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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of computing
		The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables.
		Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared.
		During this period, the representation of a calculation on paper actually allowed calculation of mathematical expressions, and the tabulation of mathematical functions such as the square root and the common logarithm (for use in multiplication and division) and the trigonometric functions.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-computing (2617 words)

	History of computing hardware - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Computing hardware has been an essential component of the process of calculation and data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared.
		The earliest computing hardware was probably some form of tally stick; later recording devices include the Phoenician clay shapes which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, in containers.
		The history of computing article is a related overview and treats methods intended for pen and paper, with or without the aid of tables.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_computing_hardware (5628 words)

	History of computing hardware (Linux Reviews)
		The earliest computing hardware was probably some form of tally stick; later record keeping aids include Phoenician clay shapes which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, in containers.
		The history of computing article is a related overview and treats methods intended for pen and paper, with or without the aid of tables.
		Machines such as the Atanasoffâ“Berry Computer, the Z3, the Colossus, and ENIAC were built by hand using circuits containing relays or valves (vacuum tubes), and often used punched cards or punched paper tape for input and as the main (non-volatile) storage medium.
	linuxreviews.org /dictionary/History_of_computing_hardware (5614 words)

	History of computing hardware (1960s-present) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Microprocessor based computers were originally very limited in their computational ability and speed, and were in no way an attempt to downsize the minicomputer.
		In 1983, Apple Computer introduced the Lisa, the first mass-marketed microcomputer with a graphical user interface, its development was central in the move to such systems for personal computers.
		The iMac was one of the first computers to not use the beige color for casing, but a transparent bondi blue in an ergonomic shape, the iMac sold several million units and is still in production as of 2006 using a different form factor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s-present) (4476 words)

	History of computing hardware
		Currently, our historyofcomputinghardware.com sections are History of computing hardware, History, computing, and hardware.
		Given the proliferation of computers and computer-related products, it is difficult to realize that the computer's history is, in fact, a very short one.
		RenÃ© Moreau, Director of Scientific Development, IBM France, traces the evolution of the computer from its earliest stored-program stages in the 1940s to the introduction of the IBM 360 Series in 1963.
	www.historyofcomputinghardware.com (826 words)

	History of computing hardware (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The history of computing is an overview and treats methods for pen and paper with or without aid of tables.
		Before World War II mechanical and electrical analog computers were considered the 'state of the and many thought they were the future computing.
		The era of modern computing began with flurry of development before and during World War II as electronic circuits relays capacitors and vacuum tubes replaced mechanical equivalents and digital calculations analog calculations.
	www.freeglossary.com /History_of_computing_hardware (3817 words)

	A brief history of computing
		Input to computers was normally performed "off-line" by preparing the data using a tale-printer (or "tele-type") with a paper-tape punch (which looked like a type-writer), or punched cards (which were more common when the same data was to be sued a number of times).
		Computers began to be classified as "Mainframe", housed in large purpose-built computer rooms, and smaller "Mini-computers" consisting of a few racks of equipment (e.g.
		Computers began to make use of Small-Medium Scale Integrated Circuits, where several transistors were made on the same piece of Silicon creating a chip which performed a "building block" function, such as a set of shift register, bus driver, adder.
	www.erg.abdn.ac.uk /users/gorry/eg2069/history.html (2697 words)

	Bletchley Park Computer History
		Computing history is closely related to the history of mathematics.
		Hopper then joined Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corp. in 1949, to work on the UNIVAC I. It was there that Hopper discovered the very first computer "bug", which was actually a moth within the hardware.
		Hopper provided major design contributions to the development of COBOL and she essentially continued her computing work in the Navy all the up to 1992 at the time of her death.
	www.bletchleypark.net /stationx/computer_history.html (1389 words)

	The History of Computer Programming Languages
		Computer languages were first composed of a series of steps to wire a particular program; these morphed into a series of steps keyed into the computer and then executed; later these languages acquired advanced features such as logical branching and object orientation.
		The computer languages of the last fifty years have come in two stages, the first major languages and the second major languages, which are in use today.
		It was the first computer language for electronic devices and it required the programmer to change its statements into 0's and 1's by hand.
	www.princeton.edu /~ferguson/adw/programming_languages.shtml (2072 words)

	Past Notable Women of Computing
		These "computers" were responsible for making calculations for tables of firing and bombing trajectories, as part of the war effort.
		During World War II, a large number of female mathematicians were employed as "computers" to perform calculations necessary to create firing and bombing tables.
		Alice Burks has coauthored numerous articles on ENIAC and the history of computers with her husband, Arthur Burks, a computer scientist who was part of the ENIAC team.
	www.cs.yale.edu /homes/tap/past-women-cs.html (1900 words)

	History of computing Summary
		The evolution of computer technology between 1930 and 1950 was strongly influenced first by mathematical theoreticians and then by military needs during World War II.
		The first modern digital computers were developed in the 1940s for military purposes that arose during World War II.
		Describes the history of the computer in the United States.
	www.bookrags.com /History_of_computing (257 words)

	Computing at Columbia Timeline
		In fact, machine computing had been going on here for decades prior, but the 650 was the first computer in the modern sense of the word at Columbia open to the academic departments for research and instruction.
		The Astronomical Computing Bureau in Pupin, now directed by Jan Schilt (but with Eckert still running the show from Washington), was assigned to tasks for the looming war, such as ballistic firing tables, and trajectory calculations, and later, design calculations for the B-29 sighting station [57,59] — "Mathematics Goes to War" [9].
		Even though IBM 7000 series computers were to be the mainstay of Columbia computing for the next several years, the handwriting was on the wall; their capacity would soon be overwhelmed by increasing demand.
	www.columbia.edu /acis/history (14463 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue
		Now well known for his crucial wartime role in breaking the ENIGMA code, he was the first to conceive of the fundamental principle of the modern computer-the idea of controlling a computing machine's operations by means of a program of coded instructions, stored in the machine's 'memory'.
		The first detailed history of Turing's contributions to computer science, this text is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of the computer and the history of mathematics.
		The first detailed history of Turing's contributions to computer science, this text is essential reading for academics interested in the history of the computer and the history of mathematics and will be recommended reading for courses on the history of computing and for some computer science courses.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=0-19-856593-3 (886 words)

	A Brief History of Computing
		First generation computers were normally based around wired circuits containing vacuum valves and used punched cards as the main (non-volatile) storage medium.
		The first such personal computer was the MITS Altair 8800, released at the end of 1974, but it was followed by computers such as the Apple I and II, Commodore PET and eventually the original IBM PC in 1981.
		Before this the only computers connected were at Universities and other large organisations that could afford to hire cables between each other to transfer the data over - but now anyone could use the internet and it evolved into the 'Information Superhighway' that we know and (possibly) love today.
	trillian.randomstuff.org.uk /~stephen/history (2242 words)

	Wikinfo \| Microcomputer
		A microcomputer is a computer that has at its heart a microprocessor central processing unit.
		After the launch by IBM of their IBM PC, the term Personal Computer (q.v.) became generally used for a consumer-friendly microcomputer.
		It was the launch of the VisiCalc spreadsheet (for the Apple II) that first turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Microcomputer (268 words)

	Apple II History Chap 11
		This new II computer came standard with 1 meg of RAM on the motherboard, and twice as much ROM (256K versus 128K on the older II This allowed more of the operating system to be in ROM, rather than having to be loaded from disk when booting.
		To an Apple II computer with the Workstation Card, the network connection would appear both as a disk drive AND as a printer, allowing the network to be used both for file storage and retrieval as well as a conduit to print to a central printer.
		With this same fervor, they had indeed been creating the rumored next generation Apple II The II they were creating was a logical extension of the capabilities of the current models of the computer, combined with the features that were most needed to provide usability with the new II software that was appearing.
	apple2history.org /history/ah11.html (5704 words)

	Apple II History Chap 2
		Jobs approached the owner of a new computer store in the bay area called "The Byte Shop." This businessman, Paul Terrell, expressed an interest in the Apple Computer (to be known later as the "Apple I" on their price lists, and "Apple-1" in the computer's manuals), but wanted only fully assembled computers to sell.
		Impressed with this compact computer, Veit had his techs install the Apple-1 in an attache' case, and along with a 9-inch monitor and keyboard, he and his wife attended a dinner meeting of the New York Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery.
		With several Apple-1 computers in operation at the show, the small size and speed of its cassette interface attracted quite a bit of attention, in spite of the fact that there were two other 6502-based computers on display at the show (the KIM-1 and the Baby computer).
	apple2history.org /history/ah02.html (3664 words)

	Computer History Museum - Press Room - Mobile Computing 3/16/2004
		The size of a small suitcase, the self-contained Osborne-1 was the first computer to be sold with bundled software packages, and cost about $1,200 less than a fully-loaded Apple II.
		The Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, a public benefit organization, preserves and presents for posterity the artifacts and stories of the information age.
		The Computer History Museum is open for public tours every Wednesday, Friday and Saturday at 1:00 and 2:30 p.m.
	www.computerhistory.org /about/press_relations/releases/20040316_MobileComputing (428 words)

	Book Review: A History of Modern Computing, Second Edition
		The book is organized chronologically and includes such important events as the invention of the transistor, the moon landings and the development of "the chip", and then discusses their effect on computers.
		VisiCalc is described as dragging computers into the workplace with the Apple II in tow.
		A History of Modern Computers is not a nail-biting page turner, but it offers a lot of interesting, well-researched information for those curious about the historical aspects of computers.
	www.linuxjournal.com /article/6822 (830 words)

	[No title]
		An executive summary of the history of computing.
		It also discusses the use of computers for solving gunnery problems, and provides a "family tree" of early computers.
		The Computer, from Pascal to von Neumann by Herman H. Goldstine.
	ftp.arl.mil /~mike/comphist (1173 words)

	[No title]
		Information about the history of computing, assembled by Mike Muuss for your information and edification.
		It also discusses the use of computers for solving gunnery problems, and provides a "family tree" of early computers.
		The Computer, from Pascal to von Neumann by Herman H. Goldstine.
	ftp.arl.army.mil /~mike/comphist (1173 words)

	History of computing hardware
		universal computer" is programmability, which allows the computer to emulate any other calculating machine by changing a stored sequence of instructions.
		analog computers were considered the 'state of the art', and many thought they were the future of computing.
		Finally, while it is theoretically possible to implement a full computer entirely mechanically (as Babbage's design showed), electronics made possible the speed and later the miniaturization that characterizes modern computers.
	schools-wikipedia.org /wp/h/History_of_computing_hardware.htm (4401 words)

	A2Central.com - Your total source for Apple II computing.
		Tweakers and hardware hackers should be excited by the potential projects they’ll now be able to accomplish with all the space available inside the IIGS case.
		Recently he’s shared some of the hardware required with other Apple II users, and even more recently has rewritten his BASIC routines for reading the interface data, and converted them to C and assembly for use with the cc65 cross-compiler.
		Apple II series computers have a well-earned reputation for being durable and easy to repair — and because they were made in such high numbers, it’s still possible to scavenge most replacement parts for newer models without too much difficulty.
	www.a2central.com /portal (2339 words)

	History of Computing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Computing is older than recorded history, and there are numerous milestones.
		Charles Babbage was the originator of the idea of the digital computer.
		Alan M. Turing was the inventor of the theoretical Turing machine and a computer pioneer.
	cis.csuohio.edu /~somos/histcomp.html (248 words)

	The Machine That Changed the World
		Episode II of "The Machine That Changed the World"" had the opportunity to give credit for the 'invention' of the computer to one John Vincent Atanasoff.
		She is perhaps best known for her discovery of the first computer bug in the Harvard Mark II computer.
		This collection of materials relating to the history of computing is provided courtesy of the Department of Computer Science at Virginia Tech, and is sponsored in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (CDA-9312611).
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/TMTCTW.html (1795 words)

	Apple II History Chap 21
		Not himself an Apple II user at the time when Weishaar signed him up, Peters gathered several veteran Apple II writers to assist in producing the text of the newsletter each month, and in collecting the freeware and shareware files that were included with each issue.
		Weishaar's interest in and dedication to the Apple II has been much appreciated; he was chosen s a recipient of the Apple II Individual Achievement Award for 1991.
		One of the long-term survivors in the Apple II magazine world was also unusual in terms of the type of publication that it is. Rather than using the traditional paper and ink medium, Softdisk came on the scene as one of the first magazines distributed in only a machine-readable form.
	apple2history.org /history/ah21.html (6976 words)

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