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Topic: History of Weights and Measures

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Weights and measures

Metric system

SI

Measurement

Imperial system of units

Metric system in the United States

Kilogram

SI base unit

Bureau International des Poids et Mesures

Metre Convention

Second

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	About Us - Weights and Measures Division- County of Sonoma, California
		Weights and Measures is committed to protecting the economic health of the community by preserving and maintaining confidence in the accuracy of weighing and measuring instruments, product standards, and business practices used in commerce.
		Weights and Measures is mandated by state law to protect the interests of the buyer and seller to ensure honesty and integrity of everyday business transactions.
		In 1980's the Weights and Measures Department was consolidated with the Department of Agriculture as part of a national trend.
	www.sonoma-county.org /agcomm/weights_measures/about.htm (455 words)

	Weight And Measurement -- Recommendations and Resources
		The earliest known uniform systems of weights and measures seem to have all been created sometime in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC among the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley, and perhaps also Elam in Persia as well.
		Weights were based on units of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with each unit weighing approximately 28 grams, similar to the English ounce or Greek uncia, and smaller objects were weighed in similar ratios with the units of 0.871.
		Weight measures are used for meat and butter; butter is sold by weight but in packages marked to facilitate common divisions by eye.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/167/weight-and-measurement.html (1146 words)

	BRIEF HISTORY OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Weights and measures are some of the earliest tools used by humans.
		Weights and measures officials are so important, it is believed that they were probably around before police or firefighters.
		weights and measures were influenced by measures brought from
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /dms/KidsPage/History.htm (731 words)

	A World History of Measurement and Metrics
		Most measuring was done by one craftsman completing one job at a time, rather than assembling a number of articles piecemeal to be assembled later, it didn't make much difference how accurate the measuring sticks were or even how long they were.
		Instead, a weight that is practically the same as that of an average grain of wheat is arbitrarily assigned to the grain.
		The weight of the half dollar is 12.5 grams; the quarter 6.25 grams; the nickel is 5 grams and the dime is 2.5 grams.
	www.cftech.com /BrainBank/OTHERREFERENCE/WEIGHTSandMEASURES/MetricHistory.html (3130 words)

	A history of weights and measures in the United States from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The struggle to achieve weights and measures standardization was central to the progress of industrialization in the United States and to the concurrent maturation of national and international markets.
		Finding large discrepancies in the weights and measures in use, Hassler obtained the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury to construct standards of length, mass, and capacity for distribution to the customhouses.
		On April 5, 1893, Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, then Superintendent of Weights and Measures, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, decided that the International Meter and Kilogram would in the future be regarded as the fundamental standards of length and mass in the United States, both for metric and customary weights and measures.
	home.earthlink.net /~sondybeamer/homework/algebra/micrometer/history.htm (2233 words)

	City of Boston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Weights and Measures was one of the earliest government functions because of necessity.
		Weights & Measures have roots going back to prehistoric times and the development of measurements probably took place between 10,000 and 8000 BC.
		In 1635, James Pen, Sheriff, was appointed to test and seal weights and measures.
	www.cityofboston.gov /isd/wm/wmhistory.asp (416 words)

	Units: Customary Units
		Meanwhile, all land in England was traditionally measured by the gyrd or rod, an old Saxon unit probably equal to 20 "natural feet." The Norman kings had no interest in changing the length of the rod, since the accuracy of deeds and other land records depended on that unit.
		In traditional English law the various pound weights are related by stating all of them as multiples of the grain, which was originally the weight of a single barleycorn.
		On both sides of the Atlantic, smaller volumes of liquid are traditionally measured in fluid ounces, which are at least roughly equal to the volume of one ounce of water.
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/custom.html (2279 words)

	Department of Weights and Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A select committee was appointed to consider the subject of weights and measures, and in April 1792, the committee recommended the adoption of a decimal system of weights and measures, this being in substance the second of the plans proposed earlier by Thomas Jefferson.
		The total of the Federal statutes having weights and measures significance that were enacted during the Modern Era is, however, impressive.
		The history of weights and measures in Arizona began with the adoption of Chapter 91, Regular Session Laws of 1912.
	www.weights.az.gov /history.htm (2639 words)

	Measuroo.com...Measurement and Unit Directory
		The definition, agreement and practical use of units of weights and measures have played a crucial role in human endeavor from early ages up to this day.
		The earliest weights and measures were based on the use of parts of the body and the natural surroundings as measuring instruments.
		Early Babylonian and Egyptian records and the Bible indicate that length was first measured with the forearm, hand, or finger and that time was measured by the periods of the sun, moon, and other heavenly bodies.
	www.measuroo.com /aboutmeasuroo.html (502 words)

	Measurement
		Ancient measurement of length was based on the human body, for example the length of a foot, the length of a stride, the span of a hand, and the breadth of a thumb.
		Measurements of the ruins of the buildings which have been excavated show that these units of length were accurately used by the Harappans in their construction.
		In 1889 the International Bureau of Weights and Measures replaced the original metre bar in Paris by a new one and at the same time had copies of the bar sent to every country which had signed up to the Convention of the Metre.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Measurement.html (3196 words)

	Hampshire Regulatory Services: Trading Standards - A History of Weights and Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Throughout the ages continuous efforts were made to ensure that measures and weights agreed with the national standards and clauses were included in the Magna Carta of 1215 to that effect.
		This was originally based on the weight of the silver penny and consisted of 20 pennyweights to the troy ounce, which was nearly 10% larger than the avoirdupois ounce, although there were only 12 ounces to the troy pound as against 16 in the avoirdupois pound.
		The set of 'cup' or 'nesting' weights in the troy series of 256 troy ounces in binary progression down to 1 ounce and the bell shaped weights (56 Ib and 7 Ib) plus the 3 of flat-round shape (8 lb, 2 lb and 1 lb) in the avoirdupois series are from this issue.
	www.hants.gov.uk /regulatory/tradesta/weighhis.html (1540 words)

	The Weights and Measures of Ancient Egypt
		Early tomb scenes record scribes measuring grain, and from the Book of the Dead, scales are clearly depicted, though there the focus of weight is on the heart for the judgment of the dead.
		Another measure for land was the cord measure known as ta (or meh-ta) of 100 royal cubits and an area could be measured by setjat, which was 100 cubits square.
		At first, weights were traditionally made in units known as debens, a standard weight of 93.3 grams, though some weights from the Old and Middle Kingdom appear to have been in unites of around 12 to 14 grams and sometimes 27 grams.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/measures.htm (1102 words)

	English weights and measures: History
		An agreement to have a national standard of weights and measures was incorporated into the magna carta.
		This is the basis of the liquid measures still in use in the US of A. It must be said that this gallon is actually of Edward the first's time, the 1707 act really only clarifying its size.
		The famous 'weights and measures act (5 Geo IV c 74) established the 'Imperial' system of weights and measures.
	home.clara.net /brianp/history.html (343 words)

	A Brief History of Measurement Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Weights and measures were among the earliest tools invented by man. Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.
		Measures for capacity (volume) and mass were to be derived from the unit of length, thus relating the basic units of the system to each other and to nature.
		This name was derived from the Greek word metron, meaning "a measure." The physical standard representing the meter was to be constructed so that it would equal one ten-millionth of the distance from the north pole to the equator along the meridian of the earth running near Dunkirk in France and Barcelona in Spain.
	www.brocktonmass.com /weights/history.html (1551 words)

	Exhibit Home Page
		The struggle to achieve weights and measures standardization was central to the progress of industrialization in the United States and to the concurrent maturation of national and international markets.
		Weights and Measures is a story that is told with objects.
		Many of the objects are in the collection of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Museum and several others were virtually borrowed for the exhibit.
	museum.nist.gov /exhibits/ex1/index.html (196 words)

	History - Weights, Measures, and Coins - Jewish Reference: People, Places, and All Things Jewish
		The seventh weight, the kesitah (Genesis 33:19; Joshua 24:32; Job 42:11), seems to be an archaic weight and the origin of its name and its metrological value are not known.
		Most of the weights found in Palestine are from the end of the period of the monarchy (the seventh to sixth centuries BCE).
		A bronze weight in the shape of a turtle was found in the coastal plain; on its reverse side it bears the inscription "one-quarter shekel." And in fact, a weight of this sort (one-quarter shekel) is mentioned in I Samuel 9:8.
	www.jewishreference.com /history-weightsmeasurescoins.html (4029 words)

	WEIGHTS AND MEASURES DEPARTMENT
		With effect from 1.1.2002 zones of Weights and Measures were redistributed and zones were named after the respective revenue districts.
		The Weights and Measures Department is engaged in regulating use of correct weighing and measuring instruments in production, trade and commerce to ensure that exact weight, measure and number of any commodity is provided to any customer as contracted for, or paid for by him.
		Action for short measurement, use of defective and non-standard weights and measures is taken as per provision of relevant Act and Rules.
	weights.delhigovt.nic.in /aboutus.htm (1133 words)

	Detailed Contents
		Introduction to the essentials of the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system, adapted from NIST Special Publications (SP) 330 and 811, which are based on internationally accepted documents on the SI.
		Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), which describes the SI and gives the various historical recommendations concerning it.
		Introduction to the essentials of the approach to expressing measurement uncertainty that is rapidly becoming the single internationally accepted method.
	physics.nist.gov /cuu/Reference/contents.html (591 words)

	Bibliography: On-line official publications on the SI
		The 7th edition of the brochure, which is the current definitive reference on the SI, was published in the French language in 1998 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), and a supplement to it was published in June 2000.
		As provided by U.S. law, the metric system of measurement to be used in the United States is the SI as established by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and interpreted or modified for the United States by the Secretary of Commerce.
		This publication, abbreviated SP 420, gives the history of the first century (1875-1975) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), including the history of the Convention du Mètre (Meter Convention) and the SI.
	physics.nist.gov /cuu/Units/bibliography.html (807 words)

	BWMA/British Weights and Measures Association
		BWMA exists to protect and promote British weights and measures, and to oppose compulsory use of the metric system.
		This includes the 1985 Weights and Measures Act that permits pounds and ounces.
		The Metric Martyrs (above) are traders who have been convicted under the 1972 Act for using pounds and ounces, despite lb/oz being legal under the more recent 1985 Act.
	www.bwmaonline.com (198 words)

	Genesee County Weights and Measures
		Article 16 of the Agriculture and Markets Law mandates that there shall be a director of Weights and Measures in each county.
		The primary duties shall be to administer, supervise and enforce, either personally or through his authorised agents, the provisions of this article and the rules and regulations adopted pursuant thereto.
		Director has attended the N.Y.S. Annual Weights and Measures conference and the N.Y.S. Weights and Measures training classes for the sixth year in a row.
	www.co.genesee.ny.us /dpt/weightsandmeasures (482 words)

	[No title]
		Sonoma County Weights and Measures consist of a staff of five inspectors, now titled Standards Specialist, headed by Sealer John Westoby and Chief Deputy Mark Hanson.
		A Weighmaster is a person who weighs, measures, or counts a bulk commodity, outside of the presence one party to the transaction, and issues a certificate documenting the quantity that is used as the basis of a sale.
		Additionally, Weights and Measures receive State revenue for a weighmaster license fee,a mill tax on motor oil and a device repairmen registration fee that is paid to the state for recovering some of their costs in enforcement.
	www.sonic.net /~clif/Chris/about.html (1517 words)

	Weights and Measures History .:: Services of Hamilton County, IN ::.
		Weights and Measures started in Hamilton County in 1991, nationally the first Weights and Measures law dates back to March 2, 1799.
		Hamilton and Boone County Weights and Measures consists of 1 inspector, Chief Deputy Inspector Cary Woodward.
		Violation of Weights and Measures laws are criminal misdemeanors or felonies in the state of Indiana.
	www.co.hamilton.in.us /services.asp?id=4997&entity=4471 (372 words)

	Cooking weights and measures - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The English-speaking world frequently measures weight in pounds (avoirdupois), with volume measures based on cooking utensils and pre-metric measures.
		In domestic cooking, bulk solids, notably flour and sugar, are measured by volume, often cups, though they are sold by weight at retail.
		Weight is measured in ounces and pounds (avoirdupois) as in the U.S. Volume is measured in Imperial gallons, quarts, pints, and fluid ounces (with 20 fl.oz.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cooking_weights_and_measures (958 words)

	Weights and Measures
		Alternative weights and measures delivery systems are authorized for cities and towns and a new non-criminal citation process is created for violations with the revenues generated dedicated to paying for the additional costs of providing enhanced services to the community.
		A business is required to contact the weights and measures department and have that device tested and sealed before that device can be used for trade.
		These seals are required by state law and are placed there by a weights and measures official after the gasoline pump, scale, or other device has been tested and found to be accurate and in compliance with other state requirements.
	www.framinghamma.org /web/pages/WeightsandMeasures.htm (1411 words)

	ISDH: Weights and Measures: Welcome! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The interests of every person in a community are affected by these activities, because weighing and measuring operations, to a greater or lesser degree, enter into the distribution and sale of all the necessities of life, particularly of food and fuel.
		The assurance of accurate weights and measures is of vital interest and concern, to the less prosperous members of a community, those whose purchases are necessarily made in the smallest quantities and at the most frequent intervals.
		The duties of the division include the routine inspection and testing of commercial weighing and measuring devices, the investigation of consumer complaints, and the training of City and County Inspectors.
	www.state.in.us /isdh/regsvcs/wtmsr/welcome.html (632 words)

	Units of measurement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In trade, weights and measures are often a subject of governmental regulation, to ensure fairness and transparency.
		Metrology is the science for developing national and internationally accepted units of weights and measures.
		A unit of measurement is a standardised quantity of a physical property, used as a factor to express occurring quantities of that property.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Weights_and_measures (1536 words)

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