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Topic: History of independent Mongolia

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	Mongolia - HISTORY
		Mongolia's external policies, however, were founded on those of the Soviet Union, and relations with China, always influenced by suspicions over real or imaginary claims by China to "lost territories," faltered in the wake of the Sino-Soviet rift that developed in the late 1950s.
		Mongolia - Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368
		Mongolia's general foreign policy line was based on strong ties with the Soviet Union, "the reliable pillar of [Mongolia's] independence and prosperity" according to the party line.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/mongolia/HISTORY.html (18249 words)

	Mongolia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The 18th largest country in the world by area, Mongolia has very little arable land: much of its area is grassland, with mountains in the north and west and the Gobi Desert in the south.
		The Manchu conquered Inner Mongolia in 1636 and Outer Mongolia in 1691.
		Mongolia declared independence in 1911, covering approximately the territory of the former Outer Mongolia.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Mongolia (1514 words)

	History of Central Asia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main independence forces were rapidly crushed, but guerrillas known as basmachi continued to fight the Communists until 1924.
		Mongolia was also swept up by the Russian Revolution and, though it never became a Soviet republic, it became a communist People's Republic in 1924.
		Independence largely resulted from the efforts of the small groups of nationalistic, mostly local intellectuals, and from little interest in Moscow for retaining the expensive region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Central_Asia (5008 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mongolia’s climate is harsh, with temperatures ranging between –20.6° and –30° C (–5° and –22° F) in winter and 10° and 26.7° C (50° and 80° F) in summer.
		Mongolia is divided into 18 provinces and 3 independent cities: Ulan Bator (Ulaanbaatar), the country’s capital (pop., 2001 est., 668,700); Darhan (2001 est., 75,000); and Erdenet (2001 est., 71,200), a mining center that developed rapidly in the 1970s.
		In Mongolia, justice is administered by the supreme court, the city court of Ulan Bator, 18 provincial courts, and local district courts.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..mo133100.a#FWNE.fw..mo133100.a (2022 words)

	Mongolia - History
		The histories of nations--indeed, of continents--have been rewritten and major cultural and political changes have occurred because of a virtual handful of seemingly remote pastoral nomads.
		Caught between the emergence of tsarist Russia and the Manchus--distant cousins of the Mongols-- in the seventeenth century, Mongolia eventually was absorbed into the periphery of the Chinese polity, where it remained until 1911.
		Mongolia participated more actively in international organizations and improved relations with a growing number of Western countries, including the United States, which established diplomatic relations with Mongolia in 1987.
	countrystudies.us /mongolia/3.htm (2451 words)

	e-Mongol.com - History of mongolia
		The last three centuries history, less known is that of has Chinese supervision until the independence of 1920, then of has Russian supervision, before the democratization and the opening of the country in 1990.
		When Western Mongolia finally succumbed to the Manchus, the latter established the Howd governorship in 1762 A. administratively; Outer Mongolia included three provinces in 1691 A. These are Tusheet khan province, Zasagt khan province and Setsen khan province.
		Mongolia became a rightful member of the international community and was admitted to the United Nations in 1961 A. Mongolia was a primarily Communist country closely aligned with the Soviet Union until the late 1980’s.
	www.e-mongol.com /mongolia_history.htm (4758 words)

	Historical Path of Mongolia's Statehood and Independence
		In Mongolia foreign rooted theory of class struggle and the doctrine of irreconcilable contradictions between the rich and the poor as well as of proletarian dictatorship, according to which social development is ensured by elimination and burying of the rich by the poor of the capitalist by the proletarians had become a universal guidance.
		Mongolia regained its state independence at the beginning of this century, followed the communist path of development for 70 years and from the beginning of the 1990s it chose the path of building and developing a humane, civil, democratic society, combining political and economic democratic changes.
		History also shows that one of its many consequences may be its positive influences on the process of the formation of nations by turning the internecine conflicts into agreements and unity.
	mongoluls.net /historicalpathofmongolianstatehood.shtml (4616 words)

	Mongolia encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Mongolia politics and officials, Mongolian History. Travel to ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mongolia was the center of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century and was later ruled by China during the Manchu Qing Dynasty from the end of the 18th century until 1921, when an independent government was formed with Soviet assistance.
		The predominant religion in Mongolia is Tibetan Buddhism, and the majority of the state\'s citizens are of the Mongol ethnicity, though many Kazakhs and Tuvans also live in the country, especially in the west.
		Mongolia\'s Constitution provides three requirements for taking office as President: the individual must be a native-born Mongolian, who is at least 45 years of age, and who has resided in Mongolia for five years prior to taking office.
	www.mongoliaiworld.com /wiki-Mongolia (3576 words)

	History of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The early history of China is complicated by the lack of a written language during this period coupled with the existence of documents from later time periods attempting to describe events that occurred several centuries before.
		In the same way that the Qin rulers of the 3rd century BC had unified China after the Warring States Period, so the Sui brought China together again and set up many institutions that were to be adopted by their successors, the Tang.
		History of: Afghanistan • Armenia • Azerbaijan • Bahrain • Bangladesh • Bhutan • Brunei • Cambodia •
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_China (5819 words)

	History of modern Mongolia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following the collapse of the People's Republic of Mongolia, Mongolia's first free, multi-party elections for a bicameral People's Khural were held on July 29, 1990.
		In addition to establishing Mongolia as an independent, sovereign republic and guaranteeing a number of rights and freedoms, the new constitution restructured the legislative branch of government, creating a unicameral legislature, the State Great Hural (SGH).
		It provided that the president would be elected by popular vote rather than by the legislature as before.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_independent_Mongolia (295 words)

	VIRTUAL MONGOLIA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		MONGOLIA has a prominent history of minting coins in the country since the Tureg reign (VI-VIII century), Uighur reign (VIII-XI century), Khitan reign (X-XI century), and the Mongol imperial reign (XII-XIV century).
		Mongolia became free from the Manchu oppression in 1911 and the country declared a Royal Monarch rule with the religious and political leader Bogdo Khaan.
		After the democratic revolution, the Bank of Mongolia issued a new bunch of bank-notes, which was introduced between 1993 and 1994 in accordance with new democratic constitution that was adopted in 1992.
	ubpost.mongolnews.mn /virtualmongolia/currency.htm (876 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, was born in Kapilavastu near the present Indian-Nepal border, the son of the ruler of a petty kingdom.
		According to legend, at his birth sages recognized in him the marks of a great man with the potential to become either a sage or the ruler of an empire.
		From the beginning of its history there, Theravada was the state religion of Sri Lanka.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..bu197000.a#FWNE.fw..bu197000.a (4984 words)

	Lonely Planet
		The Mongols quickly saw their opportunity and independence from China was declared on 1 December 1911, with a theocratic government under the leadership of the 8th Jebtzun Damba (Living Buddha).
		Few in Mongolia were ready for the speed of the collapse or prepared to seize the moment.
		Mongolia joined the World Trade Organisation in 1997 but membership didn't make much of an immediate dent in the country's wide-scale poverty and famine.
	www.expedia.co.uk /lonelyplanet/Mongolia/historyandculture.aspx (1243 words)

	History of Mongolia
		The Soviet-Mongolian army defeated Japanese forces that had invaded eastern Mongolia in the summer of 1939, and a truce was signed setting up a commission to define the Mongolian-Manchurian border in the autumn of that year.
		In the early 1960s, Mongolia attempted to maintain a neutral position amidst increasingly contentious Sino-Soviet polemics; this orientation changed in the middle of the decade.
		Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed an agreement in 1966 that introduced largescale Soviet ground forces as part of Moscow's general buildup along the Sino-Soviet frontier.
	www.historyofnations.net /asia/mongolia.html (978 words)

	History of Mongolia
		The Soviet-Mongolian army defeated Japanese forces that had invaded eastern Mongolia in the summer of 1939, and a truce was signed setting up a commission to define the Mongolian-Manchurian border in the autumn of that year.
		In the early 1960s, Mongolia attempted to maintain a neutral position amidst increasingly contentious Sino-Soviet polemics; this orientation changed in the middle of the decade.
		Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed an agreement in 1966 that introduced large-scale Soviet ground forces as part of Moscow's general buildup along the Sino-Soviet frontier.
	infotut.com /geography/Mongolia (2294 words)

	Mongolia
		Mongolia and its people thus have had a significant and lasting impact on the historical development of major nations, such as China and Russia, and, periodically, they have influenced the entire Eurasian continent.
		Although in the course of history other peoples displaced, or became intermingled with, the Yuezhi and the Xiongnu, their activities, conflicts, and internal and external relations established a pattern, with four principal themes, that continued almost unchanged--except for the conquest of Eurasia in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries--until the eighteenth century.
		During the consolidation of Mongolia and some of the invasions of northern China, Chinggis created sophisticated military and political organizations, exceeding in skill, efficiency, and vigor the institutions of the most civilized nations of the time.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Mongolia.html (9631 words)

	Mongolia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		The State of Mongolia was formerly known as Outer Mongolia.
		With the collapse of the USSR, however, Mongolia was deprived of Soviet aid.
		Mongolia is plagued by poor economic growth, corruption, and inflation.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107796.html (867 words)

	Mongolia Street Connection
		The area which is now Mongolia was administered by China from the early eighteenth century as the province of Outer Mongolia.
		At first Mongolia was largely independent of Moscow, but when Stalin gained absolute power in the late 1920’s he installed his own leader in Mongolia, Khorloogiyn Choibalsan, who followed Stalin’s lead by seizing land and herds to redistribute to the peasants, collectivising farms and businesses, expelling foreigners and arresting and executing 17,000 Buddhist monks.
		Mongolia established diplomatic relations with the USA in 1987 and with China in 1989.
	mongolia.worldvision.org.nz /mongoliarecent.html (541 words)

	Mongolia (07/07)
		Independence: gained in 1921; in 1990, democratic reform begun and shift from dependence on the former Soviet Union declared.
		Mongolia, which joined the World Trade Organization in 1997, is the only member of that organization to not be a participant in a regional trade organization.
		Mongolia has contributed small numbers of troops to coalition operations in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2003, gaining experience which enabled it to deploy armed peacekeepers to both UN and NATO peacekeeping missions in 2005.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm (4905 words)

	Mongolia History \| iExplore.com
		Mongolia is undergoing dramatic change with the demise of a traditional nomadic lifestyle that, a generation ago, was lived by a third of the population.
		Mongolia’s foreign relations are necessarily dominated by its giant neighbors, China and Russia, and based on bilateral friendship treaties.
		There are large deposits of coal which meet most of Mongolia’s energy requirements, as well as copper, fluorspar, tungsten, tin, gold, lead and molybdenum, a rare metal of which Mongolia is one of the world’s largest producers.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Mongolia/History (1126 words)

	world history discussion community historytalk.com
		Pre-historic ancient unrecorded and lost history of humanity
		Pre-historic ancient unrecorded and lost history of Earth and Humanity
		History of Slavery, Independent persons, Domination and Control of Humanity
	historytalk.com (406 words)

	Buryat History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hun graves and megalithic monuments are common in Buryatia, Mongolia, and in the Altai region.
		The Secret History of the Mongols mentions that Kutula was elected khan of the Mongols at a huriltai (tribal council) held in the Onon River valley.
		It is indeed a crucial period in Buryat Mongolian history for the Buryats to join together in order to preserve their traditions and control the destiny of their land for the future.
	www.buryatmongol.com /history.html (3755 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: East Asian Region :: Mongolia
		Mongolia’s climate is harsh, with temperatures ranging in winter from a high of -21° C (-5° F) to a low of -30° C (-22° F) and in summer between 10° and 27° C (50° and 80° F).
		Education in Mongolia is compulsory between the ages of 8 and 16.
		Mongolia’s rich iron ore deposits are located near Darhan, an industrial center that was developed with assistance from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/04ear/c05.html (1870 words)

	Mongolia, country, Asia: Modern History
		Mongolia was proclaimed an independent state in July, 1921, and remained a monarchy until the Living Buddha died in 1924.
		Mongolia's position shifted during the 1980s, however, and it established diplomatic relations with China in 1986 and with the United States a year later.
		In the first half of 1996, Mongolia was beset by wildfires that raged for more than three months and scorched 41,000 sq mi (106,000 sq km) of forest and rangeland.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0859739.html (582 words)

	Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This policy increased Mongolians' resistance to Manchu rule, and as the Manchu Dynasty collapsed in China, the Mongolian princes and the public declared their independence from the Manchu's and therefore, from the Chinese (December 16, 1911).
		China and Russia, however, did not agree to Mongolian independence, and reduced Mongolia to autonomous status under the suzerainty of China in 1915.
		The Bogd Khan regained the throne and Mongolia became a limited monarchy, with the People's Government in charge of state affairs and the Bogd Khan a symbolic state figure and religious leader.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Mongolia/section2c.shtml (489 words)

	Mongolia: history (Site not responding. Last check: )
		China invaded Mongolia and destroyed Karakorum, the former imperial capital by fire, though it was unable to bring the territory under control.
		Mongoliaâs demographic level had been unchanged for hundreds of years, as a large part of the male population became Buddhist monks.
		Mongolia and the USSR fought together in the Inner Mongolian and Manchurian campaign, two weeks before the end of World War II.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=94 (3231 words)

	Buddhism in Mongolia - text in English
		The main area of distribution of the "Yellow Church" was especially the monasteries in Northern Tibet and later on in Mongolia.
		In 1125 the Kitan dynasty falls and Mongolia reverts to a disorganized collection of warring tribes in which Nestorianism, Manicheism and Shamanism are the main religions.
		Throughout history, men and women have aspired to create societies that enable them to express the dignity of human existence and to lead meaningful lives within a flourishing culture.
	www.face-music.ch /bi_bid/historyofbuddhism_en.html (2192 words)

	Sources - The Mongolian Yurt
		Mujaan - An independent documentary movie showing how a nomad builds a yurt with hand tools, providing a glimpse into the daily in rural Mongolia.
		Traditional Dwelling of the Buryats - Describes the history of yurts, tents, and other building types as used by the Buriat people in the north of Mongolia.
		Indiana University: Mongolia - A rich collection of information on economy, culture, and the political situation in Mongolia.
	www.mongolyurt.com /en/library/sources.html (170 words)

	Excite UK - Travel - Asia - Mongolia - History and Government
		Mongolia then became a regional pawn squeezed between the two rising superpowers on the Asian continent: Russia and China.
		Mongolia is undergoing dramatic change with the demise of a traditional nomadic lifestyle that, a generation ago, was lived by a third of the population.
		Mongolia’s foreign relations are necessarily dominated by its giant neighbours, China and Russia, and based on bilateral friendship treaties.
	travel.excite.co.uk /travel/guides/asia/mongolia/HistoryGovernment (925 words)

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