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Topic: History of intersex surgery

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Intersex surgery

Ambiguous genitalia

Hypospadias

Transgender

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Sex reassignment surgery

Micropenis

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Hermaphrodite

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	Intersex surgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Intersex surgery is one of several terms referring to surgery performed to correct birth defects or early injuries of the genitalia, primarily for the purposes of making the appearance more normal and to reduce the likelihood of future problems.
		The recent history of intersex surgery has been characterized by controversy after publicized reports that surgery failed to achieve the desired outcomes in many cases.
		This type of surgery is not performed on children and primarily produces a small increase in the size of a normal penis, but would be less likely to produce a major functional change in a severe micropenis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Intersex_surgery (4216 words)

	Who Will Make Room for the Intersexed?
		Intersexed adults have been told that because the doctors followed standard medical practice when they performed the surgery, the doctors are not liable for medical malpractice.
		If the child successfully claims that the surgery violates a fundamental right, then in order for the court to order the surgery over the objection of the child or his or her court appointed representative, the proponents must prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that the surgery is in the child's best interest.
		Surgery and check-ups will continue through the child's early years and may be extremely stressful for the child and his or her parents.
	www.cirp.org /library/legal/USA/haas1 (13180 words)

	Intersex surgery Surgery
		Intersex surgery is one of several terms referring to surgeryperformed to correct birth defectsor early injuries of the genitalia, primarily for the purposes of making the appearance more normal and to reduce the likelihood of future problems.
		The recent history of intersex surgeryhas been characterized by controversy after publicized reports that surgery failed to achieve the desired outcomes in many cases.
		Intersex surgery is a form of genital reconstructive surgery, which also includes surgery performed for the purpose of transforming normal adult genitalia of one sex to that of the other (discussed elsewhere as sex reassignment surgery).
	www.lumrix.net /medical/surgery/intersex_surgery.html (4018 words)

	History of intersex surgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Intersex surgery is one of several terms referring to surgery performed to correct birth defects due to intersex conditions or other causes, as well as early injuries of the genitalia.
		Pediatric endocrinology, surgery, child psychology, and sexuality textbooks recommended sex reassignment for a male whose penis was irreparably malformed or "too small to stand to urinate or penetrate a vagina," because the surgeons claimed to be able to construct vaginas where none existed.
		However, feminizing reconstructive surgery continued to be recommended and performed throughout the 1990s on most virilized infant girls with CAH, as well as infants with ambiguity due to androgen insensitivity syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, and some XY infants with severe genital birth defects such as cloacal exstrophy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_intersex_surgery (4086 words)

	Intersex Initiative: News - Gender Assignment vs. Surgery in "Nature"
		Intersex Initiative is a Portland, Oregon based national activist organization working to end the medical abuse of children born with intersex conditions.
		He also claims that in his survey of intersex individuals in Vietnam and India who did not receive genital surgeries, "most wished they had been operated on as infants." We are curious about how this survey was conducted and what questions were asked, but Dr. Warne has not published a report on this research anywhere.
		We believe, as does the intersex activist Tony Briffa of AISSG who is quoted in the news, that being able to better predict the appropriate gender of rearing for a child is a good thing, but whether or not to perform surgery is entirely another question.
	www.intersexinitiative.org /news/000137.html (592 words)

	Intersex
		When a child is born with an intersex condition, even though the doctors and parents may have thought they knew what sex the child was from prenatal sonograms, the sex of the child may be unclear.
		This doesn't mean that a person with an intersex condition has all the parts of a female and all the parts of a male; that is physiologically impossible.
		It's important to also be clear that intersex is different from transgender in that a person with intersex is born with mixed sex anatomy, where as a person who is transgendered is a person who feels himself or herself to be a gender different than the one he or she was assigned at birth.
	www.fathermag.com /206/intersex (1209 words)

	Untitled Document
		Surgery on intersex infants is seen as "for their own good"-just as treatments such as hysterectomy were once performed for "women's own good" and electroshock was once performed for "homosexuals' own good."
		Intersex is an umbrella term for a constellation of conditions leading to genital and/or reproductive anatomy that is not considered standard for males or females.
		Intersex affects approximately 1 in 2,000 births, and in some cases ambiguity is strong enough that determination of male or female is quite challenging.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu /people/conway/TS/ISNA-Letter.html (1820 words)

	Intersex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In some intersex syndromes, genital surgeries may be a medical necessity, but often they are done solely for the purposes of gender assignment.
		While it is generally agreed that parents have a legal right to determine the nature of their child’s medical care, dissatisfied recipients of childhood surgeries have raised the complex question of whether their parents had an ethical right to consent to irreversible genital/gonadal procedures done for non-medically threatening conditions.
		In the past the secrecy around intersex conditions led to feelings of shame, silence, and feelings of betrayal when individuals eventually learned their intersex history.
	www.aglp.org /gap/7_intersex/intersex.htm (2715 words)

	Gender - Sex - 4Health from Channel 4
		Until recently, the existence of intersex children was still guarded by a strict taboo, with parents often encouraged to hide their child's condition at all costs, even from the affected child in some cases.
		Other less common causes of intersex conditions are Swyer Syndrome (the result of a damaged testis-determining factor on the Y chromosome) and Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome (with which the child, despite having male chromosomes, has a uterus and fallopian tubes because the Y chromosome fails to produce Mullerian inhibiting factor).
		Drawing upon life history interviews with adults who were treated for intersexuality as children, the author explores how such individuals experience, and cope with, being labelled sexual deviants in a society that demands sexual conformity.
	www.channel4.com /health/microsites/0-9/4health/body/gen_intersex.html (2974 words)

	Intersex Surgery, Female Genital Cutting, and the Selective Condemnation of "Cultural Practices"
		Intersex individuals often do not feel like "normal" males or females (and therefore fear that no one will want them as an intimate partner), lack information about exactly what was done to them, and have no idea that other people have been born with the same condition or have suffered the same surgical fate.
		In this context, it is striking that the females produced by intersex surgery fit exactly the 1950s stereotype against which modern feminists have fought for decades: the woman as passive recipient of sexual penetration with no sexual impulses of her own.
		Intersex surgery enforces another set of cultural categories that is not usually discussed in the FGC literature: cultural assumptions about the naturalness of heterosexuality.
	www.law.harvard.edu /students/orgs/crcl/vol40_1/ehrenreich.php (15964 words)

	Intersex states Encyclopedia of Medicine - Find Articles
		Intersex states are conditions where a newborn's sex organs (genitals) look unusual, making it impossible to identify the sex of the baby from its outward appearance.
		Intersex males may have testes and a female-like vulva, or a very small penis.
		Intersex states may also be caused by a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which occurs in about 1 out of every 5,000 newborns.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0007/ai_2601000764 (724 words)

	History \| Intersex Society of North America
		Intersex as a Case Study: The Physician’s View
		Note: This paper was presented as part of a panel at the annual meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, May 19, 2000, Bethesda.
		Most of the history of medicalization of intersexuality has yet to be investigated.
	www.isna.org /library/history.html (427 words)

	Intersex Support Group FAQ
		Vaginoplasty surgery is frequently performed on AIS infants or girls to increase the size of the vagina, so that
		Surgery is justified only when it is necessary for the health and well-being of the child.
		ISNA believes that this surgery is unneccessary, cosmetic and primarily "cultural" in its significance.
	www.xyxo.org /isgi/faq.html (1771 words)

	Medicalization of Intersexuality: History Resources \| Intersex Society of North America
		Young was the founder and editor of the Journal of Urology, and the founder and director of Johns Hopkins’; Brady Urological Institute, a research and clinical facility devoted solely to the study of genito-urinary problems.
		Intersex as a Case Study: The Physician’s View, Dr. Daaboul said that contemporary medical practice is based upon an implicit, and unexamined, assumption that “intersexed individuals could not possibly live normal lives as intersexed individuals; the only chance for happiness and psychological well being is the establishment of a secure male or female gender identity.
		We often think of science as beyond the reach of social and political debates, but in fact it is precisely such debates that have dicated the course of scientific research, from the very questions scientists pose to the experimental methods they employ.
	www.isna.org /library/earlyhistory (743 words)

	DareDevils Intersex Explorer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Genital Surgery On Intersexed Children A letter from Cheryl Chase, Executive Director, Intersex Society of North America to a judge in Colombia, South America expressing the opinion that choices involving sexual identity and cosmetic genital surgery should be left to the patient.
		Lynn Edward Harris The profile of a clinically-diagnosed born intersexed person, and presumed precedent-setting case of rectification of civil status without surgical alteration.
		Surgery for Intersex Article from the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine examining the sex of rearing, the long term outcomes of feminization, and the patient's view.
	www.geocities.com /nicintights/is.html (1596 words)

	Western Australian Trans* and Intersex History
		Participants in the course were very diverse and included a psychologist, a sexologist, postgraduate gender researchers, pre-op and post-op male-to-female transsexuals, a transvestite, a 47 xxy intersex androgyne who was born with a penis and a vagina, other androgynes, lesbians, straight women, and straight men.
		The student group of ten was notable for the inclusion of an intersex person, a male-to-female transsexual, a gay male cross-dresser, and Margaret, a transgender androgyne.
		While the intersex and transsexual students were unable to continue for the full twenty-two weeks due to illness their eager involvement was of great benefit to all the other participants.
	members.tripod.com /hovea_music_press/WATGTSISHistory.html (3719 words)

	Micropenis
		In extreme cases of micropenis, there is barely any shaft, and the glans appears to sit almost on the pubic skin.
		This was especially likely if evidence suggested that response to additional testosterone and pubertal testosterone would be poor.
		Former subjects of such surgery, vocally dissatified with adult outcome, played a large part in discouraging this practice.
	www.mrsci.com /Andrology/Micropenis.php (527 words)

	Intersex Society of North America \| A world free of shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgery
		The Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) is devoted to systemic change to end shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female.
		Parents’ distress must not be treated by surgery on the child.
		The Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) is the premier resource for people seeking information and advice about atypical reproductive anatomies and disorders of sex development (DSDs).
	www.isna.org (448 words)

	Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
		The diagnosis of CAIS can be established by clinical and laboratory findings alone; however, the diagnosis of PAIS and MAIS may require a family history of other affected individuals related to each other in a pattern consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance.
		A common practice is to remove the testes after puberty when feminization of the affected individual is complete, since feminization occurs partly by testicular estrogen and partly by peripheral conversion of androgen to estrogen.
		This section is not meant to address all personal, cultural, or ethical issues that individuals may face or to substitute for consultation with a genetics professional.
	www.geneclinics.org /profiles/androgen/details.html (4790 words)

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