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Topic: History of computing II

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	History of computing hardware - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Computing hardware has been an essential component of the process of calculation and data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared.
		The history of computing article is a related overview and treats methods intended for pen and paper, with or without the aid of tables.
		First generation computers such as the Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the Z3, the Colossus and ENIAC, were built by hand using circuits containing relays or valves (vacuum tubes), and often used punched cards or punched paper tape for input and as the main (non-volatile) storage medium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_computing_hardware (5621 words)

	Department of History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		History is a wide-ranging subject that touches on all aspects of human activity.
		Studying history in Turkiye is especially a rewarding and challenging choice as the country is located where East meets West and, it has been the cradle of civilisations of the Aegean and the Fertile Crescent.
		The aim of the Department is to study history of mankind and particularly the various periods of Turkish history, with a special emphasis on the modern period within the context of European and world history.
	www.hacettepe.edu.tr /english/prospectus/faculties/letters/history.html (367 words)

	Digitising History - Section 7.2 - Bibliography
		Factory tables as a source for a databank on the economic and social history of Flensburg of the 18th and 19th centuries.
		Computer modelling and analysis of the individual aggregate capital stocks, cash flows and performance of British mining companies in Spain, 1851-1913.
		Computers and the history of art, 10, 27-34.
	www.ahds.ac.uk /history/creating/guides/digitising-history/sect72.html (897 words)

	Computing at Columbia Timeline
		The Astronomical Computing Bureau in Pupin, now directed by Jan Schilt (but with Eckert still running the show from Washington), was assigned to tasks for the looming war, such as ballistic firing tables, and trajectory calculations, and later, design calculations for the B-29 sighting station [57,59] — "Mathematics Goes to War" [9].
		Even though IBM 7000 series computers were to be the mainstay of Columbia computing for the next several years, the handwriting was on the wall; their capacity would soon be overwhelmed by increasing demand.
		This was to be the locus for computer science instruction and research until the establishment of a separate Computer Science Department in 1979.
	www.columbia.edu /acis/history (14489 words)

	The Modern History of Computing
		In analog computers, numerical quantities are represented by, for example, the angle of rotation of a shaft or a difference in electrical potential.
		Among computer scientists, the term ‘analog’ is sometimes used narrowly, to indicate representation of one continuously-valued quantity by another (e.g., speed by voltage).
		In 1949, the Manchester computer was successfully equipped with a drum memory; this was constructed by the Manchester engineers on the model of a drum developed by Andrew Booth at Birkbeck College, London.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/computing-history (6958 words)

	UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM OF DEPARTMENT
		TAR 410 HISTORIOGRAPHY II Following on overview of the political history of ancient Egypt, Mesopotomia and Anatolia, histories of ancient Greece, Hellenistic Age and Rome are analysed in general outlines.
		Definition of history, subject matter of the science of history; the role of historical reserarch on social development; relations between history and other disciplines; auxiliary scientific fields of study; parts of history; types of historiography; sources of history and appraisal of historical sources are dwelt upon; methods of analysis, criticism and synthesis in history.
		TAR 315 OTTOMAN HISTORY I. The subjects related to the foundation and military, administrative, political, cultural and social developments as well as foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire are analysed.
	www.history.hacettepe.edu.tr /inggraduate.html (1373 words)

	The History of Computing
		Virtually all computers today, from toys to supercomputers costing millions of dollars, are variations on the computer architecture that John von Neumann created on the foundation of the work of Alan Turing's work in the 1940s.
		The term "bug," an error or defect in software that causes a program to malfunction, originated, according to computer folklore, when Grace and her team found a dead moth that had been "zapped" by the relay and caused the device to fail.
		During her career, she developed computer programs that were used for trajectory analysis in the Mercury Project (the first U.S. manned mission in space) and in the Apollo Project (which sent U.S. astronauts to the moon).
	mason.gmu.edu /~montecin/computer-hist-web.htm (3198 words)

	History of Computing bibliography
		Various well known writers from the history of computing field have contributed essays that are short and easy to read.
		It is recommended that you read this book and "the History of modern computing" of Paul E. Ceruzzi, you will then have a fairly complete picture of the history of computing.
		The History of Computing, A bibliographical portrait of the visionaries who shaped the destiny of the computer industry; 1981; CW Communications Inc., 375 Cochituate rd., Box 880, Framingham, Mass.
	www.thocp.net /reference/library/bibliography.htm (4988 words)

	A Brief History of Computing
		Fourth generation computers were developed, using a microprocessor to locate much of the computer's processing abilities on a single (small) chip.
		The first such personal computer was the MITS Altair 8800, released at the end of 1974, but it was followed by computers such as the Apple I and II, Commodore PET and eventually the original IBM PC in 1981.
		Before this the only computers connected were at Universities and other large organisations that could afford to hire cables between each other to transfer the data over - but now anyone could use the internet and it evolved into the 'Information Superhighway' that we know and (possibly) love today.
	trillian.randomstuff.org.uk /~stephen/history (2242 words)

	The Machine That Changed the World
		Episode II of "The Machine That Changed the World"" had the opportunity to give credit for the 'invention' of the computer to one John Vincent Atanasoff.
		In a later court case between Honeywell and Sperry Rand, the judge found the orininal patent claims by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert to be invalid, stating that the inventor of the computer was "One, John Vincent Atanasoff".
		This collection of materials relating to the history of computing is provided courtesy of the Department of Computer Science at Virginia Tech, and is sponsored in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (CDA-9312611).
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/TMTCTW.html (1795 words)

	[No title]
		It was the first real-time computer and was designed by Jay Forrester and Ken Olsen.
		This transistorized computer with 64-bit data paths is the first to use eight-bit bytes; it remains operational until l971.
		1988: Next unveils its innovative workstation computer which is the first computer using erasable optical disks as the primary mass storage device.
	www.cyberstreet.com /hcs/museum/chron.htm (4457 words)

	A brief history of wearable computing
		At the Fall Joint Computer Conference, Dec 8, 1968, Engelbart demonstrated the NLS system, one of the first personal computer that paved the way for both the interactive personal computer and groupware.
		Winnebiko II was the first of Steve Roberts' forays into nomadic computing that allowed him to type while riding.
		Built by Edgar Matias and Mike Ruicci of the University of Toronto, this "wrist computer" presented an alternative approach to the emerging HUD + chord keyboard wearable.
	www.media.mit.edu /wearables/lizzy/timeline.html (3331 words)

	History Education in New Media
		One of the most widespread uses of digital media in university history departments today is the posting of syllabi.
		A site for a course on the history of leisure in America may include a link to the Bicycle Museum of America that would have lots of images and descriptions of old bicycles.
		O’Malley is an associate professor of history at George Mason University and the associate director of the Center for History and New Media.
	mason.gmu.edu /~ssaltzgi/Pedagogy/components.htm (2747 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The slide rule is an "analog" computer and served as the primary computing device for engineers until 1972.
		Because he was on the wrong side of the war his machines are not counted in the "official" history of computers (except in Germany).
		Intel's president remarked that the first he knew the 8088 was a 16-bit chip was when he read an IBM ad in an airline magazine.
	www.aaxnet.com /info/hist.html (4911 words)

	Apple II History Home
		Visit the Apple II History Museum, where pictures make the past come alive.
		This site was given the "History Award" for July 2002 by The Dot Eaters and The Number Crunchers.
		A history of the Apple II computer and its associated hardware and software, including its origins at Apple Computer, Inc.`
	apple2history.org (315 words)

	Computer History and Emulation Homepage
		This page is dedicated to the history of computing in general, and the history of personal computing in particular.
		Here, you will find a lot of bits and pieces of information about computers that were and are no longer.
		All of them have a great historical value though, as they provide us with a view on the beginning of the Digital Age we live in (not to mention that some of those old machines were quite more superior technologically than your present PC clone, or a Mac).
	fms.komkon.org /comp (209 words)

	Kevin Schurer: Publications - Department of History at the University of Essex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		in The culture of European history in the 21st century (Bonn, Nicolai, 1999), pp.
		Studying Family and Community History, 19th and 20th Centuries (Cambridge, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge in association with the Open University, 1997), pp.
		in E. Mawdsley, N. Richmond, and R. Trainor (ed.), History and Computing III (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1990), pp.
	www.essex.ac.uk /history/publications/schurer-pubs.shtm (548 words)

	bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		History and Computing II (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989).
		Public Libraries: A History of the Movement and a Manual for the Organization and Management of Rate-supported Libraries, 4th ed., [reprinted] (High Wycombe: University Microfilms Ltd for the College of Librarianship, Wales, 1971).
		‘Two Examples of the Impact of Computer Technology on Historical Editing: The Correspondence of William of Orange 1533-1584 and the Resolutions of the States General 1626-1651’, ii, nr.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /JAHC/JAHCIII3/ARTICLES/peatling/bib.html (400 words)

	Computing History 1968-Present :: Scott Granneman
		Commodore 64, best selling computer of all time (22 million sold), released for $600 (64kb RAM, 16-color graphics, and 1st with integrated sound)
		Intel Pentium II (7.5 million transistors, 233-300 MHz, 0.35 microns) #
		Computer with Pentium II available for $4000: 233 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 4GB hard drive, floppy, CD-ROM, 17-inch monitor
	www.granneman.com /techinfo/background/history (6244 words)

	CNET - Technology product reviews, price comparisons, tech video, and more
		Detect and stop viruses, Trojan horses, and other malware with this free utility.
		Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy demo
		This adventure demo takes the Lego/Stars Wars action back to the original movie.
	www.cnet.com /2001-1_1-0.html (500 words)

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