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Topic: History of the European Constitution

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	EUROPA - The EU at a glance - The History of the European Union
		EUROPA - The EU at a glance - The History of the European Union
		EUROPA > The EU at a glance > The history of the European Union
		The European Union is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbours, which culminated in the Second World War.
	europa.eu /abc/history/index_en.htm (840 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		Passage of a constitution is easiest when a new state is being born, because at that moment there is a general drive to be grounded on some foundation.
		The issue was not, however, the content of the constitution, but to whom the constitution would "belong." For the same reason, the extra-parliamentary opposition is still hostile to the project passed by the National Assembly, even though the project reflects numerous concessions to the bishops, the Right, and Solidarity.
		The introduction of judicial complaint and constitutional complaint is equaled with a departure from the tutelary model of the protection of rights-only via the media or the ombudsman.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol6num2/feature/history.html (6404 words)

	European History
		History of the European Union: The European Union (EU) is the result of a process of cooperation and integration which began in 1951 between six countries (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands).
		European Witch-Hunts: For three centuries of early modern European history, diverse societies were consumed by a panic over alleged witches in their midst.
		European Unity: David Howell (Lord Howell of Guildford) is a former Secretary of State for Energy and for Transport in the UK Government and an economist and journalist.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /REVeuropean.htm (3570 words)

	History of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For the first half-century of the history of the European Union, its constitutional law was the result of successive treaties, the most important among these being the Treaty of Rome (1957) and the Maastricht treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, 1992).
		The European Convention was established, presided over by former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, and was given the task of consulting as widely as possible across Europe with the aim of producing a first draft of the Constitution.
		The Constitution was passed by a large margin, with 77 per cent of voters in favour, but major opposition parties declared that the 42 per cent turnout was an embarrassment for the governing Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_European_Constitution (1652 words)

	European Movement - Mouvement Europeen
		The European Movement International, together with European Movement Germany and the media partner EurActiv, is organising the first International EU Presidencies Briefing for stakeholders in Berlin on the 29th June 2007.
		On the 17th September 2006, the European Movement Belgium, with the support of the EMI, celebrated the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Rome at an exceptional opening of the Â“Chateau de Val DuchesseÂ” in Brussels.
		The European Movement is an association contributing to the establishment of a unified, federal Europe, founded on respect for human rights and democratic principles, by informing and mobilizing citizens and influencing decision-makers at all European Society levels.
	www.europeanmovement.org (710 words)

	The Ultimate European Union - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Major issues facing the European Union at the moment include its enlargement to the south and east (see below), its relationship with the United States of America, the revision of the rules of the Stability and Growth Pact, and the ratification of the European Constitution by member states.
		The term European Community (or Communities) was used for the group of members prior to the establishment of the European Union.
		The "European Community" is one of the three pillars of the European Union, being both the most important pillar and the only one to operate primarily through supranational institutions.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/EU (3925 words)

	USS Constitution's Battle Record
		Authorized by Congress in 1794, built in 1797, and launched in 1798, Constitution saw action in one undeclared war and two official wars and was a powerful arm of the United States military capable of carrying American firepower to distant parts of the globe.
		The capture of the Sandwich in port by the crew of Constitution is an especially daring exploit of this quasi-war.
		The highlight of her military action in that conflict was the bombardment of Tripoli with the rest of the U.S. fleet in late summer 1804.
	www.history.navy.mil /docs/war1812/const1.htm (753 words)

	History of Previous European Currency Unions
		European bigwigs gloated over the smooth introduction of the physical notes and coins of their new currency.
		History teaches us that for a monetary union to succeed, the exchange rate of the single currency must be realistic (for instance, reflect the purchasing power parity) and, thus, not susceptible to speculative attacks.
		Surprisingly, history demonstrates that a monetary union is not necessarily predicated on the existence of a single currency.
	samvak.tripod.com /nm032.html (3650 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Excerpts: Europe's draft constitution
		The European Union shall conduct a common foreign and security policy, based on the development of mutual political solidarity among member states, the identification of questions of general interest and the achievement of an ever-increasing degree of convergence of member states' actions.
		A European law or framework law of the Council shall lay down measures for the harmonisation of legislation concerning turnover taxes, excise duties and other forms of indirect taxation provided that such harmonisation is necessary for the functioning of the internal market and to avoid distortion of competition...
		The European Public Prosecutor's Office shall be responsible for investigating, prosecuting and bringing to judgement, where appropriate in liaison with Europol, the perpetrators of, and accomplices in, offences against the Union's financial interests...
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk_politics/2938272.stm (1575 words)

	EUROPA : The Future of the European Union - Debate - History of the Draft Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In December 2000 in Nice, the European Council reached an agreement on the revision of the Treaties with a view to adapting the Institutions of the Union to enlargement, thereby expressing the need to initiate a wider and deeper debate on the future of the Union.
		One year later, on 15 December 2001, the Laeken European Council adopted the Declaration on the Future of the European Union thereby committing the Union to becoming more democratic, more transparent and more efficient and to preparing the way for a Constitution for the citizens of Europe.
		The IGC, which was launched on 4 October 2003 during the Italian Presidency of the Union, unanimously adopted the text of the Constitution at the Brussels European Council of 17 and 18 June 2004.
	europa.eu.int /constitution/futurum/treaty_history_en.htm (605 words)

	My European History Final Paper - Mod DB Forums
		For my advanced placement european history class,we had to answer a question basically stating whether or not we believed that the theme of a 'balance of power' exists in modern-day europe with the European Union in existence.
		The creation of a Constitution of the EU could be a reality, and proves yet again, in more than one way, that the concept of a ‘balance of power’ no longer exists in Europe.
		Classes devoted solely to European History are generally limited in admittance (at least in High School) and contemporary politics classes tend to revolve mostly around US affairs.
	forum.moddb.com /thread/11874 (3261 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: The Constitution of Japan, 1946
		The freedoms and rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be maintained by the constant endeavor of the people, who shall refrain from any abuse of these freedoms and rights and shall always be responsible for utilizing them for the public welfare.
		The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolate.
		This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/CONST-JP.html (4307 words)

	Cambridge University Press - History
		Cambridge University Press' history list is rooted in the great publishing traditions of the late nineteenth century, when Lord Acton planned The Cambridge Modern History, and thus set a pattern for so many subsequent 'Cambridge Histories'.
		The Nazi war on European culture produced the greatest dislocation of art, archives, and libraries in the history of the world.
		In European Integration, 1950 2003, John Gillingham reviewed the history of the European project and predicted the rejection of the European constitution.
	www.cambridge.org /us/history (1145 words)

	The European Constitution
		This website is aimed at researchers, journalists and citizens interested in learning about the 50-year process culminating in the elaboration of a Constitution for the European Union.
		The Maastricht Treaty (1992) established EU citizenship and the European Monetary Union (EMU).
		And finally, the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe seeks to simplify and synthesize previous treaties within a single, clear, foundational document for the European Union.
	www.unizar.es /euroconstitucion/Home.htm (239 words)

	Pitcairn Islands Study Center
		July 1767 First European sighting of the island by Robert Pitcairn, a midshipman on HMS Swallow, and son of Major John Pitcairn of the Royal Marines, British commander at the first skirmishes of the American Revolutionary War.
		They had become on the one hand too European in their ways and, on the other, stricter in morals and sexual behaviour than their hosts.
		Inevitably, the islanders’ language, clothes and ways grew more European with these contacts, but Polynesian customs were not entirely swamped, and the traditional pastimes of kite flying, stilt walking and surf riding still occupied many of their leisure hours.
	library.puc.edu /pitcairn/pitcairn/history.shtml (6379 words)

	The Halls of Academia
		History Net: National Historical Society: comprehensive information on Western History containing eyewitness accounts, interviews, personality profiles, events, exhibits, multimedia resources, a daily quiz and topics such as aviation, technology, battles, military, historic travel, homes, antiques, and "Today in History" as well as the general headings of American, British, and Women's History and major wars
		The Center for American History: At the University of Texas at Austin, a special collections library, archive, and museum that facilitates research and sponsors programs on the historical development of the United States.
		Colonial Williamsburg: History of the 18th century capital of Virginia, life for colonial citizens, slaves, tradesmen, and children, biographies of early political figures (Washington, Jefferson, Henry...), a colonial dateline, and electronic fieldtrips and lesson plans.
	www.tenet.edu /halls/history.html (1123 words)

	European Union
		The European Union (EU) is an supranational organization currently composed of 25 European countries who have decided to cooperate on a number of issues (economic, monetary, security, etc.) and adopt uniform laws.
		The European Parliament is composed of Representatives directly elected by the populations of the Member States.
		The European Court of Justice is the highest legal authority in the EC.
	www.ll.georgetown.edu /intl/guides/EuropeanUnion.cfm (2842 words)

	The U. S. Constitution and Canadian History and Culture
		The U.S. Constitution of 1787 clearly placed the power with "we, the people." By giving the elected legislators primary power, the U.S. Constitution set up a system which risked becoming a tyranny of the people, a system which could permit the domination or abuse of minorities by the majority.
		The compromises before the Civil War attempted to balance "slave states" with "free," to avoid the inevitable tipping of the balance when the mostly Northern "free states" would outvote the mostly Southern "slave states" and attempt to impose laws and beliefs.
		As the U.S. Constitution decrees that states must honour the laws of other states even if they disagree, the second influx of American refugees arrived in Canada via the underground railway.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/canadian_history_culture/76177 (551 words)

	The Bush Administration Should Not Back the European Constitution
		On the question of European aspirations for a common foreign policy, however, the position stated by Rice is problematic.
		They could present her remarks as official confirmation of American support for the EU Constitution and may use them to try to isolate those who are campaigning across Europe for defeat of the Constitution in referenda.
		Europe is a union of nation-states, which are deeply divided by history, language, and culture and which maintain a striking division of outlook regarding major foreign policy issues.
	www.heritage.org /Research/Europe/wm668.cfm (1142 words)

	European Union - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The European Union or the EU is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 European countries, known as member states.
		The European Union was established under that name in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty).
		The most important EU institutions are the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice.
	www.aljazeera.com /me.asp?service_ID=10535 (1513 words)

	God and Christianity in the European Union's constitution
		One reason for the creation of a constitution at this time is that the present union of 15 countries is expected to expand to as many as 25 countries by the end of 2004.
		You can't understand the history of Europe without acknowledging the impact of religion, which has made an enormous contribution to the identity of Europe.
		Pope John Paul II has also lobbied European leaders for "a clear reference to God and the Christian faith to be formulated in the European constitution.
	www.religioustolerance.org /const_eu.htm (1732 words)

	Department of History::People::Faculty::Michael Geyer
		Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories, co-written with Konrad Jarausch, brought together some of these concerns in a reflection on the nature of modern German history and drew attention to new directions in German history and historiography.
		My interest in the history and theory of human rights from early modern Europe to the contemporary world emerges from an enduring interest in war and peace and the constitution of civil society.
		A new general education (Core) course on “Globalization and World History” will introduce the quickly growing field of world history, and the need for an informed introduction into the history and theory of human rights has rather increased than decreased over the past years.
	history.uchicago.edu /faculty/geyer.html (701 words)

	Original Intent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Confronted with the Constitution's silence on divine authority, revisionists repeatedly fall back on the specious argument that since everyone took God's omnipotence for granted in the 18th century, there was no need for the framers to make a special point of mentioning the deity.
		The religious right's attempt to rewrite the history of the nation's founding is not some abstract debate of concern only to constitutional scholars but an integral part of a larger assault on all secular public institutions.
		In a 1998 survey by the National Constitution Center, only about one-third of teenagers knew that the Constitution begins with the words "We the People," so it is hardly surprising that college students at my lectures are often astonished to hear that the Constitution never mentions God.
	www.motherjones.com /news/feature/2005/12/original_intent.html (2382 words)

	ANSI-an Historical Overview
		The history of ANSI and the U.S. voluntary standards system is dynamic.
		In response to the planned unification of the European markets, ANSI launched a cooperative dialogue with its European counterparts.
		At the core of this program was the establishment of an office in Brussels that would provide for more timely information on European standards activities.
	www.ansi.org /about_ansi/introduction/history.aspx?menuid=1 (1742 words)

	European Citizens' Initiative - Home
		The European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) is a democratic movement demanding the legal introduction of the right of initiative.
		Once introduced into European law, ECI will require EU institutions to respond to every new proposal signed by at least one million EU citizens, if it takes into account democratic and human rights values.
		This will enable us to directly influence the political agenda of the European Union for the first time in history.
	www.citizens-initiative.eu (131 words)

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