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Topic: History of sonata form

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	History of sonata form (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Properly speaking, the "Sonata Form" does not exist in the Baroque period, however, the forms which lead to the standard defintion are present, and, in fact, there are a greater variety of harmonic patterns in Baroque works labelled "Sonata" than in the classical period that is to follow.
		The crucial elements that lead to the sonata form are: the weakening of the difference between binary and ternary form; the shift of texture away from full polyphony, many voices in imitation, to homophony, or a single dominant voice and supporting harmony; and the increasing reliance on juxtaposing different keys and textures.
		It is the practice of the classical period, specifically Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, the forms the basis for the description of the sonata form.
	history-of-sonata-form.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (2481 words)

	Sonata Form (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Sonata form is both a way of organizing the composition of a work and a way of analyzing an existing work.
		Sonata form came to dominate many forms of musical composition during the Classical era, and was defined and made central to concert music in the Romantic era.
		The sonata form is a guide to composers as to the schematic for their works, for interpreters to understand the grammar and meaning of a work, and listeners to understand the significance of musical events.
	www.it-careernet.com /piano/sonataform.htm (2647 words)

	sonata. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		As the various instrumental forms acquired differentiated characteristics during the baroque period, the term began to identify two specific types: the sonata de chiesa, or church sonata, and the sonata da camera, or chamber sonata.
		sonatas for groups of instruments began to be designated string quartet and symphony, and the term sonata was limited to pieces for one keyboard instrument or for one solo instrument (e.g., violin) with keyboard accompaniment.
		Sonata form is employed in the string quartet, in the symphony, and to some extent in the concerto, as well as in the solo sonata.
	www.bartleby.com /65/so/sonata.html (528 words)

	Sonata
		In the classical period and afterwards, sonatas for piano solo were the most common genre of sonata, with sonatas for violin and piano and cello and piano being next.
		In this context, the current usage of the term "sonata" was established, both in terms of form, and in the sense that a full sonata is the normative example of concert music, which other forms are seen in relation to.
		Instead, many important works of the sonata genre or sonata form were not analyzed comprehensively in terms of their thematic and harmonic resources until after the beginning of the 20th century.
	www.mp3.fm /Sonata.htm (2894 words)

	A little history of the Sonata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But in the eighteenth century it was applied to a particular form of composition that came to dominate almost all instrumental music.
		Sonata form occupies a central place in the work of the classical composers from Haydn to Mahler.
		In it, he expounds each of the elements from which the sonata form had grown- an opening fugue; a single theme scherzo;a central aria with variations; and a 'sonata within a sonata' on the inverted fugue.
	www.classicalworks.com /html/articles/sonata.html (464 words)

	Sonata Form [M.Tevfik DORAK]
		Sonata form is used to create a drama by setting up a conflict between two keys in the exposition, working out this conflict in the development, and reaching a resolution at the recapitulation
		A movement in sonata form consists of the sections called exposition, development, and recapitulation (and the optional ones, introduction and coda).
		The Eroica also represents a typical example of Beethoven's personal characteristics in his approach to the sonata form: the use of motifs rather than themes as principal structural material (consequently extensive developments), the presence of groups in place of single themes, interest in sudden key changes and far-reaching modulations [p.408 and 420 in Ref.3].
	members.tripod.com /~dorakmt/music/sform.html (3897 words)

	Sonata - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Sonata (Italian sonare,”to sound”), musical composition for one or more instruments.
		Sonata Form, a structure, based on the contrast of keys, that dominated Western music of the classical style, from about 1750 to about 1820.
		It consists of several movements, at least one of which is in sonata form.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Sonata.html (152 words)

	Polish Music Journal 3.1.00: Zofia Helman - "Norms and Individuation in Chopin's Sonatas"
		On the other hand, while the enigmatic character of the Sonata in G Minor led some scholars (especially Niecks and Opieñski) [5] to believe that this work was proof of the composer's lessening creative "impetus," other researchers (Jachimecki and Chomiñski) viewed this Sonata as a further expansion of the sonata form.
		This regularity pertains to the clear division of the form, the schematic nature of the period structure and the tonal relationship between the themes in the exposition and in the recapitulation (major tonic—major dominant in the exposition and the unification of the key scheme in the recapitulation with a return to the main key).
		In contrast to the Sonata in C Minor, both later piano sonatas strongly differentiate between the character of the first and second themes; their manifest conflict is articulated by the contrast of modes (major/minor), the tonal centers (minor tonic and its parallel), melodic material, texture, emotional character, and even the formative principles.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/3.1.00/helman.html (10191 words)

	HyperMusic -- History of Classical Music: Classical
		Composers used sonata form as a means of providing structure to their compositions.
		By the late 1700s, the sonata had become a more formal composition, usually containing three or four contrasting movements, of which the form of the first movement was the most strict.
		The first movement of a sonata is in strictly "sonata form." This means that it consists of three sections.
	www.hypermusic.ca /hist/classical3.html (199 words)

	Classical Music
		One might truly say that he was the father of the sonata form – which, in its Classical flowering, relied on dramatic contrast, tension of melody against harmony and rhythm, and required the audience to follow a dramatic curve over a larger span of time than was previously necessary.
		Their sense of form was strongly influenced by the Classical style, and they were not yet "learned" (imitating rules which were codified by others), but directly responding to works by Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi, and others, as they encountered them.
		Beethoven's Moonlight sonata would be the model for hundreds of later pieces – where the shifting movement of a rhythmic figure provides much of the drama and interest of the work, while a melody drifts above it.
	www.freemusiclink.com /classical.htm (4060 words)

	Musical Forms - Sonata
		In the early phase the forms are single-movement or multi-sectional, in the manner of the canzona.
		Among forms used for inner and final movements are the minuet or scherzo, the rondo or sonata-rondo and variations.
		Among sonatas in the smaller second category are those based on a programme, like Liszt's Après une lecture de Dante, fantasia quasi sonata, or those which experiment with structure, such as the same composer's single-movement Piano Sonata in b Minor.
	w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de /cmp/g_sonata.html (802 words)

	Ludwig Van Beethoven biography - 8notes.com
		In the Early period, he is seen as emulating his great predecessors Haydn and Mozart, at the same time exploring new directions and gradually expanding the scope and ambition of his work.
		Beethoven is viewed as a transitional figure between the Classical and Romantic eras of musical history.
		As far as musical form is concerned, he built on the principles of sonata form and motivic development that he had inherited from Haydn and Mozart, but greatly extended them, writing longer and more ambitious movements.
	www.8notes.com /biographies/beethoven.asp (1602 words)

	The Sonata
		The sonata (meaning 'sound piece' (meaning 'instumental music')) has evolved to be a very successful and long-lived format.
		In the history of sonatas, the pieces have had anywhere from one to eight movements.
		The second and third movements (as far as history, or distinguishing characteristics) are comparitively unremarkable.
	www.incompetech.com /music/sonata.html (359 words)

	History of the Sonata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Sonata owes its rapid emergence as a leading One Design Cruiser Racer Class to the initiative of the first brave man who ordered a boat (at a time when VAT had just gone up to 25%) when there was no more than a profile drawing to be seen.
		The first Sonata was launched in May 1976 and others followed in rapid succession so that there were enough around the coast to make a dramatic impact on the sailing scene in their first season.
		Sonatas were also overall Class winners in the season's points series on the Medway, in Fowy, Falmouth, Strangford, Scarborough, Royal Northern (Clyde), the Crouch, Hayling Winter Series and Oslo season IOR.
	www.sonata.org.uk /about03/history.htm (1327 words)

	history
		The history of the violin is a succession of great players and great works spanning the whole development of Western music.
		J S Bach's six Sonatas and Partitas for violin, written in 1720, remain at one of the cornerstones of the solo repertoire, unsurpassed either in technical or artistic use of the instrument.
		Mozart junior - thanks to pressure form his father - played the violin to professional standard from an early age and wrote around 26 sonatas (violin plus keyboard) and five concertos, of which the last three have become standard concert items.
	www.primoviolins.com /historyviolin.htm (3222 words)

	Ludwig van Beethoven
		Beethoven is widely regarded as one of history's supreme composers, and he produced notable works even after losing his hearing.
		The Late works are greatly admired for and characterized by their intellectual depth, intense and highly personal expression, and experimentation with forms (for example, the Quartet in C Sharp Minor has seven movements, while most famously his Ninth Symphony adds choral forces to the orchestra in the last movement).
		But Beethoven also radically redefined the symphony, transforming it from the rigidly structured four-ordered-movements form of Haydn's era to a fairly open ended form that could sustain as many movements as necessary, and of whatever form as necessary to give the work cohesion.
	brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/l/lu/ludwig_van_beethoven.html (2315 words)

	CLASSICAL MUSIC ARCHIVES: Definition of SONATA
		Later in that century, the Viennese classical sonata of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, usually but not invariably in 3 movts., marked the greatest period in the development of the form, leading to the superb romantic era.
		Most sonatas are written in sonata-form or a version of it.
		sonata is often in sonata or rondo form, or is sometimes a set of variations.
	www.classicalarchives.com /dict/sonata.html (332 words)

	The Symphonies of Antonio Brioschi
		Recent viewpoints of sonata form generally consider jointly the harmonic aspect of the form (given more emphasis in eighteenth-century theoretical writings about form) and the thematic aspect (emphasized in nineteenth-century theories of sonata form).
		As is known, this non-repeating type of sonata form is quite common in contemporary Italian overtures; and it occasionally appears in Sammartini’s symphonies from the 1740s and on, as for example the first movement in J-C 44 (before 1747) and J-C 57 (before 1749).
		It may be added here in conclusion that while all the Brioschi fast movements and sixteen slow movements are in either sonata or binary forms, the rest of the ten slow movements have unique or through-composed forms, nine of which adhere to one key, featuring no modulation to a contrasting key area.
	www.biu.ac.il /hu/mu/ims/Min-ad/vol_1/brioschi.htm (5090 words)

	The Classical Concerto - Form and Principle
		He eventually agreed that the current received opinion was deficient and that it was chiefly a 'confusion between a "principle" and a "form" ' that was 'at the root of the trouble'.
		Michael Talbot's conclusion there is that 'unlike the symphony, the concerto did not adopt sonata form but instead continued in the second half of the century to rely on its tried and tested ritornello form'.
		It is precisely this distinction between the 'binary' and 'ritornello' baroque concerto forms that illuminates the classical period.
	web.onetel.com /~thanddwykes/summary.htm (866 words)

	Joel Mott (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Tonality is critical to sonata form because, in the exposition, tension is created by the transition (called “modulation”) to the second, “dominant” key area.
		The idea of the classical sonata is that the superficial notes the listener hears have a deeper significance in that they fit into a broader context of the form.
		Probably the most significant analogy between classical sonata forms and Roslavets’ Sonata is the fact that the sonata form is the perfect vehicle for Roslavets’ artistic expression at this time in his life.
	artemis.austincollege.edu /acad/cml/pduffey/mellon/joeyfullrep.htm (2468 words)

	A History of the Guitar - 1000 Great Guitar Sites on the Web
		The guitar probably originated in Spain, where by the 16th century it was the counterpart among the middle and lower classes of the aristocracy's vihuela, an instrument of similar shape and ancestry with six double courses.
		In the mid-18th century the guitar attained its modern form, when the double courses were made single and a sixth string was added above the lower five.
		The Fantasia Sonata, the only work that Manén wrote for guitar, was dedicated to A.
	www.guitarsite.com /history.htm (1304 words)

	Famous People - celebrity and historical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Beethoven is widely regarded as one of history's supreme composers who produced notable works even after he completely lost his hearing.
		His reputation has inspired — and in many cases intimidated — composers, musicians, and audiences who were to come after him.
		The work of Beethoven's Middle period is celebrated for its frequent heroic expression, and the works of his Late period for their intellectual depth.
	www.famouspeople.com /famous_biographies/Beethoven.htm (1820 words)

	The Gustav Mahler Biography Page on Classic Cat
		The major influence on his work, however, was that of Richard Wagner, who was, as Mahler said, after Beethoven, the only composer to truly have "development" (see Sonata form and History of sonata form) in his music.
		Among his other innovations are expressive use of combinations of instruments in both large and small scale, increased use of percussion, as well as combining voice and chorus to symphony form, and extreme voice leading in his counterpoint.
		The result was to extend, and eventually break, the understanding of symphonic form, as he searched for ways to expand his music.
	www.classiccat.net /mahler_g/biography.htm (4104 words)

	Sonata - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		sonata, in music, type of instrumental composition that arose in Italy in the 17th cent.
		, and the term sonata was limited to pieces for one keyboard instrument or for one solo instrument (e.g., violin) with keyboard accompaniment.
		The keyboard sonata was developed in the works of rococo Italian composers such as Galuppi, G. Sammartini (1701-75), and P. Paradies (1707-91).
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=sonata (618 words)

	Sonata-Allegro Form (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The origins of sonata-allegro form grew from older Baroque forms of the 17th century and early 18th century.
		Even as the form became established throughout Europe, the desire to defy expectation remained.
		In fact, as the form became more and more established, composers, beginning with Beethoven at the early 19th century and continuing on, ventured further and further away from the most fundamental aspects of the form, including the tonal basis, discernable themes and thematic organization.
	iml.jou.ufl.edu /projects/Fall05/lubarsky/history.html (327 words)

	Dictionary of the History of Ideas
		The supremacy of form—if form is understood as
		the sense of form A, that is, of the interrelation of
		The History of Form E (A Priori Form).
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv2-26 (5936 words)

	The Ludwig van Beethoven Biography Page on Classic Cat
		Unusually among his contemporaries, he worked as a freelance composer, arranging subscription concerts and being supported by a number of wealthy patrons who considered his gifts extraordinary.
		In 1888, both Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery), where they can now be found next to those of Johann Strauss I and Johannes Brahms.
		More specifically, Beethoven had connections to the prominent piano manufacturer Andreas Streicher and as Beethoven's esteem increased, the pianos in Vienna evolved to fit his specific taste.
	www.classiccat.net /beethoven_l_van/biography.htm (2240 words)

	Sonata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By the 18th century, the sonata da camera evolved into serenade, notturno, or divertimento.
		Sonata Allegro Form: first movement scheme of classical sonata.
		This form sometimes influences the structure of other movements in the work.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~krr2/sonata.html (408 words)

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