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Topic: History of nuclear weapons

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	History of Nuclear Weapons Testing
		The average pace of nuclear weapons testing is remarkable: Since 16 July 1945 there have been 2,044 tests worldwide, the equivalent of one test occurring somewhere in the world every nine days for the last fifty years.
		Of the 2,044 nuclear weapons tests worldwide, there have been 711 in the atmosphere or underwater: 215 by the U.S., 207 by the Soviet Union, 21 by Britain, 45 by France and, 23 by China.
		Radioactivity has leaked into the environment from underground nuclear tests, large areas of land are uninhabitable as a result of atmospheric and underground nuclear testing, and indigenous people, their children and their children's children's health and livelihoods have been affected by nuclear weapons tests.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/nukes/ctbt/read9.html (950 words)

	Nuclear weapon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and nuclear testing was often used both to test new designs as well as to send political messages.
		Nuclear weapons have been at the heart of many national and international political disputes and have played a major part in popular culture since their dramatic public debut in the 1940s and have usually symbolized the ultimate ability of mankind to utilize the strength of nature for destruction.
		The detonation of a nuclear weapon is accompanied by a blast of neutron radiation.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Nuclear_weapon (3563 words)

	History Of Nuclear Weapons - Israel
		Nuclear cooperation between the two nations dates back as far as early 1950's, when construction began on France's 40MWt heavy water reactor and a chemical reprocessing plant at Marcoule.
		As early as 8 December 1960, the CIA issued a report outlining Dimona's implications for nuclear proliferation, and the CIA station in Tel Aviv had determined by the mid-1960s that the Israeli nuclear weapons program was an established and irreversible fact.
		The Dimona nuclear reactor is the source of plutonium for Israeli nuclear weapons, and the number of nuclear weapons that could have been produced by Israel can be estimated on the basis of the power level of this reactor.
	www.rense.com /general26/historw.htm (2087 words)

	History of nuclear weapons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nuclear warheads were produced from 1968 and thermonuclear warheads from 1974.
		All of the former Soviet bloc countries with nuclear weapons (Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan) returned their warheads to Russia by 1996, though recent data has suggested that a clerical error may have left some warheads in Ukraine.
		The first detonation of a nuclear weapon by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was the 2006 North Korean nuclear test, conducted on October 9, 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons (8577 words)

	Where they were \| thebulletin.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The document, titled History of the Custody and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons: July 1945 through September 1977, is a lengthy narrative complete with charts and appendices that documents the growth of the U.S. nuclear arsenal.
		The political history of the deployment of nuclear weapons is even less well known than their military history and it remains an important but virtually unwritten chapter of the Cold War.
		Nuclear weapons and deployments now play a relatively marginal part in U.S. military strategy, but the great secrecy associated with deployments, even when they have long been overtaken by events, shows that nuclear weapons remain highly sensitive in international politics.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=nd99norris_024 (5704 words)

	Atomic Forum - An Illustrated History of Nuclear Weapons
		Despite the end of the Cold War, nuclear weapons are by no means obsolete, both technically and politically, and have a powerful effect on international politics and strategic stability to this day.
		An equally important factor is to encourage realistic, moderate, and scholarly considerations of the roles of nuclear weapons in a highly complex, global scale of reasoning.
		As of 2006 there are an estimated 26,854 nuclear weapons stockpiled by the 5 major nuclear weapons states, 97% of the which belong to the United States and Russia.
	www.atomicforum.org (1532 words)

	Chapter 2: Nuclear Weapons Production Processes and History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fabrication of nuclear components led to the presence of nuclear materials (especially plutonium) in waste, contaminated environmental media and surplus facilities, and created stockpiles of nuclear materials, much of which are no longer needed for the nuclear weapons program.
		Weapon operations were chiefly done at the Pantex Plant near Amarillo, Texas; the Iowa Army Ordnance Plant in Burlington, Iowa; Technical Area 2 of Sandia National Laboratory; and the Clarksville, Tennessee and Medina, Texas modification centers.
		Nuclear weapons research and development activities have produced a broad assortment of waste and large volumes of contaminated soil and debris.
	legacystory.apps.em.doe.gov /text/link/link2.htm (6455 words)

	Nuclear Weapons - Israel
		Yet the existence of Israeli nuclear weapons is a "public secret" by now due to the declassification of large numbers of formerly highly classified US government documents which show that the United States by 1975 was convinced that Israel had nuclear weapons.
		Israel could potentially have produced a few dozen nuclear warheads in the period 1970-1980, and is thought to have produced sufficient fissile material to build 100 to 200 warheads by the mid-1990s.
		The number of nuclear weapons that could have been produced by Israel has generally been estimated on the basis of assumptions about the power level of this reactor, combined with estimates for the number of delivery vehicles (aircraft, missiles) assigned a nuclear mission.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/israel/nuke (2500 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Twentieth Century: Atomic Age
		History of Nuclear Power Plant Safety - A time line covering the period from the 1940s to the present day and detailing the development of safety features, practices and systems in nuclear power plants.
		History of Oak Ridge National Laboratory - Historic photographs, full text of a detailed history of the site and the part it played during and after WWII, a timeline, the directors and contractors through the years and fact sheets.
		Nuclear Age Timeline - Nuclear Age Timeline, The timeline traces the nuclear age from the discovery of x-rays and radioactivity to the explosion of the first atomic bomb through the cold war to its thaw and the cleanup of the nuclear weapons complex.
	www.dmoz.org /Society/History/By_Time_Period/Twentieth_Century/Atomic_Age (3239 words)

	Why Did Truman Really Fire MacArthur? ... The Obscure History of Nuclear Weapons and the Korean War Provides the Answer
		History News Network Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too.
		Air force sources delighted in this relatively new weapon, joking about communist protests and misleading the press about their "precision bombing." They also liked to point out that civilians were warned of the approaching bombers by leaflet, although all pilots knew that these were ineffective.
		The JCS again considered the use of nuclear weapons in June 1951, this time in tactical battlefield circumstances (15) and there were many more such suggestions as the war continued to 1953.
	hnn.us /articles/9245.html (2902 words)

	Nuclear weapons facts
		A nuclear weapon is a weapon which derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of either nuclear fission or the more powerful fusion.
		As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a relatively small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosives, and a single weapon can destroy or seriously disable an entire city.
		U.S. The Bush Administration's nuclear weapons budget request currently under consideration by Congress, poses significant threats to the environment, national security and non-proliferation, according to a network of groups from communities located downwind and downstream from U.S. weapons facilities.
	www.shundahai.org /nukeweapfacts.htm (693 words)

	History & War - World War 2, Vietnam War, Civil War and other war topics.
		Nuclear weapons are the most awesome armaments ever built by man.
		The pride of owning the ultimate weapon is probably the single most determining factor in the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		History and War will be happy to answer all your questions about various history and war topics.
	www.historyandwars.com /nuclearultimateweapons.htm (1215 words)

	Come Clean Nuclear Weapons - History of Nuclear Weapons
		Nuclear Policy Effects of Nuclear Weapons Statement on Nuclear Weapons by International Generals and Admirals Statement by Heads of State and Civilian Leaders Worldwide Statement of the Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons The United Nations
		Basically, it was thought that, in the event of a nuclear war, a warning siren would sound indicating that the human race had four minutes left in which to live.
		Sadly, this was ignored and the nuclear weapon states did nothing to show that they accepted or even acknowledged the opinion.
	www.comeclean.org.uk /articles.php?articleID=14 (1538 words)

	Background Essay no. 144 \| A Brief History of Nuclear Weapons States \| AskAsia.org
		The treaty bars nuclear weapons states from propogating weapons to other states and prohibits states without nuclear weapons to develop or acquire nuclear arsenal.
		The United Nations, on December 12, 1995, decreed an immediate ban on all nuclear testing and urged disarmament with the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.
		Japan is the only country ever to have been attacked by nuclear weapons and anti-nuclear sentiment runs particularly deep.
	www.askasia.org /teachers/essays/essay.php?no=144 (1035 words)

	Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Nuclear Weapons - Links
		The High Energy Weapons Archive - a Guide to Nuclear Weapons - The central Web resource for information on nuclear weapons and their history.
		The Nuclear Files - Seeks to become a central repository of information about all aspects of the nuclear age.
		Nuclear Treaties - Texts of some important nuclear treaties, including those on nuclear testing and non-proliferation.
	www.dannen.com /moreinfo.html (1121 words)

	History of Nuclear Weapons
		Use the time line below to discover key events in the history of nuclear weapons from 1940 to the present day.
		America breaks the rules of the SALT II by deploying the 131st bomber to carry a nuclear payload.
		In 1993 the UK Government decided that the threat of a nuclear exchange had receded sufficiently to allow the closure of all regional government and county bunkers.
	studysupport.info /vulcanbomber/history.htm (1382 words)

	Section 8.0 The First Nuclear Weapons
		The weapon design at the start of 1945 called for the use of pure plutonium in the alpha phase, its densest phase and the phase that is stable at room temperature.
		This weapon design would have been filled with liquid deuterium at a cryogenic filling station before take-off, a reservoir in the weapon held sufficient liquid hydrogen to replace boil-off losses during flight.
		They were the most powerful weapons ever built by the US, with predicted yields of 15-20 megatons, and were also the largest and heaviest bombs ever deployed by the US The Mk 17/24 (as the deployed versions were eventually designated) was 24 ft. 8 in.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Nwfaq/Nfaq8.html (13876 words)

	Nuclear Files: Educators: Course Syllabi: History, Berger- Nuclear Weapons and the Modern Age
		This course is an intermediate level introduction to the history of nuclear weapons and their associated delivery sys-tems.
		The final portion of the semester will deal with the nuclear implications of the end of the Cold War, the break-up of the Soviet Union, and the development of new nu-clear powers in the last years of the 20th century.
		be able to describe the processes through which so-called “New Nuclear Nations” have acquired their weapons, and to appreciate the continuing attractiveness of nuclear weapons to powers of all sizes.
	www.nuclearfiles.org /menu/educators/course-syllabi/history_berger-nuclear-weapons-modern-age.htm (2202 words)

	Navy Nuclear Weapons Association
		If submissions are to be published on the website - send to the webmaster or you can mail and e-mail if you wish.
		Copyright 2002-2006 and trademark by Navy Nuclear Weapons Association.
		The images and phrase "Keepers of the Dragon" may not be used without specific written permission.
	www.navynucweps.com /history.htm (129 words)

	Nuclear History at the National Security Archive
		With the support of the Nuclear History Program, the Archive's research program led to a successful Freedom of Information Act effort and the publication of an important collection of documents on U.S. military and diplomatic policy during the crisis.
		Nuclear Non-Proliferation - Since the days of the U.S. nuclear monopoly, American policymakers grappled with the problem of establishing barriers to entry for membership in the "nuclear club".
		Nuclear History Program Collections - During its existence, the National Security Archive worked closely with the Nuclear History Program [NHP], a transnational organization that sponsored groundbreaking research on the history of nuclear weapons programs and policies in the United States and Europe during the Cold War.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/nsa/NC/nuchis.html (2486 words)

	Seattle Times Trinity Web
		Ono said he had mixed feelings visiting a museum dedicated to weapons of mass destruction.
		In the 50 years since history's first atomic explosion, the promises and perils of nuclear science have touched nearly every aspect of our culture and politics.
		Nuclear leftovers: What's to be done with all the unused plutonium?
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /special/trinity (400 words)

	The Nuclear Weapon Archive - A Guide to Nuclear Weapons
		Greg and I are actively collaborating to provide the broadest variety of nuclear weapon information, in the most convenient form that we can.
		Nuclear Data Table Index For up-to-date data on nuclear forces for all powers (and more), this is the place to go!
		NRDC table of global nuclear stockpiles from the dawn of the Atomic Age to the present
	www.nuclearweaponarchive.org (1078 words)

	index.htm
		The purpose of this web site is to provide you with information about Chuck Hansen's history of the post 1945 U.S. development of nuclear weapons--The Swords of Armageddon.
		You are embarking on a voyage of discovery through information about one of the "flest" military weapons programs ever instituted by the United States.
		Chuck Hansen's first version of his opus on this subject was published in late 1995 as a set of eight (volumes) Adobe Acrobat PDF files on CD-ROM.
	www.uscoldwar.com (376 words)

	History of Nuclear Weapons - The Ultimate Weapons (2-DVD Set)
		The pride of owning the ultimate weapon is probably the singlemost determining factor in the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		When you order the History of Nuclear Weapons - The Ultimate Weapons (2-DVD Set) you will be entertained, amazed and informed by this incredible historic footage.
		History of Nuclear Defense - Surviving Atomic Attack (2-DVD Set)
	a2zcds.com /Products/Nuclear_Weapons_Ultimate_Weapons_DVD_204.htm (1256 words)

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