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Topic: History of copyright

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US copyright law

Copyright

Copyright law of the United Kingdom

Common law copyright

Copyright Act of 1790

Statute of Anne

Copyright case law

Public domain

Lord Mansfield

Statistical mechanics

Iacocca

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	History of copyright law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copyright was not invented until after the advent of the printing press and with wider public literacy.
		Early copyright privileges were called "monopolies," particularly during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who frequently gave grants of monopolies in articles of common use, such as salt, leather, coal, soap, cards, beer, and wine.
		The decision by the House of Lords in February of 1774 rejected common-law copyright.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_copyright (2735 words)

	Copyright Primer - Copyright Law/History
		U.S. copyright law is grounded in the Patent and Copyright clause of the United States Constitution.
		Copyright holders also no longer have to use the copyright symbol, "©", to protect their works.
		In 1998, copyright protection was extended from 50 to 70 years after the death of the author.
	www.copyright.mnscu.edu /law_history.htm (274 words)

	Copyright - Brief History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Copyright law all started with the "The Statute of Anne," the world’s first copyright law passed by the British Parliament in 1709.
		It may sound like dry history at first blush, but since there was precedent to establish and rights to protect, much time, effort, and money has been spent in legal battles over the centuries.
		She knows the value of a copyright, "Copyright protects the creative process….It’s rough out there….There is nothing more inspiring to creativity than independence and that requires protection.
	www.riaa.com /issues/copyright/history.asp (491 words)

	U.S. Copyright Office - Information Circular
		Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States for original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, architectural, cartographic, choreographic, pantomimic, pictorial, graphic, sculptural, and audiovisual creations.
		The Copyright Office is also an office of record, a place where claims to copyright are registered and where documents relating to copyright may be recorded when the requirements of the copyright law are met.
		Copies of deposits may be obtained upon the request of the owner of the copyright in the deposit, by an attorney in connection with litigation involving the copyrighted work, and through a court order issued by a court having jurisdiction in a case in which the copy is to be submitted as evidence.
	www.copyright.gov /circs/circ1a.html (3243 words)

	QuestionCopyright.org
		In order to document the public perception of copyright today, we went around Chicago with a video camera over two days in the summer of 2006, asking strangers what they think copyright is for, how it got started, how they feel about filesharing, and for any other thoughts they have on copyright.
		I'll be giving a talk about the history of copyright, how the economics of replication and distribution have changed radically since the 1700's, and how both creators and publishers can flourish using different strategies than the traditional copyright monopoly.
		Copyright notice: These web pages are devoted to questioning the idea that copyright is necessary for the promotion of creative expression.
	questioncopyright.org (559 words)

	Copyright - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Copyright is a type of intellectual property; designs or industrial designs may be a separate or overlapping form of intellectual property in some jurisdictions.
		Use of a copyright notice — consisting of the letter C inside of a circle (that is, "©"), the abbreviation "Copr.", or the word "Copyright", followed by the year of the first publication of the work and the name of the copyright holder — was part of previous United States statutory requirements.
		Copyright concepts are under challenge in the modern era, primarily from the increasing use of peer to peer filesharing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copyright (7683 words)

	Copyright in a Frictionless World
		In particular, in the emerging frictionless world the typical targets of the holder of a copyright monopoly (distributors pirating for profit) are being overtaken by a new breed of target (individuals with a cost reduction motive) and it is uneconomical for a holder of a copyright monopoly to pursue this new breed.
		Copyright holders should be encouraged to put in place processes which will make material which is out of copyright or is nearing the end of its useful life (whether within copyright or not) accessible to the public, presumably over the Internet.
		Rather, where copyright still subsists, but profitability has fallen, a copyright holder could permit end users to reproduce the material for their own purposes, while retaining the ability to charge for value added services that the holder provides (assuming that they are adding value independent of their monopoly rights).
	firstmonday.org /issues/issue6_9/scott (17748 words)

	CJR September/October 2006 - Copyright Jungle
		Copyright is the right to say no. Copyright holders get to tell the rest of us that we can’t build on, revise, copy, or distribute their work.
		For most of the history of copyright in Europe and the United States, copying was hard and expensive, and the law punished those who made whole copies of others’ material for profit.
		That is the most important part of the copyright bargain: We the people grant copyright as a temporary monopoly over the reproduction and distribution of specific works, and eventually we get the material back for the sake of our common heritage and collective knowledge.
	www.cjr.org /issues/2006/5/Vaidhyanathan.asp (4000 words)

	Digital History \| Owning the Past? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He and his allies failed to win perpetual copyright (a clear breach of the U.S. Constitution) but did get a series of extensions—an indication that much of the subsequent history of American copyright would increase the rights of authors and owners and decrease the claims of the general public.
		The 1831 law doubled the initial copyright period to twenty-eight years (with a total possible term now of forty-two years) and added a clause allowing the widows and children of authors to file for renewal—a provision in tension with the notion that copyrights (and patents) are an incentive to the creators of new work.
		Unfortunately, university copyright policies, which determine what you can put in your course packet and which tend to be shaped by university general counsels who are often not familiar with intellectual property law and are focused on risk to the university, generally follow these decisions closely.
	chnm.gmu.edu /digitalhistory/copyright/1.php (2857 words)

	History of Copyright
		Copyright is defined as the exclusive right of the creator to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute, perform, display, sell, lend or rent their creations.
		The full copyright information is included in the bibliography along with the copyright symbol, year of copyright and the copyright holder of the presentation.
		Copyright information and policies must be in place and available at the accredited institution.
	vcuhvlibrary.uhv.edu /libraryservices/copyright.cfm (3726 words)

	Copyright Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The history of American copyright law originated with the introduction of the printing press to England in the late fifteenth century.
		The 1976 act preempted all previous copyright law and extended the term of protection to life of the author plus 50 years (works for hire were protected for 75 years).
		The major changes for the U.S. copyright system as a result of Berne were: greater protection for proprietors, new copyright relationships with twenty-four countries, and elimination of the requirement of copyright notice for copyright protection.
	www.arl.org /info/frn/copy/timeline.html (6997 words)

	Intellectual Property:A history of copyright
		The scholars of Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire were the first to be concerned about being recognised as the authors of their works, but they did not have any economic rights.
		It was not until the invention of printing in the late fifteenth century that a form of copyright protection was devised.
		The passing of the Statute of Anne, which was the first Copyright Act in the world to deal with this issue, introduced two new concepts - an author being the owner of copyright and the principle of a fixed term of protection for published works.
	www.intellectual-property.gov.uk /resources/copyright/history.htm (734 words)

	Copyright Website
		An original expression is eligible for copyright protection as soon as it is fixed in a tangible form.
		Although the Copyright Act affords you protection just for creating your work and reducing it to a tangible form, in many cases it is desirable to officially register your works with the U.S. Copyright Office.
		Copyright protection attaches immediately and automatically upon fixation (reduction to a tangible form) of the work in question.
	www.benedict.com (695 words)

	Cultural Economics: Copyright CPU
		Accordingly, the first copyright law of 1476, the year William Caxton introduced the printing press in England, was a licensing law requiring printers to inscribe their name, location and titles of works they wanted to print on a register.
		The quasi-right known as Stationers' Copyright was based on royal prerogative or letters patent covering the entire publishing industry as an estate.
		Funding the monarch through grants of monopolies was a contributing factor to the English Civil War (1642-1649) that culminated in the beheading of King Charles I to be followed by Cromwell’s ‘puritanical’ Commonwealth (1649-1660).
	www.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com /cpu.htm (2400 words)

	Issues - Copyright (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Copyright is more than a term of intellectual property law that prohibits the unauthorized duplication, performance or distribution of a creative work.
		To artists, "copyright" means the chance to hone their craft, experiment, create, and thrive.
		It is a vital right, and over the centuries artists, such as John Milton, William Hogarth, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens, have fought to preserve that right.
	www.riaa.com /issues/copyright/default.asp (137 words)

	Joseph Reagle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		myth and history of copyright as "property", and have since recommended that the most appropriate term is "intellectual monopoly right." However in looking at the new
		Statute of Ann (1710), often referenced as the first copyright law, we can see debates invoking the concept of property.
		Discussions on the character of the limited monopolies of copyright and patent have historically relied upon "property" for comparison, but did not yield to equivelance.
	reagle.org /joseph/blog/culture/copyright-as-property-history (374 words)

	Connecticut History Online - Copyright (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Any other uses of CHO images may be considered an infringement of copyright and the copyright owner will be able to take legal action against you.
		A copyright statement is attached to the bottom of each image listing the owning or managing institution and the image's file or identification number.
		Charges for reproduction services and copyright clearances will vary depending on the image, its proposed use, and the policies of the institution that owns or manages the image.
	www.cthistoryonline.org /project/copyright.html (265 words)

	MP3 Insider - CNET reviews
		Now, everyone seems to have an opinion on copyright, from the listeners who access tunes online to the labels that showed a misleading ad during this year's Super Bowl halftime.
		According to him, Pavier and his ilk were essentially breaking copyright laws by recording and selling copies of live performances.
		Countries in which piracy dominates the music market can be reticent about adopting U.S. copyright laws, but when we dismiss their concerns, it's somewhat a case of the pot calling the kettle fl.
	reviews.cnet.com /4520-6450_7-5129357-1.html (1171 words)

	History on the Net Copyright Statement
		It is the property of History on the Net and permission should be sought for any use of the material within.
		History on the Net has taken every reasonable precaution to ensure that the material on this site is factually accurate and not in breach of copyright.
		History on the Net is therefore not liable to any party for any factual or typographic errors contained within.
	www.historyonthenet.com /copyright_information.htm (289 words)

	The Patry Copyright Blog: Borges, History, and Copyright
		Menard, a contemporary of William James, defines history not as delving into reality but as the very fount of reality.
		Borges here pokes fun at many things, including some of the theories of history noted in yesterday's blog, as well was literary criticism.
		But in a turn of events that Borges himself no doubt anticipated, a pompous, tendentious, unreadable, post-structuralist "discussion" of the Menard short story by William Plank inadvertently makes best another of Borges' points in that story: "there is no intellectual exercise that is not ultimately pointless."
	williampatry.blogspot.com /2005/09/borges-history-and-copyright.html (433 words)

	The History of Copyright
		This is the homepage of the forthcoming book "The History of Copyright: A Critical Overview With Source Texts in Five Languages" by Karl-Erik Tallmo, to be published by Nisus Publishing.
		The Statute of Anne, published 1710, the first copyright law, facsimile of the original print.
		A few quotations from the history of copyright - Diderot, Kant, Fichte, Donaldson v.
	www.copyrighthistory.com (390 words)

	Computer History Museum - Copyright
		The Computer History Museum allows anyone to use or copy content from this site consistent with the defined fair use exceptions of United States copyright laws.
		Please contact us for copyright and licensing information at: media@computerhistory.org.
		The Computer History Museum hereby disclaims all responsibility for any and all claims arising from the misuse, misappropriation, or misrepresentation by others of intellectual property found on this site.
	www.computerhistory.org /copyright (132 words)

	Aviation History - Legal - Copyright
		Contact us with inquiries about your legal options for using AviationHistory.org's copyrighted material.
		AviationHistory.org is not liable for any infringement of copyrights, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, or other proprietary or intellectual property rights arising out of materials posted by others on or transmitted by others through the AviationHistory.org site.
		If you believe that material posted on the AviationHistory.org site violates your rights under United States or international copyright laws, please contact us promptly so that we may investigate the situation and, if appropriate, block or remove the offending material.
	www.aviationhistory.org /ahcopyright.html (304 words)

	The NFL History Network - Copyright Information
		Any code, content, formatting, original artwork, or articles that do not belong to one of the aforementioned individuals/organizations which appear in this network are the sole property of the original designer/author/creator.
		This network and it's sites are intended to provide an informative look into the history of professional American Football, and to allow the fans of this great sport the opportunity to meet and discuss such items.
		All code, content, original articles, original artwork, layouts, styles, and formats are Copyright 1999-2002 by Frank D. Mann, FDMNet, Netertainment, the NFL History Network, NFLHistory.com, and/or BrownsHistory.com and their partners/subsidiaries.
	nflhistory.net /copyright.asp (375 words)

	Copyright - History for Kids!
		Copyright Karen E. Carr 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
		For instance, if you're going to sell a book with our picture in it, or sell a software program with our articles in it, that would not be okay.
		Copyright 1998-2006 Dr. Karen Carr, Associate Professor of History, Portland State University
	www.historyforkids.org /copyright.htm (279 words)

	The Copyright Site
		This site is dedicated to helping educators everywhere in the United States understand the issue of copyright.
		As an educator, there are three main issues you need to understand.
		No site offering guidance about copyright law would be complete without a disclaimer.
	www.thecopyrightsite.org (94 words)

	History of Copyright: Statute of Anne, 1710 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is the first copyright act in the world, the British Statute of Anne, from 1710.
		Several monographs on copyright date this text to 1709.
		However, 1710 is the correct date, see John Feather, The Book Trade in Politics: The Making of the Copyright Act of 1710, "Publishing History", 19(8), 1980, p.
	www.copyrighthistory.com /anne.html (355 words)

	History and Copyright - Steel Bank Common Lisp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		History and Copyright - Steel Bank Common Lisp
		SBCL is derived from CMU CL, and carries the same licensing terms, a mixture of BSD-style (for a few subsystems) and public domain (for the rest of the system).
		Some of the files in CMU CL have a BSD-style license requiring that credit be given to the institutions which owned the copyright to the original versions: Xerox, Inc., the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Symbolics, Inc., and Gerd Moellmann.
	www.sbcl.org /history.html (443 words)

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