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Topic: History of street lighting in the United States

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246 BCE

Brian Friel

	lighting. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The first development in electric lighting was the arc lamp, which was evolved from the carbon-arc lamp demonstrated in 1801 by Sir Humphry Davy, in which an electric current bridges a gap between two carbon rods and forms a bright discharge called an arc.
		Sir Joseph Swan in England and Thomas Edison in the United States, working independently, developed lamps of this kind; the lamp patented by Edison in 1879 was the first widely marketed incandescent lamp and was the forerunner of the modern Mazda lamp that utilizes a filament of drawn tungsten hermetically sealed in a glass envelope.
		However, in 1993, researchers at several universities in the United States and Japan developed an LED that produced blue light that, in conjunction with the red and green chips, could produce white light; this made the LED a major player in illumination technology.
	www.bartleby.com /65/li/lighting.html (1298 words)

	Street light - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A street light or street lamp, also known as a light standard or lamp standard, is a raised source of light on the edge of a road, turned on or lit at a certain time every night.
		This style of street lighting was recognizable by the large porcelain insulator that separated the lamp and reflector from the light's mounting arm; the insulator was necessary because the two contacts in the lamp's base may have routinely operated at a potential of several thousands of volts above ground/earth.
		Street lights are not normally intended to light up the driving route (rationale being headlights are preferred for that), but to disclose signs and hazards outside of the headlights' normal view.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Street_light (2175 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Manufactured and Natural Gas Industry
		In the United States, substantial commercial natural gas utilization did not begin until after the discovery of large quantities of both crude oil and natural gas in western Pennsylvania during 1859.
		The successful demonstration of gas lighting at the museum underscored to Rembrandt the immense potential for the widespread application of gas lighting.
		Generally, gas lighting was available only in medium sized or larger cities, and it was used for lighting streets, commercial establishments, and some residences.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/castaneda.gas.industry.us (2976 words)

	EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN, EDUCATION OF,
		States are also required to develop systems to provide educational services for infants from birth to age three who are, or are at risk of becoming, developmentally delayed.
		The status of service delivery for infants and toddlers varies from state to state as these systems are being phased in; all states were required to provide services to this age group by 1990.
		popularly referred to as the United States or as America, a federal republic of the North American continent, consisting of 48 contiguous states and the.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=208890 (1520 words)

	Category:Economic history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main article for this category is Economic history of the United States.
		History of labor relations in the United States
		History of Central Banking in the United States
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_United_States (120 words)

	The Street Lamps of Emmitsburg
		Prior to the 1800s, lighting of streets was confined to only the most prosperous of communities, and was provided by torches or lamps which burned oils rendered from animal fat.
		At the height of the industry in 1856 the United States was producing 4 to 5 million gallons of whale oil annually.
		At $40 a year, the contact to nightly light and later extinguish the street lamps was not overly lucrative, especially given not only the hours of work required, but the time of day the work was to be performed.
	www.emmitsburg.net /archive_list/articles/history/stories/street_lamps.htm (2762 words)

	Lighting @ Lighted.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Lighting types are classified by intended use as general, localized, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture.
		Outdoors, general lighting for a parking lot may be as low as 10-20 lux (1-2 footcandles) since pedestrians and motorists already used to the dark will need little light for crossing the area.
		Lighting from the side is the less common, as it tends to produce glare near eye level.
	www.lighted.org (4122 words)

	Light Sources
		The complicated mechanism within arc lighting luminaries that automatically separated the two carbon rods apart by a specified distance was also a handicap in comparison to the simple convenience and flexibility of incandescent lamps.
		Most arc lights were mounted on long truss arms, on span wires over intersections, or in some cases, on high towers where it was desired to illuminate broad areas of town at night.
		Other arc lights were placed upon the tops or fixed to the sides of poles and climbing was required for their maintenance.
	www.vintagestreetlights.com /history/arc.html (1335 words)

	A History of Light and Lighting
		Pythagoras suggested that "light consists of rays that acting like feelers, travel in straight lines from the eye to the object, and the sensation of sight is obtained when these rays touch the object", much like the sense of touch.
		The Platonic School complicated the theory of light, by supposing that vision was produced by rays of light that originate in the eye and then strike the object being viewed.
		In the pagan temples of the Romans, The Vestal Virgins tended the everlasting light.
	www.mts.net /~william5/history/hol.htm (21357 words)

	Providence: "THREE AND ONE-HALF CENTURIES AT A GLANCE"
		Called "the Towne Street," this thoroughfare (present-day North and South Main streets between Olney and Wickenden) was the main artery of Providence for the duration of the colonial period and beyond.
		Though the state's total quota was only 18,898, it furnished 23,236 fighting men, of whom 1,685 died of wounds or disease and 16 earned the Medal of Honor.
		In addition, the defunct state normal school was reopened in Providence in 1871, and it was furnished with an impressive modern building at Francis and Gaspee streets in 1898.
	www.providenceri.com /history/centuries1.html (5356 words)

	History - City of Yonkers Office of Economic Development
		The first woman's golf club in the United States was founded in Yonkers in 1889.
		The first street lighting in the United States was introduced in Yonkers in 1861.
		Samuel Tilden, former Governor of New York State and resident of Yonkers was the first Presidential Candidate to win the popular vote but lose the electoral vote, (1876).
	www.yonkersecondev.com /history.php (674 words)

	Street Lighting
		Wherever you travel in the United States or around the world, you will see their products: street lighting poles, highway lighting poles, floodlighting poles, architectural columns and even cargo booms and masts for ships.
		The foundation was laid for a new type of lighting standard which was to become the company's largest line and in fact the largest line of its kind in the world.
		The Barricks noticed that beauty was lacking in the street standards of the day, and became pioneers in the design of ornamental street lighting.
	members.tripod.com /historicridgewood/street_lighting.htm (296 words)

	Ozaukee County Wisconsin - History
		According to the History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, the first courthouse was built in the Village of Port Washington in 1854.
		History will be on tap when beer drinkers take their first sip next year in the Silver Creek Brewery along the banks of Cedar Creek.
		History has shown that the best fording place through a river often became the site of a village and one of its first buildings.
	www.co.ozaukee.wi.us /history/history.html (2740 words)

	History of Communications - RADIO: The Power that Made Radio Realistic
		Since Thomas Edison's company (later General Electric) was the primary advocate for and builder of direct current systems in the United States, it was natural that upon his arrival Tesla first went to work for Edison.
		The successful lighting of the Expo was then a factor in Westinghouse winning the contract to install the first hydroelectric power machinery at Niagara Falls.
		Alexanderson came to the United States in 1902, at the age of 24, to work with General Electric on the new and exciting alternating current approaches to power generation.
	www.fcc.gov /omd/history/radio/power.html (1071 words)

	Lamp Posts, Exterior, Landscape Lighting, Lamps, Lighting, Ceiling Fans at Search Recipe
		A street light, lamp post, street lamp, light standard or lamp standard, is a raised source of light on the edge of a road, turned on or lit at a certain time every night.
		The earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps, but later designs employed ignition devices that would automatically strike the flame when the gas supply was activated, plus, there are over 1,000 lamp posts (on average) on every street in the United States.
		This style of street lighting was recognizable by the large porcelain insulator that separated the lamp and reflector from the light's mounting arm; the insulator was necessary because the two contacts in the lamp's base may have routinely operated at a potential of several thousands of volts above ground/earth.
	www.search-recipe.com /lamp_posts.htm (1220 words)

	Powering A Generation: Power History #1
		This remarkable achievement was made possible by a series of inventions and discoveries made during the preceding two centuries involving the generation and transportion of electric energy.
		By the mid-eighties towns across America were vying to be first in their area to be electrified, primarily for lighting.
		Although changes would be made in number of phases and frequency, and certainly in the power of individual units, Niagara demonstrated clearly that large-scale generation and transmission of electricity was conceptually sound, technically feasible, and economically practical.
	americanhistory.si.edu /powering/past/prehist.htm (1428 words)

	The Hudson River Basin
		The location of State Street, and subsequently the positioning of downtown Albany itself, came about as a result of Peter Stuyvesant’s order that no house be built within cannon range of the fort.
		It was during this period of transition that State Street became disconnected from its origins; disinterest and neglect coincided with the construction of headquarters for the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.
		By 1749 Peter Kalm could note 'the street which goes between the two churches is five times broader than the others, and serves as a market place.' Actually at this time the central line of State Street was impeded by the Dutch Church, St. Peters, and the Fort.
	www.albany.edu /docs.museum/wwwmuseum/statestreet/riverbasin.html (1456 words)

	Timeline of Schenectady History
		March 26: The state legislature granted a charter to the City of Schenectady, stipulating that mayors be appointed by the governor and council.
		Jonathan Pearson, a recognized authority on Schenectady history and famed as an educator, was born.
		He was a state assemblyman in 1864-65 and state senator from 1866 to 1869.
	www.schist.org /schdates.html (10833 words)

	Hubbell - History
		Hubbell's family has a long history in the United States; the first family member in the country, Richard Hubbell, had immigrated from England in the 1640's.
		Fixtures for electric light were slowly replacing gas lamps, and were usually installed where the gas fixture had been in the center of the ceiling or mounted high on a wall.
		In many cases, the electric lights burned continuously since, with no existing wiring in the building, the installation of a separate circuit and switch to control each fixture was costly.
	www.hubbell.com /history.asp (3654 words)

	Tech Tidbit -- May 20, 2002
		Hicks, described in his New York Times obituary as "a prodigious collector of light bulbs," was Baltimore dentist who, by the time of his death at the age of 79, had amassed some 60,000 light bulbs.
		Hicks kept his collection, which he called "The Mount Vernon Museum of Incandescent Lighting," in the basement of his dental office and offered free tours to anyone who was interested, sometimes leaving a patient in the midst of treatment to welcome a visitor.
		According to The Times, his collection is one of the three most important collections of light bulbs in the United States, together with those of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.
	www.alteich.com /tidbits/t052002.htm (612 words)

	United States Hiking & Biking: Hiking & Biking in United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Running parallel to the Atlantic Coast, this trek is the world's longest continuous mountain trail and links two peaks in the eastern United States: Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine.
		It is well known for its place in American history, as well as for its location along the Appalachian Trail at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers.
		Situated in Baxter State Park is the northern terminus of the Appalachian Trail, Mount Katahdin.
	www.usa.worldweb.com /FeaturesReviews/HikingBiking/8-815.html (2553 words)

	Articles For Local Historians provided by the Wisconsin Historical Society
		The Wisconsin Historical Society has a rich collection of primary resources available to those who are interested in the history of their county, township, or community.
		The large number of wooden buildings, constructed in close proximity to one another, kerosene or primitive gas lighting systems, and unsafe ovens and furnaces all contributed to an environment where fires were frequent and often devastating.
		The Sanborn Map Company was founded in 1867 to supply information to fire insurance underwriters who were interested in basing their rates according to the relative risk of fires in the commercial districts of American cities.
	www.wisconsinhistory.org /localhistory/articles/sanborn.asp (1366 words)

	Gas-Lite Manufacturing Company
		In the United States, Baltimore in 1816 was the first city to light its streets with gas.
		The first introduction of gas lights in Rembrandt Peal's Museum in Baltimore in 1816 proved to be such a sensation and success that Peale quickly organized a gas company to light the city.
		The city council passed an ordinance June 1816, permitted Peale to manufacture gas, lay pipes in the streets, and contract with the city for street lighting.
	www.gaslite.com /history.html (482 words)

	Tuvalu (04/07)
		Tuvalu became fully independent in 1978 and in 1979 signed a treaty of friendship with the United States, which recognized Tuvalu's possession of four islets formerly claimed by the United States.
		Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state, represented by the Governor General, who is appointed by the Queen on advice of the Prime Minister.
		The Department of State encourages all U.S citizens who traveling or residing abroad to register via the State Department's travel registration website or at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate abroad.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/16479.htm (2073 words)

	Researching Property History - Utah History Research Center
		The Utah State Archives is the repository for many state and local government records relating to land and property history.
		Before researching a property’s history, it is important to understand the descriptive elements used to define its location, size, and shape.
		For example, the first degree portion of the description above states, “North 13° West 20 feet to ditch.” This means that the line would be directed north of its preceding mark (East 12.5 feet) and travel 13° west for a distance of 20 feet until the line reaches a ditch.
	historyresearch.utah.gov /guides/land.htm (2178 words)

	Central Pennsylvania Festival Of The Arts - State College, PA
		The fine pastels that the new street painters use are actually wind resistant and have a slight water repellancy.
		The first Italian Street Painting Festival began in 1973 in the village of Grazie di Curtatone, Italy as a celebration of the Feast of the Assumption.
		The street painters begin their images on August 15th and work through the night, under the lit piazza of Santuario della Madonna delle Grazie Mantova, to complete their paintings by noon on the Feast of the Assumption.
	www.arts-festival.com /streetpaintinghistory.htm (508 words)

	History
		The United States Navy commanded the airport for four years during World War II, and finally, it was returned to the cities of Auburn and Lewiston for joint operation.
		One system, high-intensity runway edge lights (HIRLs), identifies the perimeter of the runway for pilots landing at night and the other, medium-intensity approach lighting system with sequential flashers (MALSF), identifies the center line of the runway and the landing direction for pilots landing at night.
		The unique part of this project was that the pilots could now control the lighting systems from their aircraft.
	www.flytome.com /history.htm (1477 words)

	History
		The rich literature of manufactured gas was established with the world looking to Britain and already the health sciences were reporting such connected diseases as scrotal cancer among British chimney sweeps, who had close body contact with coal tars in their work.
		Although it was possible to burn gas tars or to dehydrate such, many gas plant operators were dumping unsalable tar-water emulsions to the environment and the problem only worsened with new wartime coke shortages, during which time carburetted water gas plants continued the substitution of soft coals for coke, aggravating the tar-water emulsion problem.
		The States were funded by the Federal government, beginning with the Clean Water Act of 1965, to scope and to deal with water pollution control issues.
	www.hatheway.net /history.htm (1683 words)

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