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Topic: History of abortion

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Abortion

Morality and legality of abortion

Abortion law

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Pierre Trudeau

1973

	Lessons from Before Roe: Will Past be Prologue?
		One stark indication of the prevalence of illegal abortion was the death toll.
		A clear racial disparity is evident in the data of mortality because of illegal abortion: In New York City in the early 1960s, one in four childbirth-related deaths among white women was due to abortion; in comparison, abortion accounted for one in two childbirth-related deaths among nonwhite and Puerto Rican women.
		In addition, women have been able to have abortions earlier in pregnancy when the procedure is safest: The proportion of abortions obtained early in the first trimester has risen from 20% in 1970 to 56% in 1998 (see chart).
	www.guttmacher.org /pubs/tgr/06/1/gr060108.html (2394 words)

	History of Abortion
		The first abortion law was passed in 1821 by the state of Connecticut, which punished anyone who performed an abortion after quickening (movement of the fetus) had occurred.
		In 1959 the American Institute presented a model law, which allowed doctors to perform an abortion if the mother's mental or physical heath was in danger or if her life was in danger.
		Abortion was legalized in 1969 to keep down the population.
	www.yahweh.com /PWMags/PW03-06/history.htm (832 words)

	Abortion History
		Today abortion is much safer for the mother, but just as deadly to the child.
		Groups such as the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League in the United States appeared, saying that unborn life was not life after all.
		NARAL promised that abortion doesn't hurt the fetuses, and that by legalizing abortion child abuse, illegal abortion, and teen pregnancy rates would be decreased.
	www.abortioninfo.net /facts/whatis3.shtml (610 words)

	HISTORY OF ABORTION
		By 1880, most abortions were illegal in the U.S., except those ``necessary to save the life of the woman.'' But the tradition of women's right to early abortion was rooted in U.S. society by then; abortionists continued to practice openly with public support, and juries refused to convict them.
		Unsafe abortion is a major cause of death and health complications for women of child-bearing age.
		Whether or not an abortion is safe is determined in part by the legal status and restrictions, but also by medical practice, administrative requirements, the availability of trained practitioners, and facilities, funding, and public attitudes.
	www.feminist.com /resources/ourbodies/abortion.html (3726 words)

	Abort73.com \|\| Abortion History
		Add to this the fact that solid statistics about abortion and/or unwed pregnancy simply do not exist for the time period, and you begin to see why it is so difficult to compile an accurate history of abortion in early America.
		Adding to the influence of society in general was a religious community that uniformly condemned abortion, both for the way the Bible speaks of unborn children and for the testimony of well-known church pillars, the likes of John Calvin, who explicitly forbade abortion.
		It was at this point in the nation's history that Dr. John Trader of Missouri, "contended that men were (the ones) pushing women into abortion: 'We do not affirm, neither would we have you think for a moment, that the onus of this guilt lies at the feet of women.
	www.abort73.com /HTML/I-I-3-history.html (3823 words)

	The history of abortion
		Ensoulment has been asserted to occur in the sperm before conception, at conception, at the time of "quickening" (when the mother is first able to feel the fetus stirring within her), and at birth.
		Convictions were rarely sought and almost impossible to obtain, because they depended entirely on the woman's own testimony of whether she had felt quickening, and because of the jury's distaste for prosecuting a woman for exercising her right to choose.
		Their assault on abortion was motivated not by concern for the health of the woman but, they claimed, for the welfare of the fetus.
	www.2think.org /carl_sagan_abortion.shtml (876 words)

	Abortion History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Abortion has been in existence since the Ancient times and practiced by women all over the world.
		Any doctors caught performing a safe abortion were sent to prison, fined, and had their medical license taken away.
		Rosise Jimenez, a 27- year-old mother on welfare, died of an illegal abortion as she could not afford to get a legal abortion due to the Hyde Amendment.
	www.hopeclinic.com /AbortionHistory.htm (984 words)

	abortion: History of Abortion — Infoplease.com
		Abortion induced by herbs or manipulation was used as a form of birth control in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome and probably earlier.
		U.S. opponents of abortion have used more militant tactics at times in recent years in attempts to disrupt the operations of facilities that perform abortions, and some extremists have resorted to bombings and assassination.
		In India, the abortion of female fetuses by couples desiring a male child led (1994) to criminal penalties for prenatal testing when done solely to determine the sex of the fetus; such tests have been banned in parts of China for the same reason.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0856467.html (300 words)

	National Abortion Federation: History of Abortion
		The rate of reported abortions then began to decline, partly because doctors faced increased scrutiny from their peers and hospital administrators concerned about the legality of their operations.
		Carhart rules that the Nebraska statute banning so-called "partial-birth abortion" is unconstitutional for two independent reasons: the statute lacks the necessary exception for preserving the health of the woman, and the definition of the targeted procedures is so broad as to prohibit abortions in the second trimester, thereby being an "undue burden" on women.
		The National Abortion Federation immediately challenges the law in court and is successful in blocking enforcement of the law for its members.
	www.prochoice.org /about_abortion/history_abortion.html (1425 words)

	Histories of Abortion
		In his view, the common law held that abortion was not a crime prior to "quickening" (i.e., the first felt movement of the fetus) in the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy.
		The physicians had several concerns: moral doubts, scientific reasons to question the importance of quickening, the dangers of abortion for women, and the desire to rid themselves of some of the irregular competition in the medical field.
		Olasky's interpretation of the history of abortion is different from Mohr's on several important points.
	users.telerama.com /~jdehullu/abortion/abhist.htm (927 words)

	A brief history of abortion
		He gave himself up to the police, was charged with performing an illegal abortion, put on trial and acquitted on the grounds that the girl would have become 'a mental wreck' if she had not had the abortion.
		As a result of the Bourne case, more and more abortions began to be practised in Britain in cases where the woman's physical or mental health was thought to be in danger, a loophole in the law that was interpreted increasingly loosely.
		Supporters of the Abortion Act claimed then that it was 'not the intention of the promoters of the bill to leave a wide open door for abortion on request' although this is precisely what has happened.
	www.spuc.org.uk /students/abortion/history (369 words)

	Abortion Services in New Zealand: History of abortion laws
		Abortion was a felony both before and after quickening although the punishment before quickening was less severe.
		The defence was that the abortion had been carried out because continuing the pregnancy would make her a "physical or mental wreck".
		Due to public clamour, the Abortion Supervisory Committee recommended changes to the Crimes Act, with fetal abnormality to be included as a ground and the deletion of the phrase "and the danger cannot be averted by any other means".
	www.abortion.gen.nz /information/history.html (1140 words)

	National Abortion Federation: History of Clinic Violence
		In an attempt to stop abortion, anti-abortion extremists have chosen to take the law into their own hands.
		Anti-abortion extremists have also used chemicals to block women's access to abortion employing butyric acid to vandalize clinics and sending anthrax threat letters to frighten clinic staff.
		Anti-abortion extremists began using butyric acid as a weapon against abortion facilities in early 1991.
	www.prochoice.org /about_abortion/violence/history_violence.html (406 words)

	Imaginis - Abortion and Breast Cancer
		Even some studies that have shown that a history of abortions can increase a woman’s risk for breast cancer have been criticized because factors in these studies (such as reporting bias) may have contributed to inaccurate results.
		Abortion studies are complicated because the issue of abortion is complex, influenced by emotional and socio-political components.
		However, the researchers suggested that this figure could be influenced by inaccurate recall and underreporting of abortions by the women in the study who did not have breast cancer since the study was conducted in a religiously conservative region of The Netherlands.
	www.imaginis.com /breasthealth/abortion.asp (1477 words)

	Abortion in History
		John Riddle in Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance (Harvard University Press, 1992) studied ancient medical texts, identified the plants in their contraceptive and abortifacient potions, and determined that the ancient contraceptives and abortifacients were probably effective and as safe as giving carrying a pregnancy to term.
		The earliest Catholic theological objection to abortion and contraception was that abortion and contraception were not sins in and of themselves.
		Roe gave women unlimited access to abortion in the first trimester, allowed states to regulate abortion in the second trimester to protect maternal health, and permitted states to prohibit abortion in the last 10 weeks of pregnancy, unless the life or health of the mother was at stake.
	www.pinn.net /~sunshine/essays/abort97.html (4316 words)

	Abortion Essays
		Abortion is the deliberate killing of the weakest and most defenseless among us.
		However, I believe that support for abortion is not possible for those who understand our dignity as human persons under God.
		My fervent hope is that what is said here will help clarify the issues for those who fight for the unborn and will, therefore, in however small a way, be used for the glory of God.
	www.abortionessay.com (135 words)

	PHL: History of Abortion
		Throughout the history of our country, most of the states considered the child in the womb to have legal rights, even after the death of the mother.
		While physicians had written on the abortion problem as early as 1933, there was no organized effort toward legalizing abortion until 1962.
		By 1966, hoping to combat ignorance concerning abortion and development of life in the womb, pro-life groups were speaking for the unborn throughout the state, mainly to women’s groups, and 1969 found them in schools.
	www.pennlife.org /docs/abort_history.html (521 words)

	History of Abortion in Catholic Thought
		This is a summary of Catholics for a Free Choice publication The History of Abortion in the Catholic Church.
		The campaign by Pope John Paul II to make his position on abortion the defining one at the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 was just one leg of a long journey of shifting views within the Catholic church.
		While Aquinas had opposed abortion — as a form of contraception and a sin against marriage — he had maintained that the sin in abortion was not homicide unless the fetus was ensouled, and thus, a human being.
	faculty.cua.edu /Pennington/Law111/CatholicHistory.htm (1390 words)

	PlanetPapers - History of abortion in the Court
		Currently, forty-six states and the District of Columbia have laws or constitutional amendments similar to the federal ban on abortion coverage for Medicaid recipients, which funds abortion services only when a woman's life is at risk or her pregnancy resulted from rape or incest.
		It ruled that the state may implement a policy favoring childbirth over abortion by allocations of public resources such as hospitals and medical staff; and (d) upheld the provision requiring viability tests by interpreting it not to require tests that would be "imprudent" or "careless" to perform.
		In addition, physicians and clinics that perform abortions were required to provide to the state annual statistical reports on abortions performed during the year, including the names of referring physicians.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/1503.php (1464 words)

	History of Abortion
		The history of abortion in America can be traced back to the early American colonies.
		To continue on in the history of abortion, in the early 1800s, it was discovered that human life did not actually begin when the expectant mother "felt life," but, rather, at the time of fertilization.
		That began a sequence of various states setting their own law against abortion, and by 1860, 85% of the population lived in states prohibiting abortion with new laws.
	www.allaboutpopularissues.org /history-of-abortion-faq.htm (614 words)

	Abortion History
		In this essay, Horatio gives an extensive background of induced abortions, their side affect on women, and why abortion should not be practiced.
		An essay by Frederick N. Dyer, in which he describes a man by the name of Horatio Storer; who, with immense courage, stood up, and became outspoken about the horrors of abortion when silence was the norm; and he, with those actions, spearheaded the physicians' crusade against abortion.
		The American Medical Association's report on criminal abortion is a direct effect of the movement against abortion among physicians.
	www.abortionessay.com /files/history.html (386 words)

	Abortion History Timeline
		The code advocates legalizing abortion for reasons including the mental or physical health of the mother, pregnancy due to rape and incest, and fetal deformity.
		Colorado Gov. John A. Love signs the first "liberalized" ALI-model abortion law in the United States, allowing abortion in cases of permanent mental or physical disability of either the child or mother or in cases of rape or incest.
		New York allows abortion on demand up to the 24th week of pregnancy, as Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller signs a bill repealing the state's 1830 law that banned abortion after quickening except to save a woman's life.
	www.nrlc.org /abortion/timeline1.html (393 words)

	Aborting history - abortion activism National Review - Find Articles
		Further, they argued, nineteenth-century legislators restricted that right for four reasons that either no longer apply or are no longer constitutionally permissible: to protect women from unsafe abortions, to help physicians to constitute themselves as a profession, to enforce gender roles, and to prevent Catholic immigrants from increasing their proportion of the population.
		The historians' first source for their contention that "abortion was not illegal at common law," Justice Blackmun's opinion in Roe, based its more tentative version of this claim on a 1971 article by Cyril C. Means Jr.
		He argued, however, that two fourteenth-century cases held abortion at any stage of pregnancy to be neither a felony nor even a serious misdemeanor; that Bracton and Fleta had misunderstood the common law; that Coke had deliberately misrepresented the common law; and that Coke's "masterpiece of perversion" misled later writers.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n20_v47/ai_17443648 (808 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The history of abortion is long and varied.
		Abortion has gone from being completely accepted, to being illegal, to being legal and unaccepted.
		Within the history of abortion there are consistencies and inconsistencies.
	www.msu.edu /~breclawm/Semester_Project/history.htm (70 words)

	The History of Abortion Before Roe V Wade - Associated Content
		However, the first recorded evidence in the history of abortion is found in China in a document recording abortions performed upon royal concubines between 500 and 515 BCE.
		The first visual presentation in the history of abortion is found at Ankor wat in Cambodia.
		One of the carvings depicts a demon trying to induce abortion by messaging the abdomen of a woman who is in the underworld.
	www.associatedcontent.com /article/40249/the_history_of_abortion_before_roe.html (405 words)

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