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Topic: History of measurement

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	History of MEASUREMENT
		With measurements such as these, it is easy to explain how far away the next village is and to work out whether an object will get through a doorway.
		As with measurements of length, a lump of metal can be kept in the temples as an official standard for a given number of grains.
		Measurement is conventionally done in multiples of 2, 3 and 4, so Fahrenheit splits his scale into 12 sections, each of them divided into 8 equal parts.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac07 (3135 words)

	History of measurement Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Their measurements were extremely precise since their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately 1.704mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age.
		Early Babylonian and Egyptian records and the Bible indicate that length was first measured with the forearm, hand, or finger and that time was measured by the periods of the sun, moon, and other heavenly bodies.
		The association of the yard with the "gird" or circumference of a person's waist or with the distance from the tip of the nose to the end of the thumb of King Henry I (reigned 1100 - 1135) are probably standardizing actions, since several yards were in use in Britain.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/History_of_measurement.html (1818 words)

	A Brief History of Measurement Systems (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Weights and measures were among the earliest tools invented by man. Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.
		Measures for capacity (volume) and mass were to be derived from the unit of length, thus relating the basic units of the system to each other and to nature.
		This name was derived from the Greek word metron, meaning "a measure." The physical standard representing the meter was to be constructed so that it would equal one ten-millionth of the distance from the north pole to the equator along the meridian of the earth running near Dunkirk in France and Barcelona in Spain.
	www.brocktonmass.com /weights/history.html (1551 words)

	BIPM - brief history of measurement
		Consequently, these units of measurement were not fixed; they varied from one town to another, from one occupation to another, and on the type of object to be measured.
		This lack of a standardized system of measurements was a source of error and fraud in commercial and social transactions, putting a brake on international commerce and prevented the development of science as an international endeavour.
		One of the first such natural measures was the metre, which was defined in a decree of the French National Assembly (7 April 1795) as being equal to the ten millionth part of one quarter of the terrestrial meridian, but specified by measurements undertaken between Dunkerque and Barcelona.
	www.bipm.org /en/convention/wmd/2004/history.html (718 words)

	Measurement
		Ancient measurement of length was based on the human body, for example the length of a foot, the length of a stride, the span of a hand, and the breadth of a thumb.
		Measurements of the ruins of the buildings which have been excavated show that these units of length were accurately used by the Harappans in their construction.
		Delambre and Méchain measured the meridian from Dunkerque and Barcelona between 1792 and 1798.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /history/HistTopics/Measurement.html (3196 words)

	A World History of Measurement and Metrics
		Most measuring was done by one craftsman completing one job at a time, rather than assembling a number of articles piecemeal to be assembled later, it didn't make much difference how accurate the measuring sticks were or even how long they were.
		Half a yard was the 18-inch cubit, and half a cubit was called a span, which was the distance across the hand from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger when the fingers were spread out as far as possible.
		He also decreed that the foot measure should be one-third the length of the yard, and the inch one thirty-sixth.
	www.cftech.com /BrainBank/OTHERREFERENCE/WEIGHTSandMEASURES/MetricHistory.html (3130 words)

	Measurement
		Ancient measurement of length was based on the human body, for example the length of a foot, the length of a stride, the span of a hand, and the breadth of a thumb.
		Measurements of the ruins of the buildings which have been excavated show that these units of length were accurately used by the Harappans in their construction.
		Scientists had long seen the benefits of rationalising measures and those such as Wren had proposed a new system based on the yard defined as the length of a pendulum beating at the rate of one second in the Tower of London.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Measurement.html (3196 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The earliest known uniform systems of weights and measures seem to have all been created sometime in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC among the ancient peoples of Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, and perhaps also Elam (in Iran) as well.
		Their measurements were extremely precise since their smallest division, which is marked on an ivory scale found in Lothal, was approximately 1.704mm, the smallest division ever recorded on a scale of the Bronze Age.
		Early Babylonian and Egyptian records and the Bible indicate that length was first measured with the forearm, hand, or finger and that time was measured by the periods of the sun, moon, and other heavenly bodies.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=History_of_measurement (1718 words)

	NOTES ON THE MEASUREMENT OF ROADS FOR ATHLETIC EVENTS by John Jewell
		Distance is measured by steel tape, the ultimate standard of length being the standard Imperial Yard, kept by the Standards Office of the Board of Trade in the Vaults of the Palace of Westminster, or the International Prototype Metre at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris.
		The measuring wheel is spring-loaded onto the road when in use, and the number of revolutions it turns is registered by a counter mounted on the Mobile Distance Recorder itself and, for convenience, another electrically driven counter is mounted on the dashboard of the car.
		The measurements which have been made on a number of road courses, were made on the path actually followed by the runners when no obstructions existed, with a general regard to the AAA rule.
	coursemeasurement.org.uk /history--/jewell.htm (12007 words)

	BIPM - brief history of measurement
		Although standardization of weights and measures has been a goal of social and economic advance since very early times, it was not until the 18th century that there was a unified system of measurement.
		This lack of a standardized system of measurements was a source of error and fraud in commercial and social transactions, putting a brake on international commerce and prevented the development of science as an international endeavour.
		One of the first such natural measures was the metre, which was defined in a decree of the French National Assembly (7 April 1795) as being equal to the ten millionth part of one quarter of the terrestrial meridian, but specified by measurements undertaken between Dunkerque and Barcelona.
	www.bipm.fr /en/convention/wmd/2004/history.html (718 words)

	ARFTG - Microwave Measurement Conference - Early History of ARFTG
		Measurements of six and 10 dB attenuators using Super TSD calibration were discussed.
		Techniques for measuring earth layer structure, using 8542, 8507 and 8409 network analyzers, are being investigated as part of a mine safety program.
		An 8542 was used for phase measurement and an 8580 for amplitude measurements.
	www.arftg.org /early_history_of_arftg.html (7933 words)

	nrich.maths.org :: Mathematics Enrichment :: History of Measurement
		They had to measure the passing of time, find ways to divide up pieces of land, develop a system to help keep track of the number of animals they owned and ways to measure grain so that they could exchange goods with each other.
		Another early way of measuring that was developed was to find the heights of trees.
		Some of the early ways of measuring the height of tall structures are still in use today.
	www.nrich.maths.org.uk /public/viewer.php?obj_id=2434&part=index&refpage=similarproblems (976 words)

	A History of Measurement Sciences
		Measurements conducted during a LITR experiment showed that it was both feasible and safe to operate a boiling water reactor, a concept later marketed by the General Electric Company.
		In earlier decades the measurement of biological reactions and materials was nearly always based on principles and assay conditions commonly used in chemistry and physics.
		Spectrophotometers to measure coenzymes made from vitamins were the size of a suitcase and the sample consisted of several milliliters.
	www.ornl.gov /info/ornlreview/measure/ahisto/History.htm (3158 words)

	A Brief History of Measurement Systems
		Tradition holds that King Henry I decreed that the yard should be the distance from the rip of his nose to the end of his thumb The length of a furlong (or furrow-long) was established by early Tudor rulers as 220 yards.
		The physical standard representing the meter was to be constructed so that it would equal one ten-millionth of the distance from the north pole to the equator along the meridian of the earth running near Dunkirk in France and Barcelona in Spain.
		As measurement science develops more precise and easily reproducible ways of defining the measurement units, the General Conference on Weights and Measures - the diplomatic organization made up of adherents to the Convention - meets periodically to ratify improvements in the system and the standards.
	ww2.slcc.edu /schools/hum_sci/physics/tutor/2210/measurements/history.html (1642 words)

	Search Results for measure*
		After the measurement of surfaces, rectilinear or not, it is proper to proceed to solid bodies, the surfaces of which we have already measured in the preceding book, surfaces plane and spherical, conical and cylindrical, and irregular surfaces as well.
		His measurements of the length of the shadow of a pole at the summer and at the winter solstices give results which are accurate to within 1% of their true value.
		A measure of her research activity during this period is that from 1918 to 1932 Wrinch published twenty papers on pure and applied mathematics, and sixteen papers on scientific methodology and the philosophy of science.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=measure*&CONTEXT=1 (15493 words)

	Measurement History
		The length of a foot, the width of a finger, and the distance of a step were all accepted measurements.
		Cubit: In ancient Egypt, a cubit was the distance from the elbow to the fingertips.
		Lick: A Lick was used by the Greeks to measure the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the index finger.
	www.pekin.net /pekin108/contribute/bwaters/math/MeasurementHistory.htm (288 words)

	History of Measurement, G Engelhard Jr
		History of Measurement, G Engelhard Jr History of Measurement, G Engelhard Jr "The history of science is the history of measurement" (Cattell 1893).
		To make the evolution of measurement theory and practice understandable requires study and presentation of the statistical and quantitative details, as in comparative studies of theorists (Andrich 1978, 1985), and the development of a history of invariance (Engelhard 1984, 1990).
		Although some histories may concentrate on narrow issues, the history of measurement must also be presented broadly in terms of subject and period (Linden and Linden 1968, Dubois 1970).
	www.rasch.org /rmt/rmt42j.htm (556 words)

	Units of Measurement
		We measure the length of a race in meters, but the length of the long jump event in feet and inches.
		There are two systems for land measurement (one based on the yard and the other on the rod) and a third system for distances at sea.
		In this way, all the units of measurement Americans use every day are based on the standards of the metric system.
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units (858 words)

	National Measurement Institute - Significant achievements and the history of measurement in Australia
		This is the text-only, printer-friendly version of Significant achievements and the history of measurement in Australia.
		Australia’s early measurement system was transferred from England 200 years ago, in the early years of the colony.
		The Weights and Measures (National Standards) Act 1948 was replaced by the National Measurement Act 1960, which defined Australia's units and standards of measurement and the roles of the National Standards Commission and CSIRO in Australia's system of weights and measures.
	www.measurement.gov.au /index.cfm?event=object.showContent&objectID=C4E7F12C-BCD6-81AC-1F733492AF7B3121 (969 words)

	length
		When measuring length in the customary system the common units used are inches, feet, yards, and miles.
		Units of length measure height, width, length, depth, and distance.
		Click on the pencil of the measurement which accurately answers the amount of length each item would be.
	www.coe.uh.edu /archive/science/science_lessons/scienceles3/length/length.html (406 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These measurements were usually based on parts of the body.
		In England units of measurement were not properly standardized until the 13th century, though variations (and abuses) continued until long after that.
		In the USA the system of weights and measured first adopted was that of the English, though a few differences came in when decisions were made at the time of standardization in 1836.
	www.electro-optical.com /unitconv/unitdict/hist_si.htm (372 words)

	MESA Memo 62: Measurement for Social Science and Education: History of Social Science Measurement
		A critical turning point in the mathematical history of measurement is the application of Jacob Bernoulli's 1713 binomial distribution as an inverse probability for interpreting the implications of observed events (Thomas Bayes, 1764, Pierre Laplace, 1774 in Stigler, 1986, pp.
		A measuring instrument must not be seriously affected in its measuring function by the object of measurement...Within the range of objects...intended, its function must be independent of the object of measurement.
		A close relation exists between conjoint measurement and the establishment of response measures in a two-way table...for which the "effects of columns" and the "effects of rows" are additive.
	www.rasch.org /memo62.htm (7923 words)

	NPL: History of the Length Measurement
		This is a brief overview of the history of length measurement in the United Kingdom, outlining some of the more important and interesting aspects.
		Measurement has been important ever since man settled from his nomadic lifestyle and started using building materials; occupying land and trading with his neighbours.
		As society has become more technologically orientated much higher accuracies of measurement are required in an increasingly diverse set of fields, from micro-electronics to interplanetary ranging.
	www.npl.co.uk /about/history_length (115 words)

	History of Software Measurement - Introduction
		While the measurement of length - the meter - was defined in 1889 /LEMM88/, p.87, the measurement of temperature was more complicated.
		A metric is here not considered in the sense of a metric space, it is considered as: measurement is a mapping of empirical objects to numerical objects by a homomorphism.
		Software measure researchers are split into two camps: those who claim software can be measured, and those who say that software can not be analyzed by measurement.
	irb.cs.tu-berlin.de /~zuse/metrics/History_01.html (452 words)

	History of Measurement - Dictionary of Unit - List of Measurements Unit - Dictionary of Length Units
		A well documented example (the first) is the Egyptian cubit which was derived from the length of the arm from the elbow to the outstretched finger tips.
		In England units of measurement were not properly standardized until the 13th century, though variations (and abuses) continued until long after that.
		In the U S A the system of weights and measured first adopted was that of the English, though a few differences came in when decisions were made at the time of standardization in 1836.
	www.hobbyprojects.com /dictionary_of_units/brief_history_of_measurement.html (437 words)

	Unit of measurement - Psychology Wiki - a Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A measurement may be quoted to a certain degree of accuracy.
		Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.
		The earliest known uniform systems of weights and measures seem to have all been created sometime in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC among the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley, and perhaps also Elam in Persia as well.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Unit_of_measurement (1505 words)

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