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Topic: History of cryptography

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	History of cryptography - Definition, explanation
		The history of cryptography dates back thousands of years, and for the most part, it has been the history of classical cryptography; that is, methods of encryption which can be performed using pen and paper (or perhaps with simple mechanical aids).
		Cryptography, and its misuse, were involved in the plotting which led to the execution of Mata Hari and in the conniving which led to the travesty of Dreyfus' conviction and imprisonment, both in the early 20th century.
		Cryptography in Japan was not used until 1510, and advanced techniques were not known until after the opening of the country to the West in the 1860s.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/h/hi/history_of_cryptography.php (3032 words)

	Quantum Cryptography Tutorial
		Quantum cryptography is an effort to allow two users of a common communication channel to create a body of shared and secret information.
		The advantage of quantum cryptography over traditional key exchange methods is that the exchange of information can be shown to be secure in a very strong sense, without making assumptions about the intractability of certain mathematical problems.
		Cryptography is the art of devising codes and ciphers, and cryptoanalysis is the art of breaking them.
	www.cs.dartmouth.edu /~jford/crypto.html (2404 words)

	:: a brief history ::
		Cryptography is an ancient science, but, with the rise of the information age, computers have brought it to a whole new level.
		Cryptography is one of the oldest fields of technical study we can find records of, going back at least 4 000 years.
		Cryptography probably began in or around 2000 B.C. in Egypt, where hieroglyphics were used to decorate the tombs of deceased rulers and kings.
	www.thawte.com /cryptochallenge/html/popups/briefHistory.html (5184 words)

	Cryptography :: Web Articles ::
		Cryptography is also considered a branch of engineering, but it is considered to be an unusual one as it deals with active, intelligent and malevolent opposition (see cryptographic engineering and security engineering).
		In practice, the term cryptography (from the Greek kryptÃ³s, "hidden", and grÃ¡phein, "to write") is often used to refer to the field as a whole; crypto is an informal abbreviation.
		Asymmetric cryptography also provides mechanisms for digital signatures, which are a way to establish with high confidence (under the assumption that the relevant private key has not been compromised in any way) that the message received was sent by the claimed sender.
	www.webarticles.com /Computers/Computer-Science/Cryptography (2271 words)

	Public Key Cryptography (PKC), RSA, PKI
		Public Key Cryptography (PKC) uses two keys, a "public key" and a "private key", to implement an encryption algorithm that doesn't require two parties to first exchange a secret key in order to conduct secure communications.
		For thousands of years, it was unanimously agreed in the cryptography community that the only way for two parties to establish secure communications was to first exchange a secret key of some kind.
		This paper revolutionized the world of cryptography research, which had been somewhat restrained up to that point by real and perceived Government restrictions, and galvanized dozens of researchers around the world to work on practical implementations of a public key cryptography algorithm.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/is_crypt_pkc_inv.htm (1516 words)

	Cryptography (Linux Reviews)
		Cryptography is also used in many applications encountered in everyday life; the security of ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce all depend on cryptography.
		Cryptography is also a branch of engineering, but an unusual one as it deals with active, intelligent, and malevolent opposition (see cryptographic engineering and security engineering); all other kinds of engineering need deal only with neutral natural forces.
		Cryptography is central to digital rights management (DRM), a group of techniques for technologically controlling use of copyrighted material, being widely implemented and deployed at the behest of some copyright holders.
	linuxreviews.org /dictionary/Cryptography (6089 words)

	Cryptography Defined/Brief History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cryptography is the art and science of keeping information secure from unintended audiences, of encrypting it.
		Today, cryptography is used to provide secrecy and integrity to our data, and both authentication and anonymity to our communications.
		The increase in demand for cryptography was driven by industry interest (e.g., financial services required secure electronic transactions and businesses needed to secure trade secrets stored on computers), and individual interest (e.g., secure wireless communications).
	www.eco.utexas.edu /faculty/Norman/BUS.FOR/course.mat/SSim/history.html (675 words)

	Intelligent Systems :: Staff :: Nosov Valentin Alexandrovich :: History of Cryptography in Lomonosov Moscow State ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cryptography is an area of science that studies methods of information concealment in order to prevent unauthorized access; it is a component of information security.
		Cryptography deals with the necessity to distinguish between those who receive information according to their rights on the access to the information.
		In ancient times, cryptography fell within the range of interests of classics of science such as Pythagoras, Aristotle, and Plato; in the middle ages, it was studied by permanent mathematicians G. Cardano, F. Viete, J. Wallis; later, much attention was paid to cryptography by W. Leibniz, L. Euler, and Ch.
	intsys.msu.ru /en/staff/vnosov/crypto_msu.htm (1669 words)

	What is cryptography? - a definition from Whatis.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cryptography is closely related to the disciplines of cryptology and cryptanalysis.
		Cryptography includes techniques such as microdots, merging words with images, and other ways to hide information in storage or transit.
		However, in today's computer-centric world, cryptography is most often associated with scrambling plaintext (ordinary text, sometimes referred to as cleartext) into ciphertext (a process called encryption), then back again (known as decryption).
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /dictionary/definition/what-is-cryptography.html (516 words)

	Cryptography : Introduction and History - Ankit (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art; Some experts argue that cryptography appeared spontaneously sometime after writing was invented.
		It is no surprise that new forms of cryptography came soon after the widespread development of computer communications.
		Cryptography: It’s an art and science of using mathematics to secure information and create a high degree of trust in the electronic realm.
	www.ankitjain.info /articles/Cryptography_ankit2.htm (790 words)

	Fred Cohen & Associates
		Cryptography is one of the oldest fields of technical study we can find records of, going back at least 4,000 years.
		The cryptographic history of Messopotamia was similar to that of Egypt, in that cuneiforms were used to encipher text.
		In 1844, the development of cryptography was dramatically altered by the invention of the telegraph.
	all.net /books/ip/Chap2-1.html (5872 words)

	History of Cryptography...Encryptoo.com
		Extensive academic research into modern cryptography is relatively recent — it only began in the open community during the 1970s with the specification of DES and the invention of RSA.
		Cryptography, cryptanalysis, and secret agent betrayal featured in the Babington plot during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I which led to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.
		Cryptography, and its misuse, was involved in the plotting which led to the execution of Mata Hari and even more reprehensibly, if possible, in the travesty which led to Dreyfus' conviction and imprisonment, both in the early 20th century.
	www.encryptoo.com /histcryp.html (2822 words)

	NSRP: Cryptography
		A complete (and unabridged) history of cryptography is beyond the scope of this particular paper, but I point you to the very readable book 'Crypto' by Steven Levy, a straightforward account of the history of cryptography and the major players in the field.
		The goal of cryptography is to make it virtually impossible to decrypt an encrypted text (ciphertext) into plaintext without the use of a corresponding secret key.
		For all intents and purposes, the commercial debut of public key cryptography was stymied by the computational demands of the RSA algorithm and the fact that the technology was simply a few rungs too high on the evolutionary ladder.
	www.gslis.utexas.edu /~netsec/crypto.html (2146 words)

	Fred Cohen & Associates
		Cryptography is one of the oldest fields of technical study we can find records of, going back at least 4,000 years.
		The cryptographic history of Messopotamia was similar to that of Egypt, in that cuneiforms were used to encipher text.
		The story of cryptography would be at an end if it weren't for the practical problem that in order to send a secret message, an equal amount of secret key must first be sent.
	www.all.net /books/ip/Chap2-1.html (5872 words)

	"Cryptography Decrypted", H. X. Mel/Doris Baker, 2001
		In general, it is an attempt to portray the basic concepts of cryptography, without getting too far into technical details.
		The history of cryptography appears rather abruptly in chapter six.
		Chapter seven covers the attempts to use cryptographic methods for confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation, and shows that the last point is not possible with purely symmetric cryptography.
	www.iwar.org.uk /reviews/cryptography/cryptography-decrypted.htm (554 words)

	[Chapter 6] Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Without cryptography, messages transmitted to or from the front lines could easily be intercepted by the enemy.
		Without cryptography, you might be reluctant to send sensitive information through the mail, across a telex, or by radio.
		For this reason, cryptographers and organizations that use cryptography routinely conduct their own code-breaking efforts to make sure that their codes are resistant to attack.
	www.leon83.com /download/book/OreillyBooks/Oreilly_online_bookshelf/Oreilly_Networking_BookShelf/puis/ch06_01.htm (1610 words)

	The Mechanics of Deception Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Books on the history of cryptography show that hidden messages date to as far back as there are records.
		To illustrate deception cryptography and its techniques, I will return to the "historical secrets" of an earlier article to show how those secrets were uncovered.
		He says that beyond the inherent obscurity of deception cryptography, future events are rarely envisioned, and if you can't envision it, you can't predict it, no matter how clear or unclear the wording might be.
	www.crypticthinking.com /Articles/Mechanics.html (1119 words)

	History of Cryptography and Secrecy Systems
		Cryptography is a technique used to hide the meaning of a message and is derived from the Greek word kryptos (hidden).
		Cryptography is further divided into two implementation techniques and those include transposition and substitiution.
		It is possible to combine Cryptography and Steganography together to achieve a higher level of security.
	www.dsm.fordham.edu /~mathai/crypto.html (2428 words)

	Recommended Cryptography Books: History Section
		The book is divided into two parts, first covering the history of SIGINT (mostly in times of war) and the second covering the agency today.
		This is a roughly chronological history of lovers who resorted to cryptography to cover up their illicit or socially unacceptable affairs.
		By breaking the cryptography of the Kensington runestone, apparently one could discover the secret dates the Christian Norsemen were trying to conceal in their encrypted carvings.
	www.youdzone.com /cryptobooks_History.html (1550 words)

	History of Cryptography from CryptoBuddy.com
		Cryptography has been around a long time with the earliest known examples dating clear back to about 1900BC.
		Clearly, even from the very start, cryptography was not only used to protect the official secrets of the government, but was a part of everyday life in both business and personal communication.
		During the American War Between the States, both sides used encrypted messages, and all spies and officers in the Army of the Confederacy were supplied with the Confederate Cipher Wheel for this purpose.
	www.cryptostick.com /cryptographyhistory.php (769 words)

	A Brief History of Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cryptography, the science of encrypting and decrypting information, dates as far back as 1900 BC when a scribe in Egypt first used a derivation of the standard hieroglyphics of the day to communicate.
		For all the historical personalities involved in the evolution of cryptography, it is William Frederick Friedman, founder of Riverbank Laboratories, cryptanalyst for the US government, and lead code-breaker of Japan’s World War II Purple Machine, who is “honored as the father of US cryptanalysis”;.
		Although cryptography was employed during World War I, two of the more notable machines were employed during World War II: the Germans’ Enigma machine, developed by Arthur Scherbius, and the Japanese Purple Machine, developed using techniques first discovered by Herbert O. Yardley.
	cybercrimes.net /Cryptography/Articles/Hebert.html (962 words)

	Basics of Cryptography - CryptoDox
		Cryptography is the science of writing in secret code and is an ancient art.
		An algorithm is a series of mathematical equations that turns the information we want to secure (plaintext) into the secure form called ciphertext.
		Cryptography or security has some basic requirements that needs to be met.
	cryptodox.com /Basics_of_Cryptography (264 words)

	Historical Notes: History [of cryptography]
		Cryptography has been in use since antiquity, and has been a decisive factor in a remarkably large number of military and other campaigns.
		Typical of early systems was the substitution cipher of Julius Caesar, in which every letter was cyclically shifted in the alphabet by three positions, with A being replaced by D, B by E, and so on.
		A notable achievement of cryptanalysis was the 1940 breaking of the German Enigma rotor machine using a mixture of statistical analysis and automatic enumeration of keys.
	www.wolframscience.com /reference/notes/1085c (515 words)

	Frode Weierud's CryptoCellar
		The Newmanry History Part of the General Report on Tunny
		The history of Non-Secret Encryption by J. Ellis, CESG, UK
		Cryptography for All Ages, Age 8 and Up
	frode.home.cern.ch /frode/crypto (703 words)

	History of Cryptography - CryptoDox
		Sumerian Cuneiform is the oldest known written language in human history and was not deciphered until the nineteenth century AD.
		These articles surveyed the state of the art in military cryptography and included many pieces of advice and rules of thumb, including his famous six principals of practical cipher design.
		This asymmetric key cryptosystem was known as the Diffie-Hellman key exchange, and was the first published practical method for establishing a secret key through unprotected communications channels without a prior shared secret.
	cryptodox.com /History_of_Cryptography (2478 words)

	Network Security Illustrated \| Hiding Information :: Cryptography
		For most of the history of cryptography, advanced techniques for creating secret codes and ciphered transmissions were the exclusive domain of government organizations.
		Truly effective cryptography techniques require an advanced understanding of mathematics, and the few people with these skills were often hired by government agencies.
		Cryptography protects this information when it is sent to your bank for verification.
	www.openlysecure.org /nsi/hiding_information/cryptography.html (477 words)

	Cryptology
		Much of the terminology of cryptography can be linked back to the time when only written messages were being encrypted and the same terminology is still used regardless of whether it is being applied to a written message or a stream of binary code between two computers.
		The first recorded use of cryptography for correspondence was by the Spartans who (as early as 400 BC) employed a cipher device called a "scytale" to send secret communications between military commanders.
		Although single-key cryptography has been in use for centuries, public key cryptography is a relatively new invention with the first discussion about the subject in open literature being in 1976.
	www.ridex.co.uk /cryptology (10089 words)

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