History of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

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Topic: History of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

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	Ottoman Empire: History
		Turk slaughter of Armenians is little-known; An author documents the overshadowed history of genocide during World War I in the former Ottoman Empire.(NEWS) (Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN))
		The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
		The Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860176.html (1083 words)

	Ottoman Empire
		At various points in the middle and latter part of the history of the Ottoman Empire, political intrigues and rebellions begun by the Janissaries in turn had to be extinguished by the Ottoman army with the assistance of the armies of their vassal states.
		Their insurgency combined with the demoralized and corrupt Ottoman political and military apparatus triggered a holocaust of World War II proportions by the Ottoman military against any and all Armenians residing in the Ottoman Empire.
		The Ottoman Empire had found its match at the northern boundary of the Balkans in the Austrian Habsburg Empire, and the pawns in the more or less continuous battles between the two empires for the next three centuries were Hungary, Romania, Bosnia and Serbia.
	www.geohistory.com /GeoHistory/GHMaps/GeoWorld/ottoman.html (1083 words)

	The Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Historical Summary
		They were kindling the essential spark of energy in the Ottoman Empire, and anyone acquainted with Near Eastern history will inevitably compare their promise with the promise of the Greeks a century before.
		They were scattered from one end to another of the Ottoman Empire; the whole Empire was their heritage, and it was a heritage that they must necessarily share with the Turks, who were in a numerical majority and held the reins of political power.
		Ottomanisation has become the Young Turks' obsession. Their first act after declaring war was to repudiate the Capitulations; their latest stroke has been to declare the Turkish language the exclusive medium of official business in the Empire**, with only a year's delay -- a step which has caused consternation among their German allies.
	www.hri.org /docs/bryce/bryce2.htm (1083 words)

	Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture - The Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and the First World War Period
		However, in the regression period of the Ottoman Empire, the European interference in every issue of the government became evident, unfortunately this malicious involvement planted the seeds of enmity between the Turks and the Armenians.
		> History > Armenian Allegations and the Facts > Armenian Allegations and the Facts > The Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and the First World War Period
		Before the Turks came, nearly one thousand years ago, the Armenians had been banished to the different parts of Anatolia by the Romans, Persians and the Byzantine Empire.
	www.kultur.gov.tr /portal/tarih_en.asp?belgeno=273 (1083 words)

	Ottoman Empire: History
		Turk slaughter of Armenians is little-known; An author documents the overshadowed history of genocide during World War I in the former Ottoman Empire.(NEWS)
		The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
		An armistice was concluded in October, and the Ottoman Empire came to an end.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0860176.html (1028 words)

	middleeastinfo.org :: View topic - ARMENIANS PROSPERED UNDER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
		Freedom granted to non-Muslims by the Ottomans was so well known in Europe that the Empire became the major place of refuge for those fleeing religious persecution.
		Catholics and Protestant also fled to the Ottoman Empire, often entering the service of the sultans and contributing to the military and governmental life.
		The Armenian community thus expanded and prospered together with the Ottoman Empire until their uprising in the darkest hours of the Ottomans.
	middleeastinfo.org /forum/viewtopic.php?p=40073 (913 words)

	Ottoman History U of A
		The Middle East as we know it today emerged from the disintegration and dismantlement of the Ottoman Empire.The story of Ottoman history involves not only the Ottoman dynasty but the many peoples who ruled the empire and were ruled by it: Turks, Arabs, Serbs, Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Bulgars, Hungarians, Albanians, North Africans and others.
		It takes into account the relations between the Ottomans and their neighbours in Europe, Asia and Africa -- their wars, conquests, diplomatic ventures, territorial losses, reconstituted identities.
		See Ottoman Calligraphy and Ottoman Maps, and listen to Ottoman music
	www.humanities.ualberta.ca /ottoman (913 words)

	Kurdistan Recognizes the Armenian Genocide
		The Turkish State regime, from history to our days, has worked against the peoples, as if a guilty party, and with her committed genocides has changed the demographics of Anatolia causing the demise of many cultures-civilizations.
		In this Genocide, millions of Armenians and Assyrian-Syrians were killed, and millions others were deported from their homes and land and scattered to the four corners of the world.
		On April 24, 1915, the decision of mass genocide and annihilation of the Assyrian-Syrian and the Armenian peoples was taken by the Ottoman Empire.
	www.cilicia.com /armo10i_kurdistan.html (649 words)

	Perpetuating the Genocide Myth
		Armenians established the Hunchak Committee in Geneva in 1887 and the Dashnak Committee at Tiflis in 1890, both of which declared their basic goal to be "the liberation from Ottoman rule of the territories of Eastern Anatolia and the Ottoman Armenians".
		Armenians had formed several revolutionary committees who were attacking Ottoman villages and massacring Turks, as well as actively assisting the Russians with whom the Ottoman Empire was at war.
		Armenian activists were unopposed for decades in their one-sided depiction of history to the North American public, who were not expected to be knowledgeable about the events of long time ago in a far away country.
	gencturkler.8m.com /TURKEY/ARMENIA/genmyth.html (2973 words)

	Ralph Schoenman: The Hidden History of Zionism - Chapter 2: Zionist Objectives
		Zionist plans for the Palestinian people anticipated the Ottoman solution for the Armenians, who would be slaughtered in the first sustained genocide of the 20th century.
		The Kaiser took nearly ten years in his on-and-off dealings with the Zionist leadership to formulate a plan for a Jewish state under ottoman auspices which would have as its principal task the eradication of the Palestinian anti-colonial resistance and the securing of the interests of Imperial Germany in the region.
		The Zionist movement would seek alternative imperial sponsors for this bloody enterprise; among them the Ottoman Empire, Imperial Germany, the British Raj, French colonialism and Czarist Russia.
	www.wbaifree.org /takingaim/hhz/ch02.htm (2973 words)

	History of a Family from Asia Minor
		The idea of an ethnic state came into existence in the early 19th century and, as the Ottoman Empire was collapsing, it led to ethnic movements.
		By the summer of 1922 the British had been able to carve the state of Iraq out of the lands of the Ottoman Empire and include the oil fields of Mosul within it.
		Later it became a client state of the Roman Empire and it was fully annexed in 17 CE.
	www.theopavlidis.com /AsiaMinor/History1.htm (6942 words)

	Armenian Genocide Resources - Prevent Genocide International
		The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 1915-1916: Documents presented to Viscount Grey of Falladon, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (London: Sir Joseph Causton and Sons, Limited, 1916).
		THE TREATMENT OF ARMENIANS in the Ottoman Empire 1915-16 Documents presented to VISCOUNT GREY OF FALLODON Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs By Viscount Bryce (London, 1916) www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1915/bryce/ / www.cilicia.com/bryce/a00tc.htm / www.gomidas.org/books/bryce.htm
		Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874-1921), was the former Ottoman Minister of the Interior and principal leader of the Armenian Genocide.
	www.preventgenocide.org /edu/pastgenocides/ottoman/resources (4353 words)

	Special Collections of the Armenian Research Center
		It is important to monitor Turkish-sponsored historiography not only because the Western Armenians lived under Turkish rule for hundreds of years but also because of the efforts made in recent years by the Turkish government to influence the teaching and writing of history.
		Finally, German diplomats were located in the major cities of the Ottoman Empire, German officers were attached to all of the Ottoman armies, and German missionaries were present inside the Ottoman Empire.
		The rolls of Unit 5 not only deal with the American missionaries and the Armenians, but they also deal with American missions in Syria, Palestine, and to the Assyrians and Nestorians.
	www.umd.umich.edu /dept/armenian/search/collections.html (3815 words)

	Middle East Times
		Armenians say that up to 1.5 million of their kinsmen died in orchestrated killings nine decades ago during the last years of the Ottoman Empire, the precursor of modern Turkey.
		The massacre of Armenians during World War I is one of the most controversial episodes in Turkish history.
		Turkey argues that 300,000 Armenians and thousands of Turks were killed in what was civil strife during World War I when the Armenians rose up against their Ottoman rulers.
	www.metimes.com /articles/normal.php?StoryID=20050901-033428-2287r (277 words)

	Xtratime Community - The Armenian Genocide
		Armenians accuse Turkey of genocide, saying 1.5 million of their people died or were deported from their homelands under Turkish Ottoman rule.
		Armenian leaders in the Ottoman Empire adopted two stances toward the war The Armenian "establisment" - businessmen, churchmen, and educators - professed their neutrality, although they accepted conscription and other unavoidable duties as citizens.
		The war that engulfed the Turks and Armenians in 1916 was the last in the series of nineteenth century Turco-Russion Wars.
	www.xtratime.org /forum/showthread.php?t=160985 (5535 words)

	Art History - History of Art - Art History in Ottoman Empire - Ottoman Art History
		Eastern Transcaucasia was populated in ancient and early medieval times by Iranian speakers, nomadic Turkic tribes, and the Caucasian Albanians, who converted to Christianity in the 4th century and came under the cultural influence of the Armenians.
		Rejecting the new communist government under Lenin, Transcaucasia declared itself independent in April 1918, but after a month three separate republics-Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia-were proclaimed.
		The culture and ethnic character of both can be traced to the period of the breakup of the Hittite empire in the 12th century BC, and both were converted to Christianity early in the 4th century AD.
	www.easterncorner.com /Azerbeijan.htm (1112 words)

	Armenian terrorism, who knows a damn thing about it? - www.ezboard.com
		After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1919 the Armenians started an anti-turkish rebellion which was the reason Turkish military invaded Armenia and killed thousands of them
		From 1915 to 1922 Ottoman forces killed, tortured and deported hundreds of thousands of Armenians in Anatolia, chasing them from the center of historical Armenia to Caucasus.
		Armenian history is the history of a nation under huge external pressure.
	p081.ezboard.com /fforumonwarfrm2.showMessage?topicID=31.topic (370 words)

	AGBU News
		Others arrived in Canada from the Ottoman Empire and Russia and a small number relocated from various regions of the U.S. The earliest history of Armenians in Canada is mostly an unknown chapter.
		The earliest history of Armenians in Canada is mostly an unknown chapter.
		Fifty Armenian orphans, later known as The Georgetown Boys, arrived in Canada on June 30th, 1923 through government support and the donations of ordinary Canadians.
	www.agbu.org /agbunews/display.asp?A_ID=32 (2181 words)

	JTW News -
		The Armenians living in Istanbul are the best proof of this." Regarding the recently delayed "Ottoman Armenians During the Collapse of the Empire" conference which was to be held at Bosphorus University, Mango said "The storms surrounding this subject are completely out of place.
		Mango also said that the loose usage of the word "genocide" would turn human history into one giant genocide history.
		Reknowned biographer of Ataturk's life, as well as professor at London University's School of Oriental and African Studies, Andrew Mango, has said that one of the reasons the Armenian matter has laid claim to such wide interest was the use of the word "genocide" in its introduction to the world.
	www.turkishweekly.net /news.php?id=11480 (576 words)

	Armenian Tourist Attractions: Facts about the Country
		The Armenians were the only nationality between Anatolian Turks and the eastern Turks, so the Ottoman rulers, primarily Talaat Pasha decided to eliminate them completely so that they could never threaten the heartland of this new empire.
		A fledgling Armenian Republic was born in Caucasia with the collapse of the Russian Empire which was attacked by Mustafa Kemal's forces which resulted in the annexation and depopulation of Armenians from Kars and Ardahan as well.
		As large parts of Armenia became parts of the Persian and Byzantine Empires, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was born on the Mediterranean coast in 1080.
	www.cilicia.com /armo5_countryfacts.html (2043 words)

	BakuTODAY.net - Turkish army urges Armenia to drop genocide claims, work for good ties
		Armenians say up to 1.5 million of their kinsmen died in orchestrated killings during the final years of the Ottoman Empire.
		Shame on the Turkish nation, for not accepting its responcibility and attempting to trivialze the Armenian Genocide, by offering nonsence commissions, and putting the blame on the Armenians.
		ISTANBUL - The head of the powerful Turkish army on Wednesday called on neighbouring Armenia to drop allegations that Turks committed genocide against Armenians during World War I and work towards improving bilateral ties.
	www.bakutoday.net /view.php?d=13179 (825 words)

	Concise History of the Armenian People
		The book is highly recommended for teachers of global civilizations as well as those specializing in the history of Russian, Ottoman Empire, Iran, the Caucasus, and Armenia.
		The early edition of the much praised A History of the Armenian People in 2 volumes was the first comprehensive and objective history of the Armenians from ancient times to the early 1990s in English.
		The book examines the history of the Armenians in relation to that of the rest of the world.
	www.mazdapub.com /Concise-History.htm (329 words)

	Macedonian Heritage - The Armenian Community in Thessaloniki
		For this reason the Armenians of Thessaloniki escaped, in 1894-96, the terrible experiences of their brothers in Constantinople, Trebizond, Van and Zeytun, as well in other cities and areas of the Ottoman Empire[17].
		Despite references to the presence of individual Armenians in Thessaloniki as early as the Byzantine period, the history of the Armenian community as much cannot be traced beyond the 18th century, and in fact, the existence of a stable core of Armenians permanently settled in the city is first documented in March 1881.
		Initially the Armenians of Thessaloniki fulfilled their religious needs in the Greek Orthodox churches[14].
	www.macedonian-heritage.gr /Contributions/20010609_Hassiotis.html (2690 words)

	Ralph Schoenman: The Hidden History of Zionism - Chapter 2: Zionist Objectives
		Zionist plans for the Palestinian people anticipated the Ottoman solution for the Armenians, who would be slaughtered in the first sustained genocide of the 20th century.
		By 1914, however, the World Zionist Organization was already far advanced in its parallel bid to enlist the British Empire to undertake the break-up of the Ottoman Empire with Zionist assistance.
		There were over one thousand villages in Palestine at the turn of the 19th century.
	www.marxists.de /middleast/schoenman/ch02.htm (2690 words)

	SociolinguistEssex VIII, Wed 18 June 2003
		The modern history of the Armenian community in Cyprus began when the first Armenian refugees arrived in Cyprus from the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire in 1895, escaping, at that time, the massacres of the Ottoman Empire and thus finding refuge in Cyprus, which then was under British control.
		Concerning the definite article, it is examined why there are examples found in the speech of the Armenians where the definite article is absent, whereas it is obligatory to appear, that is, in the environment where there should be a definite article there is Ø (zero) article.
		The two features analysed here are concerned with the behaviour of the CG definite article – ο (masculine; /o/), η (feminine /i/), το (neuter /to/) – and the grammatical gender – masculine, feminine and neuter – in the CG of the Armenian speakers.
	www.essex.ac.uk /linguistics/seminar/SoclxEssex2003.shtm (2690 words)

	Armenia - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		The Ottoman government accused the Armenians of being pro-Russian and cited the threat of internal rebellion as justification for the massacres.
		In the early 1st century BC Armenian king Tigranes the Great formed an empire—the most extensive Armenian realm in history—that stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and included parts of Georgia and Syria.
		This period of Armenian independence ended with the conquests of a resurgent Byzantine Empire under Basil II, who ruled from 976 until 1025.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /armenia.htm (4270 words)

	Anadolu Agency: News in English, 98-12-03
		Arda called on Armenians to base their national identities to constructive elements rather than the tragedies in history and advised them to believe in the benefits of peace and to take lesson from history without being the slaves of the past.
		Ahmet Arda, UN Permanent Representation Undersecretary, who used his right to response after Armenian representative attributed to Turkey indirectly, stressed that during the incidents which were experienced in splitting period of the Ottman Empire Turks suffered as much as Armenians.
		Arda said Ottoman archieves were open to everybody adding that the historians who observed these reached to different results from the Armenian historians.
	www.hri.org /news/turkey/anadolu/1998/98-12-03.anadolu.html (4270 words)

	Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Origin of the Myth of a Tolerant, Pluralistic Islamic Society
		First the Ottoman Empire was created by centuries of Jihad against Christian populations; consequently the rules of Jihad, elaborated by Arab-Muslim theologians from the 8th to the 10th centuries, applied to the subjected Christian and Jewish populations of the Turkish Islamic dominions.
		And in the same way as the myth of the Ottoman political paradise was created to block the independence of the Balkan nations, so the Arab multi-religious fraternity was an argument to destroy the national liberation of non-Arab peoples of the Middle East (Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, Maronites and Zionists.)
		The myth didn't die with the collapse of the Turkish Empire after World War I. Rather it took another form: that of the National Arab Movement, which promoted an Arab society where Christians and Muslims would live in perfect harmony.
	www.tenc.net /bosnia/bat.htm (4270 words)

	AGBU News
		Others arrived in Canada from the Ottoman Empire and Russia and a small number relocated from various regions of the U.S. The earliest history of Armenians in Canada is mostly an unknown chapter.
		The earliest history of Armenians in Canada is mostly an unknown chapter.
		Garabed Sarkisian, Charlie to most of his friends, whose grandfather was one of the original church founders, was also one of the first children baptized in the new church.
	www.agbu.org /agbunews/display.asp?A_ID=32 (4270 words)

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Topic: History of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire

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