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Topic: History of Tuscany

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	Tuscany - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		TUSCANY (Toscana), a territorial division of Italy, consisting of the western part of the centre of the peninsula, bounded N.W. by Liguria and Emilia, E. by the Marches and Umbria, S.E. by the province of Rome and W. by the Mediterranean.
		The main art centres of Tuscany are Florence, Pisa and Siena, the headquarters of the chief schools of painting and sculpture from the r3th century onwards.
		The language of Tuscany is remarkable for its purity of idiom, and its adoption by Dante and Petrarch probably led to its becoming the literary language of Italy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Tuscany (2628 words)

	History of Tuscany and Lucca also map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The remainder of Tuscany is rolling hilly country with soils of clay and sand.
		The chief rivers of Tuscany are the Arno and its tributaries, the Era, Elsa, Bisenzio, and Sieve, and the Serchio.
		The population of Tuscany was 3,510,114 in 1991.
	members.tripod.com /rigali/Page2.html (1945 words)

	Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tuscany (Italian: Toscana) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy.
		Tuscany is a region of Central Italy, bordering Emilia-Romagna north, Liguria to the north-west, Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, Umbria and Marche to east, Latium to the south-east.
		Tuscany is a stronghold of the center-left coalition The Union, forming with Emilia-Romagna, Umbria and Marche the famous italian political "Red Qadrilateral".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tuscany (985 words)

	Tuscany History - Art - Culture
		Tuscany entered into a united Italy in 1860, with Florence immediately establishing itself as a vital centre of an undivided nation - it went on to be the temporary capital of Italy from 1865 to 1870, and, in 1861, hosted the first Italian exhibition of industry and manufacturing.
		Tuscany was particularly hard hit during the Second World War; the front line was at one time formed by the Arno river, and later there was the so-called Gothic Line.
		Tuscany has grown wealthy on agriculture, small to medium sized businesses, and, increasingly, tourism, and the fruits of such a rich and passionate artistic and cultural history are there for all to enjoy.
	www.tastytuscany.com /tuscany-italy-art-history-culture.asp (1411 words)

	History of Tuscany
		Towards the end of the eighth century BC Tuscany was populated by a race known as the Etruscans who appear to have built an advanced infrastructure of roads and cities as well as a vast necropolis to house their dead.
		Although the land is reasonably fertile in the area, it was agriculturally eclipsed by richer regions and it wasn't until the beginning of the seventh century A.D. that the constellation of Tuscan economic power was in the ascendant.
		Tuscany's unique geographic location, at the centre of the trade routes of the Mediterranean basin, meant it was ideally placed to capa1talise on the massive growth in maritime commerce and remained one of Italy's and indeed Europe's dominant economic powers until the discovery of the new-world trade routes across the Atlantic and around Africa.
	www.tuscanresorts.com /history.htm (524 words)

	History - Tuscany
		Tuscany, a division of central Italy, includes the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Massa and Carrara, Pisa, and Siena; area, 9304 sq.
		Tuscany, or Tuscia as it was called in the Middle Ages, became a part of the Frankish Empire during the reign of Charlemagne and was formed a margravate, the margrave of which was also made the ruler several times of the Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino.
		Both she and her daughter were enthusiastic adherents of Gregory VII in his contest with the empire, After Matilda's death in 1115 her hereditary possessions were for a long time an object of strife between the papacy and the emperors.
	homepage.mac.com /eric3/italy2004/Personal69.html (332 words)

	Tuscany, Florence and the Medici family
		Tuscany is one of the regions of central Italy and includes the provinces of Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Massa, Carrara, Pisa and Siena.
		Tuscany, or Tuscia as it was called in the Middle Ages, became a part of the Frankish Empire during the reign of Charlemagne and was designated a margravate, the margrave of which was also made the ruler of the Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino several times.
		In the 14 C and 15 C all Tuscany, except Siena and Lucca, came under the suzerainty of Florence and the Medici.
	www.tuscany-toscana.info (1973 words)

	History of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tuscany has a long history, first under the Etruscans, from whence the name comes, followed by the Romans, the Lombards, Medicis, and others.
		Though 'Tuscany' remained a linguistic, cultural and geographic conception, rather than a political reality, in the 15th Century, Florence extended dominion in Tuscany through the purchase of Pisa in 1405 and the suppression of a local resistance there (1406).
		Tuscany under Medici rule, which lasted until 1737, was transformed in a number of ways, not always positively.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Tuscany (712 words)

	TUSCANY HISTORY
		Between the 10th and the 8th Century B,C., the “Iron Age” reached its climax in the civilization of Villanova, whose name is derived from the Villanova settlement, that has nowadays acquired great archaeological value thanks to the numerous spears, swords, combs and all kinds of jewelry that have been found there.
		Tuscany was governed by the Medici family until 1737.
		From that moment an, the history of Tuscany became one with the history of Italy to which it belonged, even though it preserved, and still does to the present day, a certain amount of autonomy that distinguishes it from the rest of the country.
	www.genteditoscana.it /eng/scritti/history.htm (1202 words)

	Medici family history
		Perhaps owing to his poor health and to the free hand allowed to his wife in politics, as a result of which Tuscany was submitted to Spanish domination, Cosimo II almost completely neglected the government of his state.
		Priests, friars and monks proliferated in Florence, absorbed in their psalms, prayers and hymns while the Tuscan state was losing its former brilliance to a steady and reactionary decline for which its ruler was entirely to blame.
		It is small wonder that Tuscany became the victim of terrible economic recession, as no attention was paid to any of the innovations being put into practice in other Italian states.
	tuscany-toscana.info /history_of_the_medici_family.htm (4175 words)

	Tuscany Bicycle Tour, Bike tours in Tuscany, bike trip in Tuscany, biking trips in Italy with DuVine Adventures
		Tuscany, or Toscana, lies in central Italy, midway down the peninsula, with miles of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea.
		Tuscany was populated, at least by the 7th century BC, by the Etruscans, a mysterious lot who chose to live on hills -- the better to see the approaching enemy.
		The two groups vying for power in Tuscany were the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, champions of the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, respectively.
	www.duvine.com /tuscany-history.html (639 words)

	All about Tuscany, history, Etruscan, Holidays Tuscany
		The history of Tuscany is crammed with centuries of changes and struggles from the Etruscans to being swallowed by the Rome Empire.
		It is interesting to note that Tuscany's wealth came, not from the land, but from commerce and from its unique position at the centre of trade routes within the Mediterranean basin.
		Neverthless, throughout most of its history this whole area has been a prosperous region for agriculture and a central point for communication for road, sea ports, railways and industry.
	www.choose-tuscany.com /tuscany_history.html (242 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Tuscany, 1814-1860
		In 1814 the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was restored and Grand Duke Ferdinand of Habsburg-Lorraine returned; many reforms introduced by the French administration (1808-1814) were retained.
		Tuscany joined the short-lived League of Italian States (-1849), with Savoy-Piemont-Sardinia and the Papal State, an Italian customs union which in 1848 briefly turned into an anti-Habsburgian alliance.
		The Armistice of Villafranca (1859, between France and Austria) restored Tuscany to the Habsburgs; yet on August 16th, a national assembly declared the dynasty deposed, and a provisional government took control.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/italy/tuscany181460.html (391 words)

	The Ancient History of the Distinquished Surname Guarnieri
		To be recorded at this time, at the beginning of recorded history, was of itself a great distinction and indicative of noble ancestry.
		Tuscany became fragmented by the struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire during the 12th century A.D. Several of the cities joined either the Ghibeline faction which was allied to the emperor, Henry VI, or the Guelph element which was allied to the Papal States.
		Tuscany became the kingdom of Etruria by the Treaty of Luneville in 1801, and then became part of the French Empire in 1808.
	www.guarnieri.com /history.htm (885 words)

	Tuscany history - La Casaccia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As everyone knows, Tuscany’s breathtaking scenery is largely hilly; the region’s first inhabitants, the Etruscans chose hilltops as sites for settlements for their strategic position overlooking the outlying land.
		La Casaccia stands on a hill containing gabbro rock and copper which was excavated by the Etruscans who built a mine with an entrance near the Church of San Biagio (built in AD 600 on top of an Etruscan tomb).
		The third road passed right by the site where our accommodation in Tuscany now stands, running along the hilltop and descending down to the river Evola to reach Tonda, was the Road of the Fortresses which sprang up to fortify the boundaries between Florence and the territory of her enemy, the Republic of Pisa.
	www.agriturismolacasaccia.com /history.asp (785 words)

	Brief Introduction and History of Tuscany
		Tuscany is one of twenty regions in Italy.
		Tuscany was the home land of the Etruscans, which was annexed by Rome in 351 BC.
		Today, Tuscany is a major cultural center, with museums, galleries and churches full of great sculptures, paintings and frescoes and magnificent monuments built by the greatest masters of all time.
	www.tourism-in-tuscany.com /History (851 words)

	History Index
		The Department of History strongly endorses study abroad as a valuable component of a History major at Holy Cross.
		Thus, for example, a United States history course taken abroad will normally not be credited toward the minimum of ten courses for the major.
		Courses which are taught outside of the History Department at the institution at which the student is studying, or courses taught by an instructor who does not have a degree in History, will normally not be credited for the History major.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/history/website/historystudyabroad.htm (223 words)

	History of the Medicis
		The Medici family of Florence can be traced back to the end of the 12 C. They were part of the patrician class, not the nobility, and through much of their history the family were seen as the friends of the common people.
		In 1494, after accepting humiliating peace conditions from the French (who had invaded Tuscany), he was driven out of the city and died in exile.
		He quickly consolidated his power, and under his rule Tuscany was transformed into an absolutist nation state.
	www.tuscany-toscana.co.uk /history_of_the_medicis.htm (1390 words)

	Etruscan Foundations -- Programs: A History of the Etruscan Foundation in Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In January of 2002, the Spannocchia Foundation was created as a collaborative partner to the Etruscan Foundation to promote international collaboration on research and education focused on conservation of the natural ecology and cultural history of Tuscany.
		The mission of the Spannocchia Foundation is to promote international collaboration on research and education focused on conservation of the natural ecology and cultural history of Tuscany.
		The Tenuta di Spannocchia spreads over 1200 acres in the Montagnola Senese area of Tuscany, and is located approximately 20 km west of Siena and 80 km south of Florence.
	www.etruscanfoundation.org /programs/history.html (983 words)

	Live in Baltimore - Neighborhood History
		Tuscany-Canterbury is predominantly a neighborhood of apartment buildings -- garden variety, Tudor-style mid-rise, and high-rise -- which have been built throughout the twentieth century.
		Distinctive brick Tudor group homes are clustered in the west along Tuscany and Ridgemede Roads, while more traditional American groups have been built in the east on Canterbury and Cloverhill Roads, below West Highfield Road.
		For more than two centuries the history of the area was associated with the Merryman family.
	www.livebaltimore.com /nb/list/tusccant/history (585 words)

	Tuscany and Umbria: In Depth : History : The Renaissance \| Frommers.com
		Tuscany and Umbria: In Depth : History : The Renaissance
		He built up a navy, created a seaport for Florence called Livorno, ruled firmly but judiciously (he never was very popular, though), and even conquered age-old rival Siena after a brutal war from 1555 to 1557.
		Except for the tiny Republic of Lucca, which happily trundled along independently until Napoleon gave it to his sister in 1806, the history of Tuscany was now firmly intertwined with that of Florence.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/tuscanyandumbria/0247031211.html (1190 words)

	Florentine Tuscany - Cambridge University Press
		Florence has often been studied in the past for its distinctive urban culture and society, while insufficient attention has been paid to the important Tuscan territorial state that was created by Florence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
		Comprising a handful of formerly independent city-states and numerous smaller communities in the plains and mountains, the Florentine 'empire' in Tuscany supplied the markets and fiscal coffers of the Renaissance republic, while providing lessons in statecraft that nourished the political thought of Machiavelli and Guicciardini.
		It offers new and exemplary approaches towards state-building, political vocabulary, political economy, civic humanism, local history and social patronage in what is one of the most interesting and well-documented of the states of late medieval and Renaissance Europe.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521548004 (484 words)

	Tuscany - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		, the ruling family of Florence, Tuscany became (1569) a grand duchy, and thus again a political entity; only the republic of Lucca and the duchy of Massa and Carrara remained independent.
		Except as otherwise permitted by written agreement, the following are prohibited: copying substantial portions or the entirety of the work in machine readable form, making multiple printouts thereof, and other uses of the work inconsistent with U.S. and applicable foreign copyright and related laws.
		THE HISTORY CHANNEL and BIOGRAPHY are trademarks of AandE Television Networks used under license ©2004 AandE Television Networks.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=Tuscany (727 words)

	50 Places @ nationalgeographic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When I was in Tuscany filming A Room with a View, I remember being in a horse-drawn carriage near Fiesole.
		Explore Tuscany with novelist Robert Hellenga in the October 1999 issue of TRAVELER.
		This searchable site provides local history, images, and travel tips and allows you to book your accommodations in nine famous towns.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /traveler/tuscany.html (251 words)

	Tuscany Luxury Resorts
		From lavish amenities to localized cuisine, Tuscany Resorts are thoughtfully designed and carefully located in some of the world’s most attractive destinations.
		Rich in Italian history, Tuscany Resorts present a luxurious experience that transcends cultures, while staying true to the legacy of its founders.
		Guests at each Tuscany Luxury Resorts location may enroll in the award-winning Preferred Guest Program, avoiding availability restrictions and flout dates, while accumulating bonus frequent flyer miles on the world’s more prestigious airlines.
	tuscany.cssmastery.com (258 words)

	Tuscany Villa Rentals from Homebase Abroad
		Known for its beauty, elegance and history, Tuscany is filled with vibrant Renaissance cities and pristine medieval villages tucked among breathtaking countryside.
		Surrounded by incredible vistas, inviting culture, important history, architecture and art, you can wake up every day and experience the many sites, adventures and flavors this sumptuous wine country has to offer.
		To view additional Tuscany villa rentals, many of which are not publicly available on our website please email one of our travel consultants or call us today at 781-545-5112
	www.homebaseabroad.com /hba_tuscany_rental/tuscany_villa_italy.html (711 words)

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