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	History of general relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The development of general relativity began in 1907 with the publication of an article by Einstein on acceleration under special relativity.
		At the urging of Levi-Civita, Einstein began by exploring the use of general covariance (which is essentially the use of curvature tensors) to create a gravitational theory.
		However, general relativity and quantum mechanics (a theory that has been experimentally verified more than GR) are known to be inconsistent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_general_relativity (1119 words)

	General relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In general relativity, phenomena that in classical mechanics are ascribed to the action of the force of gravity (such as free-fall, orbital motion, and spacecraft trajectories) are taken in general relativity to represent inertial motion in a curved spacetime.
		General relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics; it is generally held that one of the most important unsolved problems in modern physics is the problem of obtaining a true quantum theory of gravitation.
		General relativity was developed by Einstein in a process that began in 1907 with the publication of an article on the influence of gravity and acceleration on the behavior of light in special relativity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/General_relativity (4530 words)

	Early Philosophical Interpretations of General Relativity
		Relativity theory itself is a shining exemplar of this method for it has shown that the metric of spacetime describes an "objective property" of the world, once the subjective freedom to make coordinate transformations (the coordinating principle of general covariance) is recognized (1920, 86-7; 1965, 90).
		Thus, the theory of general relativity, on adoption of the coordinative definition of rigid rods ("universal forces = 0"), affirms that the geometry of spacetime in this region is of a non-euclidean kind.
		Despite the influence of this argument on the subsequent generation of philosophers of science, Reichenbach's analysis of spacetime measurement treatment is plainly inappropriate, manifesting a fallacious tendency to view the generically curved spacetimes of general relativity as stiched together from little bits of flat Minskowski spacetimes.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/genrel-early (11439 words)

	NOVA \| Einstein's Big Idea \| Relativity (Lightman Essay) \| PBS
		The key idea of general relativity, called the equivalence principle, is that gravity pulling in one direction is completely equivalent to an acceleration in the opposite direction.
		Many of the predictions of general relativity, such as the bending of starlight by gravity and a tiny shift in the orbit of the planet Mercury, have been quantitatively confirmed by experiment.
		General relativity may be the biggest leap of the scientific imagination in history.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity (1248 words)

	General relativity
		General relativity is a theory of gravitation and to understand the background to the theory we have to look at how theories of gravitation developed.
		In 1907, two years after proposing the special theory of relativity, Einstein was preparing a review of special relativity when he suddenly wondered how Newtonian gravitation would have to be modified to fit in with special relativity.
		The final steps to the theory of general relativity were taken by Einstein and Hilbert at almost the same time.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/General_relativity.html (1995 words)

	References for Einstein
		J Illy, The correspondence of Albert Einstein and Gustav Mie, 1917-1918, in Studies in the history of general relativity (Boston, MA, 1992), 244-259; 462.
		P Kerszberg, The Einstein-de Sitter controversy of 1916-1917 and the rise of relativistic cosmology, in Einstein and the history of general relativity (Boston, MA, 1989), 325-366.
		L Kostro, An outline of the history of Einstein's relativistic ether concept, in Studies in the history of general relativity (Boston, MA, 1992), 260-280; 463.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /history/References/Einstein.html (5429 words)

	John D. Norton's Homepage
		My research interests began with history of general relativity and have grown from there to issues in philosophy of physics and general philosophy of science.
		My most important contribution to the history of relativity was the presentation of the first analysis of Einstein's "Zurich Notebook." It turned out to contain Einstein's private calculations for the crucial period of the making of his greatest discovery, the general theory of relativity.
		In 1918, Einstein proclaimed that the foundations of his general theory of relativity lay in three principles: the principle of equivalence, the (generalized) principle of relativity and Mach's principle.
	www.pitt.edu /~jdnorton/jdnorton.html (3682 words)

	Schedule / Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The day is devoted to the history of the conceptual problems in classical physics that led to the emergence of general relativity.
		The aim is to connect detailed historical analysis of the history of general relativity with a discussion of conceptual challenges presented by that theory today.
		General Relativity as Physics: Evolution of a Conceptual Framework for Relativistic Gravity
	nti.educa.rcanaria.es /fundoro/einstein_2nd/einstein_schedule.htm (507 words)

	The Attraction of gravitation : new studies in the history of general relativity / John Earman, Michel Janssen, John D
		Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock (1898-1974) was one of the main participants in the history of the general theory of relativity (GTR) in Russia.
		Instead of the ideas of general relativity, covariance and equivalence, which were usual for the majority of accounts of GTR, in Fock's account what prevails is the geometrical approach, based on the concept of absolute space-time.
		As the history of the development of science shows, general principles established for one field of knowledge may be applicable also in other fields.
	people.bu.edu /gorelik/Fock_ES-93_text.htm (8162 words)

	Physics 7 Lecture #12 - General Relativity & Black Holes
		Einstein applied his General Theory to the motion of Mercury and found that the somewhat higher gravitational pull as the planet approaches the sun in General Relativity causes Mercury to move a bit further around the sun each time it passes.
		In General Relativity gravity is viewed as a curvature of Spacetime so Gravitational Waves are ripples in the fabric of space and time itself.
		NASA scientists do not use General Relativity to calculate the paths of spacecraft that are sent to explore the solar system (not because it would be too complicated or difficult, but because it would be a waste of time - Newton was right as far as most things in the Solar System are concerned).
	cassfos02.ucsd.edu /physics/ph7/GR.html (3341 words)

	Genesis of General Relativity 3
		The important point to be noticed is that, unlike the case with the special relativity, this interval is not an invariant quantity any more with respect to the Lorentz transformation, and depends on gravitational potentials for the four coordinates (but ds' must be an invariant quantity, because of its physical meaning).
		Since we are going to discuss the completed theory of general relativity according to his 1916 paper "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitaetstheorie", we will not discuss the rest of this joint paper any further.
		As regards the history of general relativity, a number of important secondary studies have recently appeared, in addition to primary sources (The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein).
	www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp /~suchii/gen.GR3.html (1229 words)

	PSIgate - FE Subject Pack - RELATIVITY
		It is part of the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland.
		It is an educational module from Roberto B Salgado, Department of Physics, Syracuse University, and covers both special and general relativity.
		Classical and special relativity, and spacetime are briefly described and illustrated as lecture eight of a course on galaxies and the expanding Universe by James Schombert of the University of Oregon, USA.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /education/fe/relativity.html (675 words)

	The Math Forum - Math Library - Relatvty/Grav. Theory
		Linked essay describing the history of general relativity from Aristotle's notion of the motion of bodies through Lorentz and Einstein in the 20th century, with 29 references (books/articles).
		History; applications and related fields and subfields; textbooks, reference works, and tutorials; software and tables; other web sites with this focus.
		A set of hypertext-based services for general relativity research from the QMW Relativity group (Queen Mary and Westfield College, Univ. of London).
	mathforum.org /library/topics/relativity (1269 words)

	General Relativity
		Numerical Relativity Exhibitions, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
		Brief Outline of the Development of the Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein, Nature 106 (1921): 782–784.
		Relativity : the Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein, Project Gutenberg
	hypertextbook.com /physics/modern/general-relativity/index.shtml (748 words)

	analysis of duke courses
		Topics covered included: shortfalls of Newtonian theory and history of general relativity, theory of special relativity (including time dilation, length contraction, changes in mass and Doppler shift), manifolds, theory of general relativity, gravitational lensing and other cosmological consequences of general relativity.
		Studies of astronomy, astrophysics, and particle physics bring huge personal rewards for me. In addition, the study of general relativity is foundational to understand current research in astrophysics and cosmology as well as to understand the difficulties of combining the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics.
		Topics included: observing the sky, history of astronomy, key physical underpinnings of the universe, lives of stars, death of stars (white dwarfs, neutron stars, fl holes), galaxies and galactic evolution, dark matter, the big bang, relativity, and our solar system (planets, the sun, Earth).
	www.duke.edu /~kjb/analysisofdukecourses.htm (1010 words)

	John D. Norton, Curriciulum Vitae
		With Juergen Renn, Tilman Sauer, Michel Janssen, John Stachel, Commentary in The Genesis of General Relativity: Documents and Interpretation.
		With John Earman, "Exorcist XIV: The Wrath of Maxwell's Demon." Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, Part I "From Maxwell to Szilard" 29(1998), pp.435-471; Part II: "From Szilard to Landauer and Beyond," 30(1999), pp.1-40.
		"General Covariance and the Foundations of General Relativity: Eight Decades of Dispute," Reports on Progress in Physics, 56, pp.791-858.
	www.pitt.edu /~jdnorton/homepage/cv.html (2299 words)

	Amazon.com: General Relativity: Books: Robert M. Wald (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There have been many books written on general relativity from both a physical and mathematical viewpoint, but this one stands out as one that is a hybrid between mathematical rigor and physical insight.
		In the next chapter, the principle of general covariance is introduced as one that prohibits the existence of perferred vector fields in the laws of physics.
		The next chapter is devoted entirely to the Schwarzschild solution, which is used to discuss the four experimental verifications of general relativity, namely the gravitational redshift, the precession of Mercury's orbit, bending of light by the Sun, and the time delay of radar signals.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0226870332?v=glance (2254 words)

	Early Philosophical Interpretations of General Relativity
		Despite Einstein's intent, there is considerable disagreement about the extent to which, if at all, general relativity conforms to "Mach's Principle".
		This particular argument for metric conventionalism has generated substantial controversy on its own, but is better understood through an account of its genesis in Reichenbach's early neo-Kantianism.
		However, in classical general relativity there remains a fundamental asymmetry between gravitational and non-gravitational fields, in particular, electromagnetism, the only other fundamental physical interaction definitely known at the time.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /archives/fall2004/entries/genrel-early (11442 words)

	Faculty Stachel
		He was an instructor of Physics at Lehigh University from 1959 to 1961 and the University of Pittsburgh from 1961 to 1962, and Research Associate in Physics at the latter school from 1962 to 1964.
		e also directs the Boston University Center for Einstein Studies, which has sponsored conferences on the history of general relativity and Einstein's early years; and co-edits (with Don Howard) the Center's series of Einstein Studies, four volumes of which have been published, two directly concerned with the history of general relativity.
		Stachel is a frequent participant in the activities of the Center for Philosophy and History of Science.
	www.bu.edu /philo/faculty/stachel.html (192 words)

	History of Science Society \| HSSOnline.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After five earlier successful meetings (Osgood Hill, 1986; Luminy, 1988; Pittsburgh, 1991; Berlin, 1995; and Notre Dame, 1998), the Sixth International Conference on the History of General Relativity will take place in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 26-29 June 2002, under the auspices of the University of Amsterdam and the Pieter Zeeman Foundation.
		The subject of the meeting is "History of General Relativity" in the widest sense of the word and the organizers would like to invite proposals for papers on topics relevant to this theme, such as :
		The origins of general relativity, including aspects of special relativity that are relevant for the development of the general theory
	www.hssonline.org /profession/meetings/2002/relativity.html (201 words)

	General Relativity Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ HigherPower.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		General Relativity Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ HigherPower.org
		So what people standing on the surface of the Earth perceive as the 'force of gravity' is a result of their undergoing a continuous physical acceleration caused by the mechanical resistance of the surface that they are standing on.
		"General relativity" results in these other popular encyclopedia sites:
	higherpower.org /encyclopedia/General_relativity (4629 words)

	Popular Science Relativity Websites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Here are good places to go to if you just want to get some idea of what relativity is all about, without getting into the math.
		Be sure to read his 160 Frequently Asked Questions about Relativity, And if you have a question, be sure to Ask the Astronomer!
		A Brief History of General Relativity, both by John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson (School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, University of St Andrews, Scotland.) Part of the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/RelWWW/pop.html (580 words)

	Links
		Contains a good history of General Relativity, and also has lots of misc.
		Good overview of General Relativity and has lots of information
		Contains massive amounts of information on all aspects of relativity
	www.geocities.com /researchtriangle/campus/6791/links.htm (71 words)

	Gallileus - Studies in the History of General Relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Gallileus - Studies in the History of General Relativity
		A History of the Scriptures Through the Ages
		Based on the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the History of General Relativity, Luminy, France, 1988; 3
	www.gallileus.info /search/lob_detail?isbn=0817634797 (158 words)

	AddALL.com - browse and compare book price: International Conference on the History of General Relativity 1988 Un
		AddALL.com - browse and compare book price: International Conference on the History of General Relativity 1988 Un Don't forget to
		International Conference on the History of General Relativity 1988 Un Studies in the History of General Relativity: Based on the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the History of General Relativity, Lum
		Author: International Conference on the History of General Relativity 1988 Un
	www.addall.com /author/10206410-1 (81 words)

	The Attraction of Gravitation : New Studies in the History of General Relativity
		The Attraction of Gravitation : New Studies in the History of General Relativity
		Add this book to your wish list
		Subjects : Science : Physics : General relativity (Physics)
	www.allbookstores.com /book/3764336242 (61 words)

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