatic fluctuations between glacial and interglacial periods in the Arctic and former climatic conditions on Svalbard
		Students will be introduced to the Quaternary history of Svalbard, within the context of long-term climatic fluctuations between glacial and interglacial periods in the Arctic.
		Quaternary landscape evolution and the sedimentary record of Svalbard.
	www.aber.ac.uk /modules/future/GG32330.html (309 words)

	Svalbard/Spitzbergen
		The Arctic group of islands known as Svalbard, or Spitzbergen in English (Spitzbergen being the name of the largest island) was no-man's land but became Norwegian in the early 1920's through the Svalbard treaty.
		Beware that recent auctions have shown that many older notes are not as scarce as previously thought.
		On the island of Bjørnøya (Bear Island) -also a part of the Svalbard territory - there also has been issued notes, but I have no info on these notes - other than that they are scarce.
	www.janeriks.no /Banknotes/svalbard.htm (297 words)

	Svalbard Resources
		University Center on Svalbard (UNIS): Collaborator on this project, UNIS offers a university level education in Arctic Studies, largely focusing on high quality research and often with an international research platform.
		Nordlysstasjonen in Adventdalen, Svalbard: Built as an Auroral Station, this observation site has regularly updated weather observations, sun/moon charts, and updated photos.
		The Svalbard Pages: A general information page about Svalbard, facts, history, travel, and events.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /proj/svalbard/resources.shtml (112 words)

	Spitsbergen Circumnav. Itinerary - Skies Unlimited Ent. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A practical little book with a general introduction about history, geology, landscapes, nature etc. in Spitsbergen.
		A compact guide to natural history throughout the North, this book is an excellent introduction to Arctic climate, geography, plants, birds, mammals and insects.
		From the Dutch in Spitsbergen to the Russian Great Northern Expedition, the search for Franklin and the quest for the North Pole, this re-issued classic is a vivid history of the North.
	www.skiesunlimited.com /Spitsbergen_Circ_Itin.html (2440 words)

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