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Topic: History of Turkmenistan

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Turkmenistan

Welayatlar of Turkmenistan

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Turkmen SSR

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Ahal Welayaty

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	Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmenistan, formerly known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic is a country in Central Asia.
		The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the Turkmen Republic as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union in 1924.
		Turkmenistan is dominated by an all-pervasive cult of personality extolling President Niyazov as Turkmenbashi ("Leader of all Turkmen").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmenistan (1070 words)

	History of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Russia sent forces to Turkmenistan under General Mikhail Skobelev, and in 1881 fighting climaxed with the massacre of 7,000 Turkmen at the desert fortress of Geok Depe, near modern Ashgabat; another 8,000 were killed trying to flee across the desert.
		In 1924, the Turkestan ASSR was dissolved, and the Turkmen SSR became of the republics of the Soviet Union.
		Turkmenistan became independent on October 27, 1991 amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan (717 words)

	Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925.
		Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient economy.
		Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan has suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/t/tu/turkmenistan.html (470 words)

	Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Turkmenistan, once known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic is a country in Central Asia.
		In the middle of the 11th century, the powerful Turks of the Seldjuk Empire concentrated their strength in the territory of Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into Afghanistan.
		The majority of Turkmenistan's citizens are ethnic Turkmen; other ethnic groups include Russian and Uzbek.
	www.northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Turkmenistan (1081 words)

	MSN Encarta - Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan, republic in the southwestern portion of Central Asia, bordered on the north by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, on the east by Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, on the south by Afghanistan and Iran, and on the west by the Caspian Sea.
		Turkmenistan was formerly the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
		The Amu Darya, which originates in the mountainous Pamirs region of Tajikistan east of Turkmenistan and forms part of the country’s border with Uzbekistan, and the Murgap, which originates in Afghanistan, are the two largest permanent rivers.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761555783 (540 words)

	A short history of Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Present-day Turkmenistan is ruled by Persia, Macedon and Parthia.
		Turkmenistan becomes a separate member of the USSR in 1924.
		Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned, and the citizens of Turkmenistan do not have the means to change their government democratically.
	www.electionworld.org /history/turkmenistan.htm (218 words)

	History (from Turkmenistan) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A republic of Central Asia, Turkmenistan borders Uzbekistan on the northeast, Kazakstan on the northwest, the Caspian Sea on the west, Iran on the southwest, and Afghanistan on the southeast.
		Turkmenistan is the second largest of the Central Asian countries, with an area of...
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-209139?tocId=209139&ct= (904 words)

	Turkmenistan History & Turkmenistan Culture \| iExplore
		Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925.
		Most of Turkmenistan's industry is devoted to processing the country's principal raw materials: textiles are a key export industry and much of the extracted oil is refined within the country.
		Turkmenistan is a member of the Economic Co-operation Organization, which brings together the former republics of the southern Soviet Union with Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece and Turkey.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Turkmenistan/History (1046 words)

	Turkmenistan Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Turkmenistan follows a policy of 'positive neutrality' with regard to its neighbours and is seeking to exploit its huge gas reserves for economic development.
		In Turkmenistan, the President is both the chief of the state and head of the government.
		Turkmenistan is a desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources.
	www.subcontinent.com /sapra/research/centralasia/profiles/turkmen-profile.html (702 words)

	History of Turkmenistan
		Tribes of horse-breeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum Desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia.
		Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924.
		The Turkmenistan Government is actively seeking to develop alternative petroleum transportation routes in order to break Russia's pipeline monopoly.
	infotut.com /geography/Turkmenistan (467 words)

	Turkmenistan at MokumTV
		Turkmenistan is largely a desert with cattle and sheep raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated area.
		Turkmenistan is important to world energy markets because it contains the world's third largest reserves of natural gas, with estimates of the country's total gas resource base ranging as high as 535 trillion cubic feet.
		Turkmenistan was part of the kingdom of ancient Persia and was later (8th-19th cent.) ruled by the Arabs, the Seljuk Turks (see KHOREZM), JENGHIZ KHAN, TIMUR and the TIMURIDS, and the Uzbeks.
	members.chello.nl /v.gungor/turkmen0.htm (2130 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour- Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan, one of the poorest republics of the former Soviet Union, is bordered by Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and the Caspian Sea.
		At its peak in the 1980s, the Jewish population in Turkmenistan was 2,500.
		Turkmenistan was the last former Soviet republic to establish diplomatic relations with Israel, in 1993.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Turkmenistan.html (553 words)

	History of Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Tribes of horsebreeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan from ancient times, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum Desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia.
		Russia sent forces to Turkmenistan, and in 1881 fighting climaxed with the massacre of 7,000 Turkmen at the desert fortress of Geok Depe, near modern Ashgabat; another 8,000 were killed trying to flee across the desert.
		The Government of Turkmenistan denied the charges, but refused to allow independent observers at trials or to accept a mandatory OSCE fact-finding mission.
	www.historyofnations.net /asia/turkmenistan.html (623 words)

	History - Turkmenistan - Asia
		Throughout its history, the expansive, barren area between the Caspian Sea and the Amu Darya river—the area of present-day Turkmenistan—has been subject to conquests by foreign powers.
		The land of present-day Turkmenistan was included in the vast empires of the Mongol Genghis Khan in the 13th century and the Turkic leader Tamerlane in the 14th century.
		From the 15th century to the 17th century, the southern portion of present-day Turkmenistan was under Persian rule.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/turkmenistan/history.htm (239 words)

	Search Results for "Turkmenistan" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Background:Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925.
		Turkmenistan declared its independence in 1991 following the collapse of the...
		Turkmenistan (turk-men-uh-STAN, turk-men-uh-STAHN, turk-MEN-uh-stan) Republic in west-central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, by Uzbekistan to the...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Turkmenistan (235 words)

	Turkmenistan Role of Russia and the CIS - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		The Treaty on Joint Measures signed by Russia and Turkmenistan in July 1992 provided for the Russian Federation to act as guarantor of Turkmenistan's security and made former Soviet army units in the republic the basis of the new national armed forces.
		At the CIS summit held in Ashgabat in December 1993, the military alliance between the two countries was affirmed, and provisions were made for the participation of 2,000 Russian officers in Turkmenistan in the development of the national armed forces.
		In addition, Turkmenistan has indicated willingness to cooperate in limited ways in a CIS-sponsored Central Asian Zone that would integrate military units of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, part of Kyrgyzstan, and possibly Turkmenistan, and provide joint response in cases of aggression by a southern neighbor against any member.
	www.photius.com /countries/turkmenistan/national_security/turkmenistan_national_security_role_of_russia_and_t~2415.html (663 words)

	U.S. at OSCE: Human Rights Violations Unabated in Turkmenistan
		Authorities in Turkmenistan have chosen not to address OSCE recommendations for improving human rights in their country, and violations continue "unabated," according to Ronald McNamara, a member of the U.S. delegation to the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting in Warsaw.
		Turkmenistan did not permit Rapporteur Emmanuel Decaux to visit Turkmenistan, but Decaux "was able to gather significant information" and issue a report, McNamara said.
		On an urgent basis, Turkmenistan should allow access by family members, lawyers, and the International Committee of the Red Cross to all prisoners, regardless of the charges on which they are held.
	usinfo.state.gov /xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2003&m=October&x=20031014163913ruevecert0.2479059&t=usinfo/wf-latest.html (921 words)

	Turkmenistan Country Guide - History and Government - World Travel Guide Provided By Columbus Travel Publishing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		History: The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age.
		Turkmenistan’s ability to embrace the reforms made possible by glasnost and independence were hampered by its backward economy and, as a result, it retains many more of the trappings of the old system than other post-Soviet republics.
		Abroad, Turkmenistan has forged strong economic and political links with Iran and Turkey, within the framework of what the government calls ‘permanent neutrality’.
	www.worldtravelguide.net /data/tkm/tkm580.asp (643 words)

	Travel & Tours in Turkmenistan - A Briefly Stated History of Turkmenistan
		The Bolshevik revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the Turkmen Republic as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union in 1924.
		The Arabs conquered the territory of present-day Turkmenistan.
		Revolts by Turkmen hastened disintegration of the Seljuk Empire; Turkmen began settling in the present-day Turkmenistan, notably Merv on Silk Route.
	www.sitara.com /turkmenistan/history.html (1109 words)

	Turkmenistan - History
		Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era.
		Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century.
		The city-state of Merv was an especially large sedentary and agricultural area, important as both a regional economic-cultural center and a transit hub on the famous Silk Road.
	countrystudies.us /turkmenistan/1.htm (683 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan (formerly Turkmenia) is bounded by the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south.
		Turkmenistan was limited to exporting gas to its impoverished central Asian neighbors, who were unable to pay their bills.
		Turkmenistan: History - History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia (see Merv), Turkmenistan passed under...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0108058.html (812 words)

	Turkmenistan-Islam and Middle East
		History and Culture - Provided by the Turkmenistan Embassy, gives history from the early historic rulers and culture to the Soviet victory and Stalin's rule through to independence again.
		Languages of Turkmenistan: Ethnologue for Turkmenistan includes two living languages (Balochi and Turkmen) as well as an extinct language (Chagatai) with additional information about the languages and the demographics of Turkmenistan available.
		Britain in Turkmenistan: This is the British Embassy in Turkmenistan webesite.
	www.ou.edu /mideast/country/turkmeni.htm (621 words)

	Turkmenistan Chaihana - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Turkmenistan is a desert country located in Central Asia to the north of Iran and to the east of the Caspian Sea.
		Though the territory of Turkmenistan was at times a part of various dynasties and empires, "Turkmenistan" was never really a country prior to the twentieth century, but was instead a region inhabited by distinct tribes that shared a common culture.
		The history of Turkmenistan and the Parthian and Selucid empires, can be found on various Internet websites.
	www.chaihana.com /turktext.html (943 words)

	Turkmenistan: History
		The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics.
		Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925.
		In 1994, Turkmenistan became the first Central Asian republic to join NATO's Partnership for Peace program; the following year, the country signed a package of 23 bilateral agreements with Russia.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0861662.html (391 words)

	A Brief Outline to the Archaeological Pre-History of Turkmenistan
		Needless to say, the complete picture of this long and complex history has yet to emerge and consequently the origins of the Turkmen, interwoven with as yet unknown and other only partially understood events, remains as enigmatic as the designs used on the weavings themselves.
		The complex occupation history of the lower region of the Amu Darya was directly related to the extensive course changes it has undergone and also to its constantly changing relationship with the Aral and Caspian Seas.
		The ensuing history and the eventual nomadic conquest of Central Asia during the very end of the first millennium BC and the beginnings of the first century AD, fall outside the scope of this primarily prehistoric survey and for that reason have not been included.
	www.weavingartmuseum.org /ex3_prehist.htm (9186 words)

	IGPI.RU :: RUSSIAN-TURKMEN HISTORICAL DICTIONARY
		This book is about Turkmenistan, one of the most closed countries in the world, a country which for forty years now has had no scholars to study its history.
		The Russian presence in Turkmenistan continues virtually to this day, for the undeclared war against the re-establishment of Russian influence is the cornerstone of Turkmen domestic and foreign policy.
		But one thing is indisputable: all of them represent the elite of Turkmenistan, whether old or new, official or opposition, bureaucratic or cultural, an elite which, in one way or another, will continue to shape the future of Turkmenistan.
	www.igpi.ru /bibl/igpi_publ/engl-dict.html (579 words)

	Turkmenistan - Travelling to Turkmenistan - Holidays in Turkmenistan - www.reiswijs.co.uk
		Turkmenistan remains by far the most unexplored country along the Silk Road.
		Connects Turkmenistan with the rest of the Central Asian republics and thence to Moscow and the rest of the CIS.
		Turkmenistan is the most ethnically homogeneous former Soviet republic in Central Asia.
	www.reiswijs.co.uk /destinations/asia/turkmenistan/turkmenistan.html (914 words)

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