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Topic: History of the British penny 1714 1901

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	History of the British penny (1603-1714) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 in the form of Charles II, both hammered and milled coinage was produced until 1662.
		The penny was a fairly common denomination and was produced by both methods from dies produced by Thomas Simon.
		In accordance with the Act of Settlement 1701 the crown passed to the Protestant descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, in the form king George I.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_penny_part_1 (1239 words)

	History of the British penny (1714-1901) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pennies were minted in 1716, 1718, 1720, 1723, 1725, 1726, and 1727.
		The copper penny was only minted in three years, 1825–7, although the 1827 coin is rare, and the minting of copper coins in 1825 was only authorised on 14 November of that year.
		The penny of Queen Victoria (1837–1901) is one of the most intricate denominations of British coinage, with most of the varieties emerging after the switch from copper to bronze coinage in 1860.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_British_penny_(1714-1901) (1331 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: History_of_the_English_penny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The silver penny was introduced to England around the year 785 by King Offa of Mercia, in the English midlands.
		The penny initially weighed 20 to 22.5 grains (1.3 to 1.5 g) of pure silver.
		From the time of King Offa, the penny was the only denomination of coin minted in England for 500 years, until the attempted gold coinage issue of King Henry III, and the later issues of King Edward III.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=History_of_the_English_penny (331 words)

	History of the English penny
		This article refers to the penny coin which existed from its introduction in England in the reign of Offa of Mercia in the eighth century until decimalisation of the currency in 1971.
		In the reign of Ethelred the Unready (978-1016), some 40 million pennies were paid to the Danes, while King Canute (Knut) (1016-1035) paid off his invasion army with another 20 million pennies.
		From the time of King Offa, the penny was the only denomination of coin minted in England for some five hundred years, until the attempted gold coinage issue of King Henry II, and the later issues of King Edward III.
	www.gamesinathens.com /olympics/h/hi/history_of_the_english_penny.shtml (315 words)

	Decimal Day - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New, different coinage was issued alongside the old coins, which still remained legal tender at their old value, with one old penny being worth 1/240 of a pound, and a shilling worth 1/20 of a pound.
		Interestingly, in the special case of Maundy money the face value of these coins was maintained, effectively increasing all Maundy coins' value by a factor of 2.4, as the coins continue to be legal tender as new pence.
		Finally, in 1960, a report prepared jointly by the British Association for the Advancement of Science and the, followed by the success of decimalisation in South Africa, prompted the Government to set up the Committee of the Inquiry on Decimal Currency (Halsbury Committee) in 1961, which reported in 1963.
	lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Decimal_Day (827 words)

	History of the English penny (1485-1603) - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Pennies were minted at the London, Canterbury, and Durham mints.
		Inflation over the last thirty years had made the penny much less important, and in fact for the next few reigns the most common coins would be shillings, sixpences, and groats.
		No milled pennies were produced, as they would probably have been too small to be mechanically produced by the equipment of the time.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=English_Penny_part_3 (975 words)

	History of the English penny (1066-1154) - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As a penny was a fairly large currency unit at the time, when small change was needed a penny would be cut in half or into quarters.
		Most pennies of Kings William I and II show a front-facing bust of the king on the obverse (which was a departure from the Anglo-Saxon kings, who had a sideways-facing bust), surrounded by a legend, usually
		During the relatively long reign of King Henry I, (1100–1135), the penny remained the chief denomination, although a halfpenny was introduced which proved very unpopular and only three or four specimens are known to exist today.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=History_of_the_English_penny_(1066-1154) (690 words)

	Farthing (coin) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Compared to the contemporary pennies and halfpennies, little is known of the mediaeval silver farthing because, as the smallest denomination, they were rarely hoarded — in fact silver farthings have never been found in large hoards — and since they contained a quarter-penny's worth of silver they were also extremely small and easily lost.
		Matthew Boulton's contract in 1797 to produce the Cartwheel pennies and twopences, thwarting the counterfeiters, did not extend to producing the farthing, though Boulton had expected that it would and had prepared several patterns of the appropriate size and weight in accordance with his ideas on the intrinsic value of copper coins.
		But for an infinitesimal correction, the new penny coin that was introduced when decimalisation of British coinage took effect in 1971 is the same size as the most recently-minted farthings.
	www.toshare.info /en/Farthing_coin.htm (4132 words)

	Decimal Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although both currencies were separate — Irish Pounds and British Pounds — they were at the time tied to each other at fixed 1–1 exchange rate.
		Under the old currency of poundss, shillings, and pence, the pound was made up of 240d (pence).
		Interestingly, the face value of Maundy money was instead maintained, effectively increasing all coins' value by a factor 2.4, as the coins continue to be legal tender.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/d/de/decimal_day.html (253 words)

	Portrait Gallery of British Monarchs
		The newly designed pennies had the cross on their reverse side extended to the edge of the coin to help to prevent clipping.
		Wiiliam of Orange was invited by a group of seven British notables to invade Britain which he did in the name of his wife Anne, the daughter of James II.
		Anne reigned from 1702 to 1714, and during her reign, the Act of Union formalised the unification of England and Scotland which had effectively taken place during the reign of James I of England.
	www.24carat.co.uk /britishmonarchsportraitsoncoins.html (2234 words)

	History On-Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The early history of the Foundling Hospital, with special reference to the period of the general reception (1756-60) and its aftermath (to 1773) and to the role of the branch hospitals.
		History of the establishment of the Glasgow Necropolis.
		History of the Belfast District Lunatic Asylum, 1829-1918.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Resources/Theses/tpmoduk.html (7815 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This adds up to about 2,800,000 troy ounces (87 metric tons) of silver, equivalent to £250,000 at the time, and worth about £10 million in today's money (however its purchasing power at that time may have exceeded £100 million and as high £1 billion of today's currency).
		The penny initially weighed 20 to 22.5 grains of pure silver (1.3 to 1.5 grams).
		From the time of King Offa, the penny was the only denomination of coin minted in England for some five hundred years, until the attempted gold coinage issue of King Henry III, and the later issues of King Edward III.
	istanbulhotelsguide.info /index.php?title=History_of_the_English_penny (368 words)

	Articles - British One Penny coin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The British decimal Penny (1p) coin, produced by the Royal Mint, was issued on 15 February 1971, the day the British currency was decimalised.
		During the history of the coin, three different obverses have been used so far.
		One penny and two pence coins are legal tender only up to the sum of 20p; these means that it is possible to refuse payment of sums greater than this in one and two pence coins in order to settle a debt.
	www.supportize.com /articles/British_coin_One_Penny (268 words)

	General & Reference: 5 to 11 years
		British Museum Virtual Tour: The All Souls British Museum Virtual Tour is one of the oldest UK History Education websites.
		History Gateway: This site is produced by Beal High School in Ilford and aims to provide pupils with a resource for research, homework and revision to use at home or at school.
		Scottish History Online: The Scottish History Club was originally formed during 2001 to allow visitors who have a serious interest in Scottish History to be able to interact with each other and share their knowledge, research, theories, photographs and general enthusiasm for Scottish History with others within a website that was ‘password protected’.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /REVhistoryREF1.htm (3852 words)

	Timeline of Britain's Age of Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		- British, Dutch, German and Austrian troops, under the Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim.
		British, Bavarian and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expel the French from the Netherlands.
		The British Museum is extended and extensively rebuilt to house an expanding collection
	www.britannia.com /history/emptime.html (2215 words)

	BBC - History - The accession of Queen Victoria; the foundation of the Chartist movement 1837 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		BBC - History - The accession of Queen Victoria; the foundation of the Chartist movement 1837
		Her reign would dominate the rest of the century and she would go on to be the longest reigning British monarch.
		Ironically, in 1999, all but the annual election of MPs are accepted parts of the British constitution.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/timelines/britain/vic_victoria.shtml (288 words)

	Right Start (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		History of the Jews in the United States (Colonial Era-1906)
		By way of elimination, they exclude all the suspects who could not possibly have committed the crime and eventually arrive at the correct conclusion, a solution which comes as a surprise to most of them but which, due to their painstaking research, is infallible.
		The novel certainly is a whodunnit, but all the conventions of the cosy British variety are abandoned.
	bonose.com /Right+Start-116.html (1171 words)

	History On-Line
		The history and development of the law of partition between co-owners of land.
		Harold Wilson, the U.S.S.R. and British foreign and defence policy in the context of East-West détente, 1964-8.
		The history of gymnastic activity in the West Midlands, with special reference to Birmingham, 1865-1918: with an analysis of military influences, secular and religious innovation and educational developments.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Resources/Theses/tc02.html (9952 words)

	guinea.ca - Zinc Coated Copper Penny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Re: I am looking for the procedure for producing a brass-coated penny.
		This change was only for the year 1943 and was due to the critical use of copper for...
		Pennies after 1982 are zinc coated with copper.
	www.guinea.ca /Zinc-Coated-Copper-Penny/reference/search (214 words)

	Britannia Coin Dated 1797 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Dated 1797, these pennies were issued in huge numbers over This new coin was accompanied by the traditional Britannia issue of pennies and trident with the inscription BRITANNIA 1797 â” although it appears that coins and the inscription BRITANNIA.
		There is one unique penny coin known which is dated 1808, but this the exportation of foreign coin and bullion were repealed, and in a little work, entitled Britannia Languens, published in 1680 of Thurlow's State Papers, dated at the Hague, Jan. 15, 1654 and coins.
		Unknown Bronze Coin dated 1797 twopences and pennies dated 1797 were struck by the mint decided in 1797 to buy a quantity of now a much sought after coin and commands a high bearing the figure of Britannia seated, were struck Penny.
	www.coinheavens.com /coin-laundry/britannia-coin-dated-1797.html (973 words)

	PENNY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Search the PENNY Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the PENNY Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named PENNY at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/P/PENNY.htm (73 words)

	philadelphia.ca - Penny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Penny Arcade: Volume 1 Attack of the Bacon Robots
		21 to LA Dodgers pitcher Brad Penny when Penny dared him to drink a gallon of milk within an hour without vomiting.
		The tourism research center's associate director, Penny Simpson, said it's too early to tell if high fuel costs will affect this year's tourism numbers.
	philadelphia.ca /Penny/reference/search (261 words)

	Ruling the waves
		The Longman handbook of modern British history, 1714-1995 3rd ed.
		Palmer, A.W. Dictionary of the British Empire and Commonwealth.
		British Parliamentary publications in the Barr Smith Library will assist you in finding these items.
	www.library.adelaide.edu.au /guide/hum/history/RulingWaves.html (1622 words)

	PERIODICALS - Online Information article about PERIODICALS
		Year-books, almanacs, directories and other annuals belong to a distinct type of publication, and are not referred to here.
		The last named was continued in 1737 as the History of the Works of the Learned, and was carried on without intermission until 1743, when its See also:
		North British Review (1844—1871); the British Quarterly Review (1845), successor to the British and Foreign Review (1835—1844); the New Quarterly Review (1852—1861), the Scottish Review (1853—1862), published at See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PAS_PER/PERIODICALS.html (2868 words)

	tasmania.ca - History of British Penny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Irish Rms: The Resident Magistrates in the British Administration of Ireland
		In for a penny, in for a pound: The adventures and misadventures of a wireless operator in Bomber Command
		Find in a Library: Penny rate: aspects of British public library history, 1850-195...
	www.tasmania.ca /History-of-British-Penny/reference/search (247 words)

	myfinance.ca - Penny stock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Get in on Penny stocks before they are pumped up to high prices.
		Weekly unbiased penny stock picks via e-mail on stocks trading between $.01 and $.50 with specific entry instructions.
		Like a bad penny (stock), this one is going to be with the Good Doctor for the foreseeable future, whatever the facts.
	www.myfinance.ca /Penny-stock/reference/search (245 words)

	[No title]
		The History of Sudbury, Massachusetts, 1638 - 1889
		History of the Town of Lexington, Middlesex County Massachusetts from its First Settlement to 1868.
		History of Rockingham and Strafford Counties New Hampshire
	www.cagenweb.com /santabarbara/sbcgs/library_catalog/authors_he.htm (4969 words)

	Subject Guide: British History - print version
		The subject guide to British History provides information on resources available from the Alvin Sherman Library, both in the library and online, related to British History, including the history of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
		Below is a sampling of sites that provide an excellent beginning for conducting research in British History.
		In terms of historical research there are bibliographies of major authors, time periods, and historical figures in British History.
	www.nova.edu /library/help/subjectguides/historybrit/historybrit_all_printable.html (1380 words)

	Carnegie Mellon Libraries:
		The resource is devoted to the history of Britain from 55 BC to the present.
		The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy.
		Bibliography of British History, 1789-1851, Issued under the Direction of the American Historical Association and the Royal Historical Society of Great Britain.
	www.library.cmu.edu /Research/Humanities/History/greatbritain.html (1484 words)

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