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Topic: History of rail transport in France

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	History of rail transport in France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		France also suffered the handicap of the destruction and turbulence of the Napoleonic Wars and the subsequent process of rebuilding, which also hindered the development of railways.
		France was naturally endowed with many navigable waterways, and also with much terrain suitable for the construction of canals.
		France had long had a large and elaborate bureaucracy and governmental structure that regulated many areas of French life.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_France (2651 words)

	American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rail transportation was the first efficient cross-country mode of transportation for both passengers and cargo.
		Rail remains a major method of transporting goods throughout the nation, and in many developed nations is the primary mode of passenger travel.
		Rail transportation generated hundreds of spin-off industries, ranging from rail cars and signal equipment; to toy trains, and contributed to the growth and dominance of the U.S. iron and steel industries in the early part of the century.
	www.asce.org /history/monuments_millennium/rail.cfm (298 words)

	Electric Traction
		In England a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847.
		All that is needed to cause the car to move along the running rails is to supply current through an overhead wire or third "conductor rail." This wire or rail will serve as a "return" for the electric current to the dynamo in the power station.
		This conductor rail was set one inch below the level of the running rails, and wooden ramps were provided at points and crossings to carry the collectors over the rails, thus avoiding a short-circuit.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r066.html (2793 words)

	shorthistory3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Great War had contrasting effects on the Little Trains. In the north of France, 2ft gauge lines were widely constructed and used to supply the front lines. Elsewhere, the lack of staff and resources caused services to be cut and many lines did not survive..
		During the 1930's the closures of secondary railway lines accelerated as the convenience of road transport was recognized. The railway system suffered from the extra costs of maintenance of its infrastructure; track, bridges, tunnels, whereas the competition could use the roads free of charge.
		The Second World War was fatal for the survival of most of the remaining little trains of France. We shall see, in the third section of this short history, how a few small railway lines were saved from closure and live on.
	www.ruralrail-france.com /shorthistory3.html (460 words)

	shorthistory2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The network of about 12,000 km of secondary railway lines which existed in 1939 was of great value and the little steam trains operated for the five years of occupation to the end of the war, providing much needed transport through the countryside of France in the absence of petrol.
		One of the most successful types of locomotive in France has been the 140 C.class built in Glasgow in 1916. Here we see No 140-C-231, a 2-8-0 with a typical British appearance, which was operated by SNCF until 1972, and survived into preservation. It is seen at Longueville shed in September 1990..
		At this stage in the story of the Little Trains of France, we find that an association of railway enthusiasts was formed in 1957; the Federation des Amis des Chemins de fer Secondaires (FACS). It was nearly too late.
	www.ruralrail-france.com /shorthistory2.html (768 words)

	100 HOT TRANSPORT SITES
		Wales RailsRead about the history of rail in Wales, how they benefit the environment, and the routes and schedules they now follow around the country.
		Rail EuropeWell presented, informative site covering all aspects of rail travel in and around the UK and Europe.
		Rail InfoAll sorts of information and answers to questions about the rail system in Britain, including ticket types, operating schedules, and other hints.
	www.angelfire.com /my/uk100/transport.html (3698 words)

	Road Transport History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They effectively suppressed motorised road transport for sixty years through legislation imposing a speed limit of 5km and cleverly made it self-policing by requiring that a vehicle be preceded by a man on foot with a red flag.
		Although rail infrastructure was more expensive to build than roads because of the moderate grades and sweeping curves that the relatively low-powered and inefficient locomotives required, these, allied to steel rails ensured low unit operating costs.
		Rail fares plummeted in the space of a few years and mass travel became possible with the coming of the third class ticket.
	www.ruralroads.org /roadtrans.html (885 words)

	Rail Travel - ProvenceBeyond
		Rail travel is excellent as long as you stay along the coast or the Rhône valley [Provence Rail Map].
		A main rail line connects the western and coastal part of Beyond with the rest of France and Europe.
		Rail travel is excellent along the main rail line, connecting the coastal towns between Nice and Marseilles, and the western towns, such as Salon, Arles, Cavaillon, Avignon and Orange.
	www.beyond.fr /travel/railtravel.html (2005 words)

	Cassens - Company History
		Then, due to the demands of the growing transport business, the space was converted into the transport company home office, and no more cars were sold out of that building.
		Cassens Transport got the business and was in place and ready to ship the first load of automobiles from the plant.
		In 1979 the transport company had shown revenue of $40 million, but by 1980 the figure had dropped to $31 million.
	www.cassens.com /transport/companyhistory.html (2452 words)

	ATAHISTORY
		The Air Transport Auxiliary began with an idea: In 1938, Gerard d'Erlanger, director of British Airways, foresaw a problem: An inevitable war with Germany would lead not only to the suspension of many overseas routes, but also to the impounding of civil aircraft by the British government.
		This was the first time in history (in England, or anywhere else in the world) that women would be officially employed in ferrying military aircraft, and, despite almost overwhelming hardships of that first winter, they would do a sterling job of it.
		(A rail system in a war zone is a model of inefficiency and discomfort.) With the desperate shortage of pilots, the time wasted in traveling by rail meant a critical drain in ferrying resources.
	www.airtransportaux.org /history.html (6014 words)

	The Egyptian Rail Museum (Trains and other Transport) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Trains are a major means of transportation, and why not learn a little about them while waiting to board one at the Cairo train station.
		However, France was able to prevent this from happening because the French government wanted to substitute this project with building a canal between the Red and the Mediterranean Seas.
		Transportation before steam engines section: This section demonstrates the evolution of transportation from the period of the pharaohs until the invention of steam engines.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/trainmuseum.htm (1206 words)

	Russia and Siberia
		The railway history of Russia began in 1837, but at first development was slow indeed, in proportion to the country's vast extent.
		With the country in the throes of civil war and incessant commotion, rail communication was reduced, to a state of unbelievable confusion.
		When the engine was completed it was, naturally, too big for transport by rail in England, even had the rail-gauge been the same as that of Russia.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r097.html (3947 words)

	RailServe.com: What's New
		Puerto Rico Rail Transport History - History of passenger and sugar cane railways in Puerto Rico
		Belize Rail Transport History - Brief history of the Stann Creek Railway that transported bananas to Dangriga, Belize
		Guatemala Rail Transport History - History of railways in Guatemala
	www.railserve.com /New (2235 words)

	Mail & Guardian Online: National
		An independent report into the cause of a bus accident near Pietermaritzburg the day before Christmas, which claimed 12 lives, has confirmed that the accident was as a result of a tyre blow-out and that the bus was roadworthy, bus company SA Roadlink said on Friday.
		Minister of Transport Jeff Radebe has announced a road-safety initiative that will be piloted this festive season, his office said on Tuesday.
		France is prepared to help South Africa develop its transport infrastructure, visiting French Minister of Foreign Trade Christine Lagarde said on Tuesday.
	www.mg.co.za /articleList.aspx?area=transport (1101 words)

	High Speed Trains for the U.S. History & Options--Transportation Series 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rail lines north of New Haven are not electrically powered, which requires a time-consuming change of engines at New Haven from electric to diesel powered, and slower diesel operations for the remaining 156 miles to Boston.
		The travel time by rail is currently 5.5 hours and would be reduced to 3.5 hours if the line were upgraded to accommodate speeds of 110 mph.
		This expenditure on rail improvements is part of an overall plan for improved passenger rail service throughout the Northwest Corridor that runs from Eugene, Ore. to Vancouver, B.C. A recent study sponsored by Washington, Oregon and British Columbia explored the feasibility of high speed rail service within the region.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/transportation/transer2.htm (5258 words)

	iRail
		Green light for biggest rail project in modern America: A railway company in the United States has won government approval to complete a 1,000-mile stretch of track from north-eastern Wyoming across to the Mississippi river in Minnesota in what is being hailed as the biggest rail construction project in modern American history.
		The European Union decides to fully liberalise its rail freight market by 2006: The decision is one of five new "emergency" initiatives designed to create an integrated railway area for EU freight and passengers.
		France and Germany sign freight pact: The deal by SNCF Fret and DB Cargo - scheduled to start next year - came just days after Brussels published its second package of railway reforms, aimed at liberalising European rail freight.
	www.irail.com /02-05-02 (1176 words)

	France - Photos, Maps, Videos, Flags, Facts, More -- National Geographic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Forests cover 26 percent of France and are a source of environmental and scenic wealth.
		France maintains ties with its former colonies through aid, trade, and military pacts.
		Overseas departments (officially part of France) with their own elected governments are: French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion.
	www3.nationalgeographic.com /places/countries/country_france.html (703 words)

	Stevens Institute of Technology
		In addition to owning a merchant fleet, his father had been commissioner of turnpikes for the colony of New Jersey before the war, and Colonel John himself was a planner and later president of the Bergen Turnpike Company incorporated in 1802.
		Thus, when John Stevens' "Phoenix" was completed successfully one year after the "Clermont," the Stevenses had to sail it by sea to set up their own passenger and freight service between Philadelphia and Trenton on the Delaware River.
		If he had failures and delays in his projects, it was because he had to rely on practical mechanics to implement concepts rarely detailed enough for direct execution.
	www.stevens-tech.edu /main/about/history.shtml (1394 words)

	British Rail, 1974-97 Journal of Transport History, The - Find Articles
		Terry Gourvish's history of British Rail largely is a history of such debates in England between the Treasury, the Department of Transport, and the British Railways Board from 1974 until privatisation.
		Part II examines the evolution of the railways under Margaret Thatcher from 1979 to 1989, a time when British Rail's management structure was radically transformed and its ancillary businesses were sold to the private sector, but the core railway business was still not threatened with privatisation.
		Part III examines the period from 1990 to 1994, when the government dithered on the question of privatising British Rail, and the British Rail Board further reorganised itself into a structure that it felt would be suitable for privatisation.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3884/is_200403/ai_n9394482 (751 words)

	transport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Railroad systems, first developed to haul coal from mines, were developed for inter-city transport during the 1820s; the first commercial line opened between Liverpool and Manchester in 1830.
		Besides the constant worry of a loose strap rail, passengers also had to contend with the possibility of a boiler explosion on the locomotive.
		The history of the automobile actually began about 4,000 years ago when the first wheel was used for transportation in India.
	www.cacegypt.org /interlinks/pages/Transport.html (1999 words)

	Transportation Systems in France
		This is a topic frequently mentioned in books and seminars meant to enlighten expatriates living and working in France (or contemplating doing so), to prepare them for an unfamiliar pace, differing priorities and contrasting motivations between the cultures, both in the business world and in day-to-day relationships.
		If you envision a foray by train through the provinces of France or other countries in Europe, be sure to purchase a Eurailpass before leaving the U.S., as this is substantially cheaper than buying train tickets in France.
		Renowned as one of the world's oldest and most efficient forms of public transportation in use today, the Paris métro is indispensable for natives and tourists alike.
	www.discoverfrance.net /France/DF_transport.shtml (1800 words)

	France's - Ministry of Transport to invest about $2.1 billion Railway Age - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		FRANCE'S Ministry of Transport plans to invest about $2.1 billion of its $7.8 billion 2001 budget in rail-related projects.
		In addition, about $260 million in additional funding will be available for urban transport from a fund dedicated to urban renewal.
		The Ministry of Transport will add $72 million to th is sum for projects in French provincial cities and in the Ile-de-France.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1215/is_11_201/ai_68025059 (241 words)

	Radioactive Waste Transport: The German Experience
		In France, summer 1997 revelations of contamination problems at the nuclear reprocessing facility at La Hague, and the subsequent temporary closure of some beaches along the Normandy coast, shattered the notions that the French nuclear program is environmentally sound and popularly-supported.
		Thousands more protested across the transport route, which traverses major cities, including a violent outbreak in the college town of Goettingen.
		Meanwhile, the police union, citing the contamination and the fact that thousands of police must stand near the casks for lengthy periods, called for an end to the shipments.
	www.nirs.org /radwaste/hlwtransport/radwastegermany.htm (1307 words)

	Transport Forum 2006: Railways
		He joined the World Bank in 2003 as Transport Adviser based in Washington and is currently advising both on transport policy issues in the World Bank and on active assignments in China, Pakistan, Poland, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Southeastern Europe.
		She joined the Bank in 1993 and worked on a number of transport, energy, urban and water and sanitation projects in Eastern and Southern Africa as a Private Sector Development specialist, financial analyst and task manager.
		Prior to his appointment as Secretary for the Inland Transport Sections, Urata was a deputy representative of the ITF Japanese office and before that was an international secretary of an ITF affiliate in Japan.
	www.worldbank.org /transport/learning/tf2006/railways.html (2364 words)

	City Mayors: Light rail transport - UK
		In its report, issued on 5 April 2005, the committee argued that the government’s use of such contracts had the effect that ‘operators have been left to bear all of the revenue risks, and have built risk premia into their bids’.
		Since 1980 the Department for Transport has contributed £1.2 billion ($2.16bn) to the £2.3 billion ($4.14bn) that has been spent on building seven light rail systems in England.
		The number of light rail systems in England’s cities is comparatively small compared to continental Europe due to its local government system not allowing cities the ability to borrow or take risks on such schemes.
	www.citymayors.com /transport/light_rail.html (1061 words)

	SNCF
		The rail network currently consists of about 32,000 km of track, of which 1,500 km is high-speed track and 14,500 km is electrified.
		SNCF was formed in 1937 following the nationalisation of France's five main railways.
		Frances state-owned train operator, SNCF, faces an urgent challenge to break down restrictive working practices if it is to save its freight division, according to an internal report presented to the groups board.
	www.measuroo.com /Acr-S/SNCF.php (338 words)

	Introduction to Paris, France - Province of Ile-de-France
		Paris, the capital of France, is located in northern France on both banks of the Seine River, 145 km (90 mi) from the river's mouth on the English Channel.
		A city of world importance and the business, historic, intellectual, diplomatic, religious, educational, artistic, and tourist center of France, Paris owes its prosperity in large part to its favorable position on the Seine, which has been a major commercial artery since the Roman period.
		The Loire, Rhine, Rhône, Meuse, and Scheldt rivers can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, and a large amount of the imports and exports of the city are transported via water.
	www.discoverfrance.net /France/Paris/index.shtml (1510 words)

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