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	British One Penny coin (pre-decimal) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The penny, originally a coin of 1.3 to 1.5 g pure silver, was introduced to England around the year 785 by King Offa of Mercia, in the English midlands.
		The penny initially weighed 20 to 22.5 grains (1.3 to 1.5 g) of pure silver.
		From the time of King Offa, the penny was the only denomination of coin minted in England for 500 years, until the attempted gold coinage issue of King Henry III, and the later issues of King Edward III.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/English/British_coin_Penny (449 words)

	History of the English penny (1485-1603) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Henry Tudor, who reigned as King Henry VII between 1485 and 1509, had a rather tenuous claim on the throne, being the Lancastrian claimant via an illegitimate descendant of Edward III when all the more senior candidates had been killed off in the Wars of the Roses.
		Pennies were minted at the London, Canterbury, and Durham mints.
		No milled pennies were produced, as they would probably have been too small to be mechanically produced by the equipment of the time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_English_penny_(1485-1603) (1013 words)

	: : Treasurehunting.tv - : History of the English penny (1485-1603) : :
		Edward VI's pennies however, were still struck in debased metal (except for one, possibly unique, coin) at the Tower, Southwark, Bristol and York, with the inscription E.D.G. In 1553 Edward died and was succeeded — after the nine-day rule of Lady Jane Grey — by his older sister, the strongly Catholic Queen Mary.
		Pennies of her first year, bearing her head alone with the inscription M.D.G. SPINA are quite rare.
		Both fine silver and base metal pennies of this reign were issued from the Tower mint, with the legend P Z M D G ROSA SINE SPINA — Philip and Mary by the grace of God a rose without a thorn.
	www.treasurehunting.tv /History-of-the-English-penny-1485-1603.htm (1010 words)

	British One Penny coin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The British decimal one penny (1p) coin, produced by the Royal Mint, was issued on 15 February 1971, the day the British currency was decimalised
		The coin, known at first as a "new penny", was initially minted from bronze, but since 1992 it has been minted in copper-plated steel
		One penny and two pence coins are legal tender only up to the sum of 20p; this means that it is permissible to refuse payment of sums greater than this amount in one and two pence coins in order to settle a debt
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_one_penny_coin (371 words)

	Teachers of History in the Universities of the UK 2004 - listed by research interest
		Matthias Röhrig Assunçao (Dept. of History University of Essex) Lect.
		Penny Summerfield (Dept. of History University of Manchester) Prof.
		Maiken Umbach (Dept. of History University of Manchester) Lect.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Resources/Teachers/c13.html (15372 words)

	History of the English penny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A new penny was minted that was worth 2.4 times the value of the old coin.
		As the purity and weight of the coin was critical, the name of the moneyer who manufactured the coin, and at which mint, often appeared on the reverse side of the coin.
		From the time of King Offa, the penny was the only denomination of coin minted in England for some five hundred years, until the attempted gold coinage issue of King Henry III, and the later issues of King Edward III.
	history-of-the-english-penny.iqnaut.net (357 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: London
		In this minster the coronation of all English sovereigns takes place, and it is the national burying place for great men, statesmen and warriors lying in the north transept, "Poets' corner" occupying the south transept, while nearly thirty kings and queens rest in the choir and side chapels.
		The bishop himself and many of his clergy were imprisoned and after the excommunication of Elizabeth, in 1570, the martyrdoms began again, reaching their height in point of numbers in 1588, the year of the Spanish Armada.
		Between 1603 and 1714 a very great change came over London, for during this period the centre of social life slowly passed from the City to the west end of town, leaving the City as the centre of municipal and commercial life only.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09341a.htm (9579 words)

	England, A History of; Ragz-International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the third war the English joined forces with the French--not yet aware that France was to be the next rival England had to face.
		The Duke of Marlborough led the English, Dutch, and Germans to brilliant victories, and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave England important territories (all Nova Scotia and Newfoundland) in the New World.
		English poetry reached the highest point it had touched since the age of Shakespeare.
	www.history-world.org /england.htm (13275 words)

	History Faculty Library Most Frequently-Borrowed Items During Michaelmas Term 2002
		English and Latin / The ecclesiastical history of Orderic Vitalis, 1969
		English / The cheese and the worms: the cosmos of a sixteenth-century miller, 1980
		English / The cheese and the worms: the cosmos of a sixteenth-century miller, 1989
	www.history.ox.ac.uk /libraryit/faclib/michaelmas2002.htm (9352 words)

	\| Other Books Received \| The American Historical Review, 105.3 \| The History Cooperative
		Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton.
		Western Monasticism: A History of the Monastic Movement in the Latin Church.
		Content in the History Cooperative database is intended for personal, noncommercial use only.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/105.3/ah001074.html (3326 words)

	History On-Line
		The history of Greek olive oil and perfumed oil and their containers in the Greek world between 1100 and 480 B.C. Helen G. Raftopoulos.
		Aspects of the material culture of the English aristocracy in the late 15th and early 16th century.
		Kent Ph.D. A social history of Roman Catholic nuns and sisters in 19th-century England and Wales.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Resources/Theses/tc99.html (7463 words)

	[No title]
		Path to Peace - History of Northern Ireland peace process and ongoing negotiations from ireland.com
		King Arthur and the Early British Kingdoms History and Legend
		History of Parliament - the Official Biographers of the Houses of Parliament
	history.husigi.com /VHlink/link3_6.htm (308 words)

	English and Humanities Resources
		Project Aldus --An electronic archive for source and secondary materials related to the study of the English Renaissance/Early Modern Period.
		Penny Magazine Online --Issues from July-August 1835 available.
		Oak Knoll Books --A publisher specializing on book arts and histories of the book and the book trade.
	www.english.udel.edu /humanity_links.htm (707 words)

	New York Gold Bullion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Image:Henry_III_short_cross_penny.jpg A short-cross penny of Henry III struck at Canterbury In King...
		Drawing on the Tavrichansky Mine hunting is the constitution of papers contributed to a center of the cultural history In alchemy.
		owing to aid or any means necessary to the and; the everyday life of ceramic materials and relatively thin films and better armed and techniques utilized in this group structure of aggressive loudness in Northwest history.
	www.westmin-resources.com /60/21.html (1616 words)

	Visit Britain Online
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		English to English - The British use different words for things than Americans!
	www.visiteuropeonline.com /visitbritainonline.htm (2105 words)

	History Faculty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		F.J. Fisher, ‘The Development of London as a Centre of Conspicuous Consumption in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, TRHS 1948, and in his London and the English Economy, 1500-1750, ed.
		Green, ‘The Principle of Noncoercion: The Contest over the role of the Jury in the Restoration’, in his Verdict According to Conscience: Perspectives on the English Criminal Trial 1200-1800 (1985); C. Jackson, Restoration Scotland 1660-1690.
		Reformation Representations of the Medieval Popes’ H.L. Parish, ‘“Impudent and Abhominable Fictions”: Rewriting Saints Lives in the English Reformation’, Sixteenth Century Journal 32 (2001), 45-65; M. McKisack, Medieval History in the Tudor Age (1971); F. Levy, Tudor Historical Thought (1967)
	www.history.ox.ac.uk /seminars/mt2004/emb_prep_reading.htm (303 words)

	New English Books
		Materials ordered by the English department that have arrived between August 19, 2005 and January 13, 2006
		THE HOLY GRAIL : THE LEGEND, THE HISTORY, THE EVIDENCE / BY JUSTIN GRIFFIN.
		POPE AND THE DESTINY OF THE STUARTS : HISTORY, POLITICS, AND MYTHOLOGY IN THE
	pages.slu.edu /faculty/schmidj/news/engbooks0106.html (1905 words)

	Useful dates in British history
		In addition to the penny, the halfpenny and farthing were minted, and also a fourpenny piece called a 'groat' (from the French 'gross')
		Mar 24: Death of Elizabeth I: union of Scottish and English crowns – under King James VI of Scots and I of England (d.
		Charles I and the English Parliament acknowledge the Prebyterian Church in Scotland
	www.johnowensmith.co.uk /histdate (11279 words)

	COD Library - Research Guides - Britain - Internet Sites
		British and Irish History (G) British and Irish Legal Information Institute (P)
		English Literature and Religion (P) History: American and British (G)
		Uniting the Kingdoms (P) World History Matters (P)
	www.cod.edu /dept/library/libweb/Berger/HISTORY/britain/internetsites.htm (370 words)

	A History of the English Speaking Peoples
		This is a collection of 50 silver medallions, with a total of 100 engravings, each portraying an important moment in English history:-
		The Peasant's Revolt 1381 A.D. A King Richard II Penny
		James I and James VI 1603 A.D. The Seal of James I
	www.24carat.co.uk /historyoftheenglishspeakingpeoplemedallions.html (631 words)

	A timeline of Britain
		: England executes Mary Stuart, former queen of Scotland and heir to the English throne, the for conspiring against queen Elizabeth I
		: the country (mainly the protestants) rise up against James II the Catholic king and drive him into exile ("English revolution"), while William III of Orange is invited to replace him with a constitutional monarchy and the king subject to the laws of the Parliament ("Glorious Revolution")
		: an English carpenter, John Harrison, invents the marine chronometer to measure longitude and latitude
	www.scaruffi.com /politics/british.html (4797 words)

	CIRGA-California Independent Renaissance Guild and Group Association
		- by Tuchman, Barbara W. A History of Scotland
		Book of Execution, The: An encyclopedia of methods of judicial execution.
		Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization
	www.cirga.org /readings.asp (211 words)

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