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Topic: History of heterosexuality

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	Heterosexuality - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Heterosexualism is sometimes used as a synonym for heterosexuality.
		However, heterosexualism (not heterosexuality) is also used in a different sense, to refer to heterosexism (the idea that heterosexuality is superior or normal).
		The history of heterosexuality is part of the history of sexuality.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Heterosexual (922 words)

	Heterosexuality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heterosexuality is the scientific name for sexual attraction and/or sexual behaviour between animals of the opposite characteristic sex.
		Thus, views on heterosexuality are divided among those who hold that heterosexuality is a concrete idea of attraction towards the opposite sex, versus those that hold that heterosexuality is more fluid.
		Given the tension between the biological definition of heterosexuality and the modern psychological definition of heterosexuality, political and sociological discussions of the subject are often difficult.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heterosexuality (1081 words)

	Heterosexuality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by romantic love or sexual desire exclusively for members of the opposite sex or gender, contrasted with homosexuality and distinguished from bisexuality and asexuality.
		Heterosexualism is sometimes used as a synonym for heterosexuality (that is, a sexual orientation or behavior).
		This is largely because heterosexuality is viewed by social conservatives and traditionalists as normal and non-heterosexuality as deviant, particularly in less developed countries.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/heterosexuality (785 words)

	History of sexuality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The term "homosexuality" was invented in the 19th century, with the term "heterosexuality" was invented later in the same century in contrast to the earlier term.
		This points out that the history of sexuality is not solely the history of different-sex sexuality plus the history of same-sex sexuality, but a broader conception viewing of historical events in light of our modern concept or concepts of sexuality taken at its most broad and/or literal definitions.
		Throughout history, many sexual and romantic relations took the form of pederasty, that is, they were characterized by a marked age difference and the fixed assignment of sexual roles.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/history_of_sexuality (1335 words)

	Encyclopedia: Heterosexuality
		Heterosexualism is an amgiuous term which can be used to mean: either heterosexism (Corsini, 2002) or heterosexuality.
		Main article: Sexual orientation Sexual orientation refers to the sex or gender of people who are the focus of a persons amorous or erotic desires, fantasies, and spontaneous feelings, the gender(s) toward which one is primarily oriented.
		Natural selection is a process by which biological populations are altered over time, as a result of the propagation of heritable traits that affect the capacity of individual organisms to survive and reproduce.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/heterosexuality (2141 words)

	History
		A history of Europe from the French Revolution of 1789 to the present, emphasizing the development of new political traditions and social structures, the establishment of new forms of international organization, the transformation of work, changes in the lived environment, and the evolution of understandings of the self.
		The objective of this class is to provide students with a general overview of the evolution of guerrilla warfare in Latin America from the earliest indigenous rebellions in the 16th century to the struggles waged in Peru, Colombia, and Mexico at the end of the 20th century.
		A study of the concept of history, the history of historical writing, the major schools of historical interpretation today, and the relation of history to philosophy of history.
	ralph1.southwestern.edu /academic/registrar/cat2001/history.html (3156 words)

	Falsifiability - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A patient regarded by his psychoanalyst as "in denial" about his sexual orientation may be viewed as confirming he is homosexual simply by denying that he is; and if he has sex with women, he may be accused of trying to buttress his denials.
		Paul Feyerabend examined the history of science with a more critical eye, and ultimately rejected any prescriptive methodology at all.
		Theories of history or politics which allegedly predict the future course of history have a logical form that renders them neither falsifiable nor verifiable.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Falsifiability (3410 words)

	Invitation to Psychology Chapter 13 -- Web Reading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But many social scientists have pointed out that “heterosexual” and “homosexual” behavior has varied historically and cross-culturally, and that even the view of the two categories as opposites is a relatively recent development that does not reflect a fact of nature.
		Heterosexuality, according to Katz, was invented in the 1860s in Germany.
		Katz traces the evolution of heterosexuality from its origins as a perverted desire to its present incarnation as normal sexuality.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/wade3/chapter13/custom1/deluxe-content.html (947 words)

	[No title]
		While the public realm has been the domain of the western male subject, the private realm belongs to the wife, daughter, mother, sister who are responsible for the passing down of traditions (such as honoring the dead), maintaining the sacred flame of the domestic altar, and the healthy upbringing of children.
		Heterosexuality, the social, economic, and political reasons for the legal institution of marriage, and the moral status assigned to this union are not the subject of historical scrutiny and are not open to the possibility of change or dismantling.
		These were not articulated within the realm of history proper or as constructions mediated by the very process of differentiation but retained the symbolic and metaphoric role of women as the "innate nature" of a nation.
	www.emory.edu /ENGLISH/Bahri/Pub.html (2691 words)

	Jonathan Katz
		Exploring the history of heterosexual and homosexual concepts, a study examines the works of such professionals as Freud and the influence of the church while challenging current opinions about sexual identity.
		Heterosexuality began this century defensively, as the publicly unsanctioned private practice of the respectable middle class, and as the publicly put-clown pleasure-affirming practice of urban working-class youths, southern fls, and Greenwich Village bohemians.
		It is as if heterosexuality was born fully formed, became the dominant ideology overnight, remained unchanged throughout the 20th century and will be overthrown, hopefully, in the 21st century...
	www.queertheory.com /histories/k/katz_jonathan_ned.htm (843 words)

	Daniel Wickberg \| Heterosexual White Male: Some Recent Inversions in American Cultural History \| The Journal of ...
		One of their criticisms of the dominant consensus history of the 1950s was that it adopted the point of view of whites, that fls came into the story only as objects of white attention, rather than as historical actors and agents in their own right.
		The history of whiteness, which first appeared in popular culture as farce, was destined to reappear in scholarship as tragedy.
		Suffice it to say that the practitioners of social history in the 1970s would never have anticipated such a future for themselves and their scholarship.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jah/92.1/wickberg.html (694 words)

	[No title]
		She wrote, "When we discover that we are gay, lesbian or bisexual, we have no concept of how we are supposed to behave, or what our place is. We have no assurance that there are those who came before us, and therefore some of us think of ourselves as abnormal or awful people.
		Knowing our history would not automatically make us happy, healthy human beings, whether we be gay, straight or bisexual, but it gives us a source of strength: something to fall back on when we falter.
		It is important for me to know gay, lesbian, and bisexual history for many of the same reasons it is important for me to know the history of my family and my culture.
	www.qrd.org /qrd/www/orgs/glstn/history.essay.winner (1309 words)

	Heterosexuality
		This page considers the evolution of human heterosexuality, particularly its unique features such as the menopause, cryptic ovulation, female orgasm, permanent breasts, and parental pair formation.
		This chapter will be concerned with heterosexuality and some of the striking differences between normal human sexual biology and that of other mammals.
		Humans have an unusual heterosexuality and a sexual biology that adapted to adult mating pair formation.
	www.sexandphilosophy.co.uk /heterosexuality.htm (9287 words)

	HISTORY
		These "subcultural codes," which intentionally left out the majority of the heterosexual audience served to make gays "more visible than they were supposed to be," empowering them over their surroundings, by turning those surroundings into unwillingly, gay, meeting places (Chauncey, p.288).
		In these situations, whether knowingly or not, "homosexuals and heterosexuals together create[d] meaning, and distinguish[ed] what is truly hidden from what is simply unseen, that which is never spoken to that which is seldom heard (Van Leer, p.20).
		Communities are generally characterized by their shared "perceptions, ideas, priorities," and a shared history, as well as "its relationship with its environment," all of which is important in the "building of effective affinities," (Queers in Space, p.4).
	www.nyu.edu /classes/jeffreys/gaybway/wildparty/history.htm (3695 words)

	\| Book Review \| The American Historical Review, 106.4 \| The History Cooperative
		The history of this world as told by Trumbach is "substantially a history of extramarital relations" (p.
		The "new heterosexuality" encouraged close friendships between men that were not sexual; a man might bring his friend home, his wife might fall in love with the friend, the two might have sex, and the husband would feel that his wife's adultery "brought with it the sting of homosexual rape" (p.
		She was ready to humiliate her husband because romantic love had raised the expectations of women, and "usually after they had been married a few years they expressed their needs by falling in love" with men who had entered their domestic worlds.
	www.historycooperative.com /journals/ahr/106.4/br_156.html (777 words)

	Gender and History in Latin America 2005 Conference - Papers
		Boys needed to prepare to act as heterosexual figures of authority and girls needed to be obedient and avoid too much freedom and sexual liberty.
		This a social history of twentieth-century Argentina that focuses on a cultural phenomenon deeply embedded in daily life—the preparation and consumption of food.
		This story speaks to not only Petrona’s personal history but also the ways women’s roles in Argentina were being shaped by changing dynamics of gender, class, urbanization and technology during the late 1920s and early 1930s.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/lacs/genderhistory05/papers.html (2401 words)

	Journal of Social History: Shrinking Violets And Caspar Milquetoasts: Shyness And Heterosexuality From The Roles Of The ...
		In order to nurture long-term heterosexual relationships, middle-class white women were also required to master new assertive communication skills, skills that were often at odds with shyness.
		The fact that verbal self-disclosure had moved to center stage in white middle-class heterosexual relationships in the 1970s may help to explain why shyness--whose many symptoms included the failure to self-disclose--became an issue of such concern in the 1970s, for both women and men.
		Self-disclosure allowed a couple to drop their masks, to become "transparent," "authentic beings" with one another; shyness was one of the masks to be discarded in the pursuit of unfettered emotional closeness.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_3_34/ai_72412194/pg_4 (1338 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, heterosexualism (not heterosexuality) is also used in a different sense, to refer to heterosexism(the idea that heterosexuality is superior or normal).
		"Heterosexual" was first listed in Merriam-Websters's New International Dictionary as a medical term for "morbid sexual passion for one of the opposite sex", but in 1934 in their Second Edition Unabridged it is a "manifestation of sexual passion for one of the opposite sex; normal sexuality".
		On the other hand many homosexuals wish for children, and some have found a way to procreate in spite of their sexual preference, generally through artificial or natural insemination.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Heterosexual (788 words)

	The Invention of Heterosexuality by Jonathan Ned Katz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The terms "heterosexual" and "homosexual" did not exist in the infamous ancient Greek societal structure and indeed did not arise until late in the 19th century.
		A potentially amusing fact discussed at length is that prior to the 1920's and '30's, "heterosexuality" was a term used solely by psychologists, such as Krafft-Ebing and Freud, to describe conditions of sexual perversion, linked at first to nonprocreative sexual acts between those of the opposite sex and then to preoccupation with different-sex eroticism.
		While not explaining every question about the heterosexual/homosexual distinction, The Invention of Heterosexuality wonderfully illustrates that while individuals do have a say in their sexual choices, others' judgements upon those choices are based upon the myths and sayings of respected persons of the time.
	www.indiana.edu /~glbtlib/reviews/r01801.html (476 words)

	Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History - - Heterosexuality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During more than 350 years of U.S. history, the meaning and place of heterosexuality have changed from family-oriented reproduction in the colonies, to a romantic and conflicted sexuality in nineteenth-century marriage, and to a more public and commercialized twentieth-century sexuality, the supposed source of personal identity and individual happiness.
		The concept of heterosexuality is a historical creation, first articulated in the United States in the 1890s in medical books and journals as a response to the conceptualization of homosexuality.
		Although various acts, feelings, and relationships that are now labeled "heterosexual" or "homosexual" existed earlier, they likely did not carry the same meaning to the participants or to other members of society as they do in the twentieth century.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/women/html/wh_016000_heterosexual.htm (293 words)

	Amazon.de: English Books: The Invention of Heterosexuality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He notes that the terms heterosexual and homosexual were coined in 1868 by German sex-law reformer Karl Maria Kertbeny and did not gain wide currency until the early 20th century.
		Katz contends that heterosexuality as a universal, presumed, normative ideal was invented by men, such as Kertbeny, Sigmund Freud and German psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
		Katz's thoughtful, scholarly book examines the words heterosexual and homosexual both of which are scarcely 100 years old--and presents heterosexuality as a historical social convention rather than as a natural, eternal given.
	www.amazon.de /exec/obidos/ASIN/0525938451 (344 words)

	PEOPLE WITH A HISTORY: An Online Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans* History
		In most areas of history this is simply not an issue: courses focus on periods and any relevant "theory" -- for example, Marxist economics, Whig politics -- is discussed as it come up.
		He holds that the proper subject of gay history is queer culture in the past.
		Much of the "critical theory" aspect of discussion about LGBT history has been founded on the assumption that "sexuality" is a human "social construction".
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/pwh/index-int.html (888 words)

	Women's Studies Courses - Boston College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Beginning in the colonial era and ending in the late 20th century, this course examines changing gender and generational relations in the domestic realm and the evolving structure and ideology of American family life.
		Although women's history and family history developed as distinct fields, we will concentrate on the intersection of this scholarship, drawing on the theories and methodology of both.
		Particular attention will be paid to the ways various constructions of gender have served the interests of a race, ideology, or class in American history, the relational nature of gender roles, and the ways prevailing gender ideals influenced men's and women's experiences in America.
	www.bc.edu /schools/cas/ws/courses (8005 words)

	Political Definitions of 'The Lesbian'
		The Lesbian History Group (1989) calls attention to ‘the standard of proof’ which stands in the way of identifying lesbians in history: 'What our critics want is incontrovertible evidence of sexual activity between women.' Most historical figures and subjects of biographies are assumed to be heterosexual without the necessity of providing evidence of genital acts.
		The history of heterosexuality – and that is the only history we have been offered to date – does not rely on proof of genital contact.
		In their views of history, ‘Passing women, Lesbian sex workers or working class Lesbian "married" couples were either completely missing or dismissed as examples of victimisation’ or internalized oppression.
	www.infopt.demon.co.uk /social26.htm (3345 words)

	People With a History: A History of Heterosexuality?
		As well as heterosexual normativities, there is also a history of heterosexual social deviance.
		While pregnancy is pretty good evidence of vaginal penetration, other forms of heterosexual activity [sexual position; oral sex; anal sex; eroticization of the breast/legs/buttocks; insertive tongue-kissing] are known to be highly variable from society to society.
		--Libertinism is a recurrent theme in the history of heterosexuality: think, for example of:- Bacchanalia rituals in classical antiquity; the early modern figure of the "rake"; the heterosexual bathhouses of 1980's San Francisco and New York [Plato's retreat].
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/pwh/hethist.html (949 words)

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