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Topic: History of elephants in Europe

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	Elephant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Elephant tusks are the major source of ivory, but because of the increased rarity of elephants, hunting and ivory trade is now illegal.
		There are two populations of African elephants, savanna and forest, and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called Loxodonta cyclotis, and the savanna or bush population termed Loxodonta africanus.
		Elephants have been used for transportation and entertainment, and are common to circuses around the world.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/e/el/elephant_1.html (1223 words)

	Elephant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Elephant tusks are the major source of ivory, but because of the increased rarity of elephants, hunting and ivory trade is now restricted and in some countries illegal.
		Since male elephants are "kicked out" of their herds when they become sexually mature, their "sex hormones" kick in and anything that stands in their way becomes an unfortunate victim.
		Elephant Reintroduction Foundation (http://www.elephantreintroduction.org),The foundation is dedicated to a management system for rehabilitation of captive elephants and habitat preparation to ensure successful long-term sustainability after their return to the wild.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Elephant (2467 words)

	History of elephants in Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of elephants in Europe dates back to the ice ages, when mammoths (various species of prehistoric elephant) roamed the northern parts of the Earth, from Europe to North America.
		The first historically recorded elephant in northern Europe was the animal brought by emperor Claudius, during the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD, to the British capital of Colchester.
		Suleyman the Elephant was a present from the Portuguese king John III to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_elephants_in_Europe (820 words)

	ELEPHANT FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After their size, an elephant's most obvious characteristic is the single trunk, a type of muscular_hydrostat, that is a much elongated combination of nose and upper lip.
		Elephants have also been used as mounts for safaris, especially on tiger hunts, and as ceremonial mounts for royal and religious occasions, whilst Asian elephants have been used for transport and entertainment, and are common to circuses around the world.
		Elephant Reintroduction Foundation,The foundation is dedicated to a management system for rehabilitation of captive elephants and habitat preparation to ensure successful long-term sustainability after their return to the wild.
	velocipay.com /elephant (3457 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Elephant tusks are the major source of ivory, but because of the increased rarity of elephants, almost all hunting and trade is now illegal.
		The largest elephant ever recorded was a male shot in Angola in 1974, that weighed 12 tonnes (27,000 pounds, or 13.5 tons).
		The African elephant has two populations, savanna and forest, and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called Loxodonta cyclotis, and the savanna or bush population termed Loxodonta africanus.
	www.online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/e/el/elephant_1.html (793 words)

	MSN Encarta - Elephant
		According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha chose the form of a white elephant as one of his many earthly incarnations, and the rare appearance of a white elephant is still heralded as a manifestation of the gods.
		At the turn of the 20th century, elephants numbered from 5 million to 10 million, but widespread hunting and habitat destruction reduced their numbers to 400,000 to 500,000 by the end of the century.
		Elephants occupy an array of environments in Africa and Southeast Asia—grasslands, marshes, forests, deserts, and mountains.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761575386 (1120 words)

	Charlemagne - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Arguably the founder of the Frankish Empire in Western Europe, Charlemagne was the elder son of Pepin the Short (714 – September 24, 768, reigned 751 – 768) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – July 12, 783); he was the brother of the mother of Roland.
		On the death of Pepin the kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman (Carloman ruled Austrasia).
		While this title helped to make western Europe independent of Constantinople, Charlemagne did not use the title until much later, as he feared it would create dependence on the Pope.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Charlemagne (1508 words)

	Europe
		Europe (band) Europe is a progressive rock group; they added keyboards to soften their sound in hopes of gaining radio a...
		Europe of Democracies and Diversities The group for a Europe of Democracies and Diversities is a European Parliament.
		History of Europe History of Ukraine History of the United Kingdom History of the Vatican City Armenia and Georgia are...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/europe.html (1321 words)

	Encyclopedia: Elephant
		There are two populations of African elephants, Savannah and Forest, and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called Loxodonta cyclotis, and the Savannah (or Bush) population termed Loxodonta africana.
		The term Hellenistic (established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen) in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance...
		Dwarf elephants are pre-historic members of the order Proboscidea, that, through the process of allopatric speciation, evolved to a fraction of the size of their modern ancestors.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Elephant (8800 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The largest elephant ever recorded was a male shot in Angola in 1974, that weighed 12 tonnes (13.5 short tons).
		Their significant coarse and wrinkled skin is sparsely bristled, and about 1 in (25 mm) thick (with varieties for the Asian and the African kinds); the thickness they disadvantageousely developed instead of pigment which causes the color.
		African elephants are usually thought not domesticable, but some entrepreneurs have succeeded by bringing Asian mahouts to Africa.
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Elephant (1582 words)

	History of elephants in Europe
		Livy records that Hannibal crossed the Rhone with 37 elephants in October/November 218 BC in the Second Punic War.
		The first historically recorded elephant in northern Europe was Abul-Abbas, an Asiatic elephant given to Charlemagne by Haroun al-Raschid in 797.
		An elephant was captured in the Holy Land by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor and used in the Capture of Cremona in 1214.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_elephants_in_Europe.html (200 words)

	History of elephants in Europe
		The first historically recorded elephant in northern Europe was the one that the Emperor Claudius rode as he made his way to the British capital of Colchester during the invasion of Britain in 43 CE.
		Abul-Abbas, an Asiatic elephant, was given to Charlemagne by Haroun al-Raschid in 797 or 802.
		Suleyman the Elephant, a present from the Portuguese King John III to Archduke Maximilian (later Holy Roman Emperor) arrived in Valladolid in 1551, was then shipped to Genoa, and travelled overland to Hall, sailing from there on 22 January 1552 with Maximilian on the Inn to Vienna, festively entering the city on 7 May 1552.
	www.ukpedia.com /h/history-of-elephants-in-europe.html (709 words)

	White Elephants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Royal White Elephants were not taken to war, and not ridden in procession, Rather they were kept within the confines of the palace, entrusted to the care of senior officials, fed well, washed regularly, and worried over constantly.
		By the nineteenth century, the white elephant was firmly established as one of the special wonders of Siam.
		But with elephants no longer so vital for warfare, elephant hunts had become less common, and fewer of the rare white elephants were found.
	www.crystalinks.com /whitelephants.html (985 words)

	Elephant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Female African elephants have tusks, while female Asian Elephants don't.
		It is possible, if unlikely, that continued poaching could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants, a development normally requiring thousands of years of evolution.
		The Blindmen and the Elephant by John Godfrey Saxe
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/el/Elephant.htm (1353 words)

	Charlemagne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Arguably the founder of the Frankish Empire in Western Europe, Charlemagne was the elder son of Pepin the Short (714 – September 24, 768, reigned 751 – 768) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – July 12, 783); he was the brother of the Lady Bertha mother of Roland.
		House of Pepin / Dynasty of Charlemagne by Ed Stephan: Genealogy of Charlemagne.
		History of the World History of the United States History of Europe Ancient History History Military History
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Charlemagne.htm (1521 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE, pp. 326-470
		In connection with history, statistics were cultivated; this having been, it may be said, a necessary study from the first, enforced on the Saracen officers in their assessment of tribute on conquered misbelievers, and subsequently continued as an object of taste.
		How different was all this from the state of things in Europe: the Christian peasant, fever-stricken or overtaken by accident, hied to the nearest saint-shrine and expected a miracle; the Spanish Moor relied on the prescription or lancet of his physician, or the bandage and knife of his surgeon.
		Elephants and a bevy of dancing-girls were courteously sent by the sultan to his friend, who, it is said, was not insensible to the witcheries of the Oriental beauties.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~bahai/diglib/books/A-E/D/draper/drap3.htm (19116 words)

	history of billiards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The "cause," cooperation, and contact with the East, opened rivers of communi-cation, revitalized Europe and helped bring it out of the "Dark Age." And the games, pastimes and traditions of Roman culture were brought back to western Europe by returning Crusaders.
		During this period, the monarchs of Europe began to regulate not only the commoners' time for work, but also their time for relaxation.
		As in Europe, the earliest players were the landowners and aristocrats—who brought not only their heritage, but often their tables, on their voyage to the New World.
	www.cuecare.com /history.htm (11821 words)

	history_of_unicorns_of_the_western_world
		Although unicorns certainly existed in Europe during pre - Christian times indeed they are mentioned repeatedly in the Old Testament, as a translation of the Hebrew re'em the animals were apparently so shy that most of the early writing about them seems to derive from the Arabian lore of the karkadann.
		The fieriocity of the karkadann influenced writer's discriptions of the unicorn.
		It is not surprising that four brazen unicorns dominated the court of Abyssinian kings.
	lair2000.net /Unicorn_Dreams/Unicorn_History/western_unicorns.html (861 words)

	Strange Science: Timeline
		This (by no means comprehensive!) list chronicles some of the major events in the history of paleontology and biology.
		Found near the remains of giant lizards and pygmy elephants, it is formally named Homo floresiensis and nicknamed the "hobbit," because it is just 1 meter tall, with a tiny brain case.
		Though some suspect it's a kind of malformed, small-brained midget, this interpretation will be weakened by braincase scans showing well-developed temporal and frontal lobes — and further weakened by the announcement of several more individuals of the same species.
	www.strangescience.net /timeline.htm (10857 words)

	History of Laos
		For much of its history, Laos has been under the thumb of its neighbors – at various times the Cambodians, Burmese, Vietnamese, Chinese, and Siamese (Thais).
		Because of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, Laos was subjected to saturation bombing by aerial raids launched from Thailand and from within Laos.
		It is estimated that US forces flew almost 600,000 sorties – the equivalent of one bombing run every eight minutes around the clock for nine years.
	www.visit-laos.com /sabbaidee/history.htm (1891 words)

	New skulls double history of humans in Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		LONDON —; Scientists have discovered the remains of the earliest Europeans: Two skulls, believed to be around 1.8 million years old, have been recovered from a site at Dmanisi in southern Georgia, in the Caucasus.
		The discovery is startling because the bones predate the previous oldest bone fragments found in Europe by a million years.
		Scientists believe that about 1.8 million years ago Dmanisi was a grassland that provided homes for a wide range of animals, including sabertooth cats and elephants, and that the climate of the area was extremely warm — very similar to the African homeland of Homo erectus.
	www.trussel.com /prehist/news154.htm (676 words)

	Charlemagne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On the death of Pepin the kingdom was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman, son of Pippin IIICarloman (Carloman ruled Austrasia).
		In 797 (801801?) the caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid, gave Emperor Charlemagne the first historically recorded elephant in northern Europe, named Abul-Abbas, an Asian elephant.
		In 800, at Mass on Christmas day in Rome, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne ''Imperator Romanorum'' (Emperor of Rome), a title that had been out of use in the West since the abdication of Romulus AugustusRomulus Augustulus in 476.
	www.infothis.com /find/Charlemagne (1693 words)

	A brief History of Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Roman empire in the end was overrun by millions of barbarians from the north and east of Europe.
		It is believed to have happened two or three times in history that huge migrations took place across Europe, where peoples moved to settle in new territories.
		The great migration proved too much for the Romans to stem.
	www.roman-empire.net /children/history.html (829 words)

	Angina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is evident within a species as well, as the young beat their hearts faster than the adults.
		Gray Whale beats 9 times per minute, Harbour Seal 10 when diving, 140 when on land, elephant 25, human 70, sparrow 500, shrew 600, and hummingbird 1,200 when hovering.
		In 1983 it was adopted officially by Medicare to pay hospitals for healthcare based on diagnosis, age, gender, and complications.
	bonose.com /Angina-12.html (704 words)

	Hannibal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When the Romans demanded that Prusias turn Hannibal over in 182 BC, the great general committed suicide rather than submit.
		Hannibal is ranked as one of the best military commanders in history, alongside Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Frederick the Great and Napoleon.
		Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius (c.200-after 118 BCE): The Character of Hannibal (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/polybius-hannibal.html)
	www.city-search.org /ha/hannibal.html (484 words)

	Articles - History of elephants in Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Drawn from life by the historian Matthew Paris for his Chronica Majora, it was the first elephant to be seen in England since Claudius'; war elephant.
		Cell phone tracking aids law enforcement (The Journal News)
		Calypso Wireless has partnered with an Italian company to carry out a demo of VoIP over Wi-Fi (VoWi-Fi) utilizing a GSM-GPRS cell phone.
	www.gaple.com /articles/History_of_elephants_in_Europe (867 words)

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