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Topic: History of the Arabic alphabet

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	Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arabic script is cursive, and all primary letters have conditional forms for their glyphs, depending on whether they are at the beginning, middle or end of a word, so they may exhibit 4 distinct forms (initial, medial, final or isolated).
		The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from Jabal Ram (50 km east of Aqaba), but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512.
		In the 20th century, Arabic script was generally replaced by the Latin alphabet in the Balkans,Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, while in the Soviet Union, after a brief period of Latinization, [1] use of the Cyrillic alphabet was mandated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_alphabet (3228 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Arabic alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As a result, the Arabic alphabet is used to write many other languages—many other languages belonging to language families other than Semitic, the family Arabic belongs to.
		Arabic short vowels are generally not written, except sometimes in sacred texts (such as the Qurʼan) and didactics, which are known as vocalised texts.
		Arabic script is not used solely for writing Arabic, but for a variety of languages.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Arabic_alphabet (4173 words)

	Perso-Arabic script - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Perso-Arabic script (or Persian/Arabic, or Persian-Arabic, or Arabic/Persian, or Arabo-Persian) is the generic name for the writing systems that are based on the Arabic alphabet as it was used for Arabic and Persian languages.
		Originally being used for the Arabic language, the Arabic alphabet was modified to match the demands of being a writing system for the Persian language; see Persian alphabet for the modified variant.
		In a broader sense, it can refer, among other variants, to the original Arabic alphabet as it used for Arabic, meaning that the original “pure” alphabet falls into the category of Perso-Arabic scripts (you can see such usage of the terms in some technical papers, for example, at 18th International Unicode Conference).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perso-Arabic_script (373 words)

	Arabic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arabic language (Arabic: اللغة العربية‎ transliterated: al-lughah al-‘Arabīyyah), or simply Arabic (Arabic: عربي‎ transliterated: ‘Arabī), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Arabic is a major source of vocabulary for languages as diverse as Berber, Farsi, Swahili, Urdu, spoken Hindi, Turkish, Malay, Indonesian, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_language (2930 words)

	Arabic alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Arabic alphabet is the principal script used for the Arabic language.
		As the alphabet of the language of the Quran the holy book of Islam its influence spread with that of and it has been and still is to write other languages without any linguistic in Arabic such as Persian and Urdu).
		The Arabic alphabet is composed of 28 letters and is written from right to There is no difference between written and letters; the concepts of upper and lower letters does not exist (thus the writing unicase).
	www.freeglossary.com /Arabic_alphabet (2370 words)

	Phoenician Alphabet
		The Phoenician alphabetic script of 22 letters was used at Byblos as early as the 15th century B.C. This method of writing, later adopted by the Greeks, is the ancestor of the modern Roman alphabet.
		All the European alphabets are descendants of the Phoenician, and all the Asiatic alphabets are descendants of the Aramaic variants of the Phoenician.
		Phoenician alphabet is the ancestor of the Greek alphabet and, hence, of all Western alphabets.
	phoenicia.org /alphabet.html (3261 words)

	Arabic Language History
		Before the appearance of Islam, Arabic was a minor member of the southern branch of the Semitic language family, used by a small number of largely nomadic tribes in the Arabian peninsula, with an extremely poorly documented textual history.
		For example, when Arabic was introduced into the Iranian Plateau after the fall of the Sassanian Empire to the Arab armies in the 630s C.E., it seemed to overwhelmingly dominate the Indo-European Persianate languages of the region for a while.
		In Arabic, the subject of a sentence would be identified by the vowel "u" placed at the end of the word, and it would remain the subject regardless of where it was positioned in the sentence.
	www.indiana.edu /~arabic/arabic_history.htm (5852 words)

	Arabic alphabet, pronunciation and language
		The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic, so during the 7th century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing letters in order to avoid ambiguities.
		Arabic has also been written with the Hebrew, Syriac and Latin scripts.
		Arabic, Hausa, Kashmiri, Kazak, Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Malay, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Tatar, Turkish, Uyghur, Urdu
	www.omniglot.com /writing/arabic.htm (821 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Even where Arabic did not become the national language, it became the language of religion wherever Islam became established, since the Quran is written in Arabic, the Profession of Faith is to be spoken in Arabic, and five times daily the practicing Muslim must say his prayers in Arabic.
		It is generally accepted that the Arabic alphabet developed from the script used for Nabataean, a dialect of Aramaic used in northern Arabia and what is now Jordan during roughly the thousand years before the start of the Islamic era.
		In the countries that use the Arabic alphabet, on the other hand, calligraphy has continued to be used not only on important documents but for a variety of other artistic purposes as well.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Ref3.htm (1808 words)

	Arabic numerals
		The difficulty which arises is that al-Baghdadi refers to the Arabic original which, contrary to what was originally thought, seems not to be a work on Indian numerals but rather a work on finger counting methods.
		In fact in the western part of the Arabic world the Indian numerals came to be known as Guba (or Gubar or Ghubar) numerals from the Arabic word meaning "dust".
		Although Arabic is written from right to left, we shall give an example writing in the left to right style that we use in writing English.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Arabic_numerals.html (2212 words)

	A History of the Arabic Language
		In fact, the history of the Arabic language is one which spans the centuries from well before the advent of the Christian era to modern times.
		In every area of the world where Arabic is spoken, this language situation prevails: there is a colloquial language, meaning the language which is spoken regularly and which Arabic speakers learn as their L1, and then there is Modern Standard Arabic, based on Classical or Quranic Arabic.
		As the Islamic conquests took place, however, Arabic became the language of the conquered peoples both because it was the language of their conquerors and because it was the language of their newly adopted religion.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/arabic.html (3500 words)

	A History of the Arabic Languages, you can use on websites and presentations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Arabic language is the sixth most used language in the world, as well as one of the official languages of the United Nations.
		Arabic script is used for decorative purposes all over the Muslim world, in mosques, houses and other buildings.
		Modern Standard Arabic belongs to the Semitic language family and is the definitive form of written Arabic.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/arabic/arabic_language_history.shtml (313 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Alphabet
		This alphabet, though, eventually disappeared from the mainstream, and survived as the Samaritan script.
		In Israel, it became the "Jewish" alphabet, the direct descendant of which is the modern Hebrew alphabet.
		Traditionally the Greeks held that their alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet, and many scholars agree with this as well.
	www.ancientscripts.com /alphabet.html (1403 words)

	Orality, Literacy, and the Arabic Language
		The alphabet switch combined with the literacy push raised the literacy rate from 9% in 1923 to 33% by 1938 and 85% today.
		Instead, he said that written Arabic is archaic enough that it is very different from the written language.
		While English has 52 letter forms (26 letters in upper-case and lower-case), Arabic has 28 letters, each of which can have four different forms depending upon whether it is at the beginning, middle, or end of the word or stands alone.
	www.webfoot.com /advice/WrittenArabic.html (1272 words)

	Iraq History - تاريخ العراق
		This region is known as the Cradle of Civilization; was the birthplace of the varied civilizations that moved us from prehistory to history.
		The civilized life that emerged at Sumer was shaped by two conflicting factors: the unpredictability of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which at any time could unleash devastating floods that wiped out entire peoples, and the extreme richness of the river valleys, caused by centuries-old deposits of soil.
		Thus, while the river valleys of southern Mesopotamia attracted migrations of neighboring peoples and made possible, for the first time in history, the growing of surplus food, the volatility of the rivers necessitated a form of collective management to protect the marshy, low-lying land from flooding.
	arabic-media.com /iraq_history.htm (1135 words)

	Simplifying the Arabic Alphabet \| Typographica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Arabic typography today, which is heavily influenced with the beautiful calligraphy schools of the past, was simply shaped by forces that valued its beauty much more than its functionality.
		Fortunately, the history of typography is broad enough, and long enough to have seen similarities to this before.
		In Arabic, assuming your vocal chords aren’t too set in their ways (this is where youth helps a lot), you can learn to speak it pretty well pretty easily.
	typographi.com /000805.php (4625 words)

	Arabic calligraphy
		The full alphabet of 28 letters is created by placing various combinations of dots above or below some of these shapes.
		Although the Arabic alphabet as we know it today appears highly distinctive, it is actually related to the Latin, Greek, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabatian alphabets.
		This takes a historical view of the development of Arabic writing and calligraphy, from the earliest alphabets to the evolution of kufic and cursive styles.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/visual/calligraphy.htm (517 words)

	Amazon.com: The Arabic Alphabet: How to Read & Write It: Books: Nicholas Awde,Putros Samano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		I thought learning the Arabic alphabet would be very difficult since it nearly looks like the random scribbles of my four year old daughter.
		The alphabet is known as a very difficult one for Westerners to master, especially when teaching oneself, but this book made the process very easy for me without taking much time.
		Letters in arabic don't precisly correspond to letters we use, there are certain restrictions and exceptions just like in English and this is a must-have for anyone who really wants to be able to understand the basics before going on.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0818404302?v=glance (1592 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The modern forms of the individual numbers in both eastern Arabic and western Arabic, or European, appear to have evolved from letters of the Arabic alphabet.
		This alphabetical system is still used by the Arabs, much as Roman numerals are used in the West for outlines and in enumerating kings, emperors, and popes.
		Their adoption in Europe began in the tenth century after an Arabic mathematical treatise was translated by a scholar in Spain and spread throughout the West.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Ref6.htm (527 words)

	Alphapage.html - University of Maryland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This page is part of the course material for "History of the Alphabets" taught by Prof.
		The eventual evolution of the Arabic Character set from its Phoenician roots.
		Not pictured are the developments of Aramaic and Nabatean, which led to the modern Arabic script.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~rfradkin/alphapage.html (244 words)

	History of Assyrians
		This period of history saw the development of the fundamentals of our civilization: animal domestication, agriculture, pottery, controllable fire (kilns), smelting, to name but a few.
		Second Golden Age: 33 A.D. to 1300 A.D. Assyrians continued living in their homeland throughout this dark age, until that momentous moment in human history, when the Lord Son of God gave himself for the salvation of mankind.
		It is these Arabic translations which the Moors brought with them into Spain, and which the Spaniards translated into Latin and spread throughout Europe, thus igniting the European renaissance.
	www.aina.org /aol/peter/brief.htm (2747 words)

	Middle Eastern Archaeology and Culture - BaghdadMuseum.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Arabic Alphabet History and Structure ::: The Arabic alphabet is the principal script used for writing the Arabic language.
		The alphabet s influence spread with that of Islam and it has been, and still is, used to write other languages without any linguistic roots in Arabic, such as Persian and Urdu.
		Mesopotamia - a brief introduction ::: Writings from Mesopotamia (Uruk) are the earliest written work in the world, giving Mesopotamia the reputation of being the cradle of civilization.
	www.baghdadmuseum.info (711 words)

	History of Writing
		The Egyptians used the acrophones as a consonantal system along with their syllabic and idiographic system, therefore the alphabet was not yet born.
		This is the alphabet that was the precursor to Phoenician, Greek and Roman.
		The Phoenician Alphabet was adopted by the early Greeks who earned their place in alphabetic history by symbolizing the vowels.
	www.historian.net /hxwrite.htm (1069 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		The final 'in' represents tanwÄ«n, a feature of Arabic grammar.) Differences emerge starting at the fifteenth letter.
		Any of these three 'alphabetical orders' can be used for purposes of numerals or the branch of numerology called isopsephy.
		This usage is based on a different and older (abjad) order of the alphabet: Ø£ Ø¨ Ø¬ Ø¯ Ù‡ Ùˆ Ø² Ø Ø· ÙŠ Ùƒ Ù„ Ù… Ù† Ø³ Ø¹ Ù?
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Arabic_alphabet_.html (4025 words)

	jaqur96
		Those who are aware of the history of the Arabic alphabet know that it has been derived from the Hebrew alphabet, which itself has its roots in the alphabet used in ancient Arabia.
		He goes on to assert that it was these letters which the early Egyptians adopted and after adapting them according to their own concepts founded the hieroglyphic script from them.
		For example, it is known about the Arabic letter Alif that it is used to mean a cow and was represented by a cow's head.
	www.renaissance.com.pk /jaqur96.html (659 words)

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