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Topic: History of chemistry

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	History of Chemistry - MSN Encarta
		History of Chemistry - 1992 Woodrow Wilson Summer Institute in...
		History of Chemistry, history of the study of the composition, structure, and properties of material substances, of the interactions between substances, and of the effects on substances of the addition or removal of energy in any of its several forms.
		By following the history of these observations and speculations, the gradual evolution of the ideas and concepts that have led to the modern science of chemistry can be traced.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569628/History_of_Chemistry.html (901 words)

	Chemistry - encyclopedia article - Citizendium
		Inorganic chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds.
		Macromolecular chemistry is the study of the physical, biological and chemical structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of macromolecules.
		Nuclear chemistry is the study of the chemistry of radioactive materials, the chemical effects of radiation and all chemistry associated with nuclear equipment and processes.
	en.citizendium.org /wiki/Chemistry (2883 words)

	History of chemistry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of chemistry may be said to begin with the distinction of chemistry from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661).
		The range of chemistry was thus restricted to the nature of matter around us in conditions which are not too far from standard conditions for temperature and pressure and in cases where the exposure to radiation is not too different from the natural microwave, visible or UV radiations on Earth.
		Chemistry was therefore re-defined as the science of matter that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_chemistry (1769 words)

	History of Chemistry at the University of Graz
		Chemistry had developed in the beginning of the 19th century from a trade and an auxiliary branch of medicine, biology and pharmacy to an individual science.
		In this era Richard MALY (born 1839 in Graz, +1891 in Prag, student of Gottlieb) got in 1864 the venia legendi for chemistry, although his studies again were performed at the faculty of medicine and at the university of technology.
		After Wertheim's early death (probably caused because the apartments of the chemistry head were in neighbourship to his laboratory, so that he was exhibited to all vapors and gases of poisonous alkaloids of his research), again Johann GOTTLIEB was temporary head of the chemistry institute; Richard MALY was assistant and did the practical work.
	boch35.kfunigraz.ac.at /ifc-history/1_old_inst.shtml (916 words)

	The History of Chemistry
		This paper conducts a study of the history of Chemistry from the Phlogiston Theory to the Periodic table.
		Despite the discovery of oxygen the phlogiston theory continued to be accepted until Lavoisier created a revolution in chemistry which destroyed the phlogiston theory, eliminated the four elements of antiquity and replaced them with the modern concept of elements as substances that could not be broken down and which were the fundamental substances of chemistry.
		Before the 19th century most work in chemistry was qualitative and concerned with the properties of substances and the courses of particular chemical reactions.
	homepages.paradise.net.nz /rochelle.f/The-History-of-Chemistry.html (9262 words)

	History of Chemistry
		Ambix, the peer-reviewed journal of the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry.
		Carmen Giunta's history of chemistry bookmarks at Lemoyne University.
		Foundations of Chemistry is a second journal devoted to philosophy of chemistry.
	www.bluffton.edu /~bergerd/chem/chemhist.html (316 words)

	History of Science
		The history and chemistry of the Murexide dye
		Beginning with chemistry's polymorphous beginnings, featuring many independent discoveries all over the globe, the narrative then moves to a discussion of chemistry's niche in the eighteenth-century notion of Natural Philosophy and on to its nineteenth-century days as an exemplar of science as a means of reaching positive knowledge.
		A History of Chemistry treats chemistry as a study whose subject matter, the nature and behavior of qualitatively different materials, remains constant, while the methods and disciplinary boundaries of the science constantly shift.
	www.chemlin.net /chemistry/history_of_chemistry.htm (1204 words)

	History of Chemistry - WWW Chemistry Guide
		The history of chemistry may be said to begin with the distinction of chemistry from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist (1661).
		Both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with the nature of matter and its transformations but, in contrast with alchemists, chemists apply the scientific method.
		The division's interest is the history of the chemical sciences and technologies and their allied disciplines.
	www.chemistryguide.org /chemistry-history.html (302 words)

	MIT Chemistry: Timeline History
		MIT is founded by William Barton Rogers, formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry at William and Mary College, and Professor of Natural Philosophy at University of Virginia.
		Chemistry Department and its laboratories are located in the basement.
		The 2-semester freshman chemistry lecture/lab course is modified, and a new sequence of lab courses is developed.
	web.mit.edu /chemistry/www/about/timeline.html (677 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Chemistry: History
		Beckman Center - The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry has the goal of supporting basic research in the history of the chemical sciences and to sponsor events of interest to scholars and the informed public.
		History and Philosophy of Alchemy - "90 megabytes online of information on alchemy in all its facets." Though alchemy is neither chemistry nor a science, it is a historical precursor to scientific chemistry as studied in schools today.
		Lichen Purple - The history and chemistry of orcein, orchil, litmus, parelle and French purple with extensive bibliography.
	www.dmoz.org /Science/Chemistry/History (686 words)

	History of Chemistry - Intute: Science, Engineering and Technology
		James Fromm's historical perspective of chemistry is divided into 14 sections: the ancients; alchemy; transition; the gases; atoms; organic chemistry; molecular structure; periodic table; physical chemistry; synthetic organic chemistry; inorganic chemistry; electrons; the nuclear atom; and nuclear reactions.
		It is devoted to the history of chemistry, particularly prior to 1850.
		Part of Carmen Giunta's Classic Chemistry website, this collection of annotated papers on the development of the concepts of elements and atoms aims to 'to facilitate the close reading of the original articles by different groups of readers with a variety of interests and background knowledge'.
	www.intute.ac.uk /sciences/cgi-bin/browse.pl?id=57 (1543 words)

	Chemistry History
		Chemistry is a branch of science that has been around for a long time.
		In fact, chemistry is known to date back to as far as the prehistoric times.
		History of the Periodic Table - a brief summary of the periodic table's past.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html (1469 words)

	Chemistry Teaching Resources - The History of Chemistry
		At the 1992 Institute for History of Chemistry held at Princeton University, 50 participants from all over the USA gathered to share ideas about getting more History into the high school Chemistry curriculum.
		CHF seeks to strengthen public understanding of the chemical sciences and technologies, increase the flow of the ablest students into the chemical sciences and chemical process industries, and instill in chemical scientists and engineers a greater pride in their heritage and their contributions to society.
		The WWWVL for the history of science, technology and medicine was established on 6 September 1994 to keep track of information facilities in the field of the history of science, technology and medicine.
	www.anachem.umu.se /cgi-bin/pointer.exe?History (413 words)

	Faculty of Chemistry - History
		After a brief transitional period, Franz Sondheimer was appointed head of the Organic Chemistry Department in 1955 and held this position until 1963.
		In 1967 Organic Chemistry was merged with the X-ray crystallography and Photochemistry units, and renamed the Department of Chemistry.
		Structural Chemistry, headed until 1976 by Mendel D. Cohen, in 1977 by Frederick L. Hirshfeld, 1978-1983 again by M. Cohen, in 1984 by Joel L. Sussman, in 1985 until 1988 once more by M. Cohen, in 1989 briefly by Wolfie Traub, since June 1989 by Ada Yonath.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /chem/history.shtml (1697 words)

	Chemical & Engineering News: Latest News - Alchemy Takes On New Luster
		But not to those at the International Conference on the History of Alchemy and Chymistry, which took place last week at the Chemical Heritage Foundation in Philadelphia.
		To the diverse group of scholars who shared their latest historical discoveries about alchemy and early chemistry, that stereotype is dead wrong.
		It wasn’t so long ago that those who study the history of alchemy had to apologize for their intellectual pursuits, even to departmental colleagues, commiserated Johns Hopkins University historian of science Lawrence M. Principe.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/84/i31/8431alchemy.html (539 words)

	chemistry: History of Chemistry — Infoplease.com
		In the hands of the “Oxford Chemists”; (Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke, and John Mayow) chemistry began to emerge as distinct from the pseudoscience of alchemy.
		Organic chemistry developed extensively in the 19th cent., prompted in part by Friedrich Wohler's synthesis of urea (1828), which disproved the belief that only living organisms could produce organic molecules.
		History of the Division of Fertilizer and Soil Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0857271.html (1217 words)

	The History of Chemistry
		The earliest record of man's interest in chemistry was approximately 3,000 B.C, in the fertile crescent.
		However, Muslims soon realized that in the field of chemistry the ancients, mainly being alchemists, dealt primarily with speculation and mystery.
		Chemistry was not a science before the Muslims.
	www.albalagh.net /kids/science/chemistry.shtml (1099 words)

	History of Chemistry
		His "This week in the history of chemistry" is a nice link to add to any course home page.
		History of the "human molecule" - the molecular definition of a person.
		Brief History of the development of the periodic table from Western Oregon U discusses the work of some of Mendeleev's predecessors.
	www.chem1.com /chemed/history.shtml (1065 words)

	Marie Curie - Biography
		Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, for their study into the spontaneous radiation discovered by Becquerel, who was awarded the other half of the Prize.
		She also received, jointly with her husband, the Davy Medal of the Royal Society in 1903 and, in 1921, President Harding of the United States, on behalf of the women of America, presented her with one gram of radium in recognition of her service to science.
		The Curie's elder daughter, Iréne, married Frédéric Joliot in 1926 and they were joint recipients of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-bio.html (735 words)

	Radioactivity: Historical Figures
		In his honor, the 1910 Radiology Congress chose the curie as the basic unit of radioactivity: the quantity of radon in equilibrium with one gram of radium (current definition: 1 Ci = 3.7x1010 dps).
		A year later, Marie was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for her discoveries of radium and polonium, thus becoming the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes.
		In 1909, now at the University of Manchester, Rutherford was bombarding a thin gold foil with alpha particles when he noticed that although almost all of them went through the gold, one in eight thousand would "bounce" (i.e., scatter) back.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/CC/historical_background.html (1433 words)

	history
		Eighteen chemistry topics are listed with links to information about the important scientists that contributed to that area of chemistry.
		The history of chemistry is split into four general chronological categories.
		The chemsoc timeline is a visual exploration of key events in the history of science with particular emphasis on chemistry.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~rachelmr/history.html (363 words)

	[No title]
		The History of Science Society home page is a gateway to a variety of useful information on employment, grants, teaching methods, and many other aspects of using the history of science in the classroom.it should be a good source on the Sociology, History, and Philosophy of Science.
		The Royal Society of Chemistry History page is mainly concerned with the activities of that organization, but if you persevere to the bottom of the page, there are some excellent links.
		The emphasis at HYLE, the International Journal for the Philosophy of Chemistry is clearly on the philosophy of Chemistry, but there is enough overlap with the History of Chemistry to make this a very useful site.
	employees.oneonta.edu /pencehe/chemhistory.html (910 words)

	SITE MAP (HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY)
		Developments since 1800 in the sub-categories of chemistry (general, analytical, physical and organic chemistry, biochemistry) as well as contemporary events, personalities, technology and discoveries.
		From this solid beginning, with continued free communication of observations and results, discoveries occurred at an accelerated rate and the familiar sub-disciplines of chemistry (analytical, physical, inorganic and organic chemistry and biochemistry) developed steadily through the nineteenth century and rapidly through the twentieth century.
		Below is a rough outline of the history of chemistry (with notes which are accessible via the superscripted letters):
	hilltop.bradley.edu /~rbg/indexc.html (492 words)

	Chemistry Highlights - What Happened and When?
		This discovery was the beginning of synthetic organic chemistry.
		Fundamental investigation of plant life (photosynthesis) and soil chemistry; first to propose use of fertilisers.
		Kekulé, A. Laid foundations of aromatic chemistry; conceived of four-valent carbon and structure of benzene ring; predicted isomeric substitutions (ortho-, meta-, para-).
	www.chemistry.co.nz /chronology.htm (1042 words)

	Classic Chemistry
		Classic Calculations: More than 50 sets of quantitative exercises tied to and based upon classic papers from the history of chemistry, posted 9/4/2003.
		Classic Calculations: Quantitative exercises tied to and based upon classic papers from the history of chemistry.
		History of Chemistry Calendar: This Week in the History of Chemistry (presented in Sunday-Saturday weeks) and month-by-month chemical anniversaries.
	webserver.lemoyne.edu /faculty/giunta (431 words)

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