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Topic: History of the International Phonetic Alphabet

	International Phonetic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is intended as a notational standard for the phonemic and phonetic representation of all spoken languages.
		International Phonetic Alphabet for English explains those IPA symbols used to represent the phonemes of English.
		The principles of the International Phonetic Association, being a description of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the manner of using it, illustrated by texts in 51 languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet (4957 words)

	International Phonetic Alphabet - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The International Phonetic Alphabet is a system of phonetic notation used by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) the human vocal apparatus can produce.
		These teachers based the IPA upon the Romic alphabet of Henry Sweet (1880–1881, 1971), which was formed from the Phonotypic Alphabet of Isaac Pitman and Alexander John Ellis (Kelly 1981).
		The alphabet has undergone a number of revisions during its history, including some major ones codified by the IPA Kiel Convention (1989); the most recent revision was in 1993, updated again in 1996.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/IPA (1440 words)

	Wikipedia: International Phonetic Alphabet
		The International Phonetic Alphabet was originally developed by British and French phoneticians under the auspices of the International Phonetic Association, established in Paris in 1886 (both the organisation and the phonetic script are best known as IPA).
		The alphabet has undergone a number of revisions during its history, including some major ones codified by the IPA Kiel Convention (1989).
		Most letters are taken from the Roman alphabet or derived from it, some are taken from the Greek alphabet, and some are apparently unrelated to any standard alphabet.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/i/in/international_phonetic_alphabet.html (428 words)

	NATO phonetic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This phonetic alphabet differs from the linguistics term phonetic alphabet, which refers to a set of symbols which describe the pronunciation of words.
		The century older International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is often confused with the NATO phonetic alphabet owing to their similar names.
		To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet (2947 words)

	International Phonetic Association - Langmaker
		International Phonetic Association - The IPA is the major as well as the oldest representative organisation for phoneticians.
		The aim of the IPA is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science.
		The 1993 Alphabet derives from the IPA 1989 Kiel Convention.
	www.langmaker.com /db/Rsc_internationalphonetic.htm (93 words)

	International Phonetic Alphabet Encyclopedia Articles @ MasonryAndStone.com (Masonry and Stone) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For instance, a flap and a tap are two different articulations, but since no language has (yet) been found to make a phonemic distinction between them, the IPA does not provide them with dedicated symbols.
		Gentium, a professionally designed international font (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic) in roman and italic typefaces that includes the IPA, but not yet tone letters or the new labiodental flap.
		Charis SIL, a very complete international font (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic) in roman, italic, and bold typefaces that includes tone letters and pre-composed tone diacritics on IPA vowels, the new labiodental flap, and many non-standard phonetic symbols.
	www.masonryandstone.com /encyclopedia/International_Phonetic_Alphabet (3351 words)

	Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		However with international languages wide variations in its dialects such as English it would be impossible to represent language in all its variations with a phonetic alphabet.
		Alphabetic material was at Serabit el-Khadem in Sinai in 1905 and at Ugarit in Syria in 1929.
		The alphabets of Europe including the Roman alphabet and its descendants and the Cyrillic alphabet developed for the eastern Slavic languages are descended from the Greek alphabet.
	www.freeglossary.com /Alphabet (1436 words)

	Phoenician Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Phoenician alphabetic script of 22 letters was used at Byblos as early as the 15th century B.C. This method of writing, later adopted by the Greeks, is the ancestor of the modern Roman alphabet.
		All the European alphabets are descendants of the Phoenician, and all the Asiatic alphabets are descendants of the Aramaic variants of the Phoenician.
		Phoenician alphabet is the ancestor of the Greek alphabet and, hence, of all Western alphabets.
	phoenicia.org /alphabet.html (3261 words)

	Communications History - The Phonetic Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The need for a phonetic alphabet developed with the introduction of the telephone, but these tendered to be made up at random.
		The first official alphabets were used by the Army, generally a variant of the one introduced in the Navy during the first world war.
		The need for an agreed alphabet for air traffic control purposes led to the adoption of an international standard, similar to the present NATO one.
	www.rnca.org.uk /history/alpha2.htm (90 words)

	International Phonetic Alphabet - Gurupedia
		The International Phonetic Alphabet was originally developed by British and French phoneticians under the auspices of the
		When characters from the IPA phonetic alphabet are embedding in another script they are isolated from from the rest of the text with either slashes ("/") or square brackets ("[" and "]").
		Linguists use brackets when a narrow phonetic transcription is given, for example the English word "huge" would be [çjudʒ].
	www.gurupedia.com /i/in/international_phonetic_alphabet.htm (460 words)

	BU Libraries \| Research Guide \| Linguistics
		This is one of the earliest texts on the subject of a phonetic alphabet.
		The essays describe, in addition to the history of the writing, ways in which the sounds of a language are represented in writing.
		This is indeed an introduction to the history of Spanish; however, it is notable for the inclusion of numerous examples.
	www.bu.edu /library/guides/ling.html (3904 words)

	ALPHABET
		It is proposed that the alphabet originated in an intellectual sequence similar to that followed by Alexander Bell and Henry Sweet in constructing their Visible and Organic Alphabets.The originator of the alphabet used the same kind of introspective analysis of his own speech sounds and of the manner in which they were articulated.
		What made the alphabet ultimately successful was the selection of the forms of the characters and the limitation of the number of distinct sounds which the characters represented (omitting all the refinements of vowel and consonantal sounds which modern phonetics has identified).
		As the forms of the alphabet settled down and as any awareness of articulatory origin of the characters was lost, the alignment of the letter was systematised and perhaps in some cases adjusted to increase the distinctiveness of the characters, for example, between Greek lambda and gamma.
	www.percepp.demon.co.uk /alphabet.htm (8536 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Alphabet
		In Israel, it became the "Jewish" alphabet, the direct descendant of which is the modern Hebrew alphabet.
		Traditionally the Greeks held that their alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet, and many scholars agree with this as well.
		Futhark and Ogham are both alphabetic systems used in Northern Europe before being replaced by the Latin alphabet.
	www.ancientscripts.com /alphabet.html (1403 words)

	Armenia-History, Facts, Armenian Alphabet
		The invention of the Armenian alphabet in 405 by St. Mesrop Mashtots seems to be a landmark in the millennial history of the Armenian people that resulted in a powerful cultural bang.
		So he created an alphabet which followed the principle of 'one letter for one sound' and was written from left to right and had capital letters, unlike all other languages of Eastern Anatolia and the Middle East, which were mostly written from right to left and had no capitals.
		The new alphabet stimulated an unprecedented boom in literature, and the V century was later called the 'Golden Age of Armenian Literature'.
	www.visitarm.com /aboutarmenia.html (2107 words)

	Phoenetic Alphabet
		A phonetic alphabet is a list of words used to identify letters in a message transmitted by radio or telephone.
		Both the meanings of the flags (the letter which they represent) and their names (which make up the phonetic alphabet) were selected by international agreement.
		The current phonetic alphabet was adopted in 1957.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq101-1.htm (280 words)

	international language on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE [international language] sometimes called universal language, a language intended to be used by people of different linguistic backgrounds to facilitate communication among them and to reduce the misunderstandings and antagonisms caused by language differences.
		An international language is usually intended not to supplant existing mother tongues but to play a secondary or auxiliary role as it furthers international communication.
		Still another artificial language, known as Interlingua, was created in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/i1/intllang.asp (993 words)

	Amazon.com: Handbook of the International Phonetic Association : A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Handbook is in three parts: Part I contains an introduction to phonetic description and exemplification of the use of phonetic symbols; Part II consists of twenty-nine "Illustrations" of the application of the International Phonetic Alphabet to a range of languages; and Part III covers speech pathology, computer codings, and the history of the IPA.
		Provides a comprehensive guide to the International Phonetic Alphabet, whose aim is to provide a universally agreed system of notation for the sounds of languages, and which has been widely used for over a century.
		This is not a textbook of phonetics, one is expected to already know something of the subject, and definitions of phonetic terminology are given only to clarify certain aspects of the alphabet.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521637511?v=glance (1907 words)

	Phonetics and Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		These were part of an early phonetic alphabet which predated the IPA.
		Phonetics and Phonology are each enormous fields in their own right and we can only begin to look at some of the issues that phoneticians and phonologists study in a single semester course.
		The International Phonetic Association: Vowel charts and history of the entire International Phonetic Alphabet.
	www3.baylor.edu /~Jeannette_Denton/PhonSpSyll.htm (1759 words)

	Benjamin Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet
		The alphabet was published in 1779 in Franklin's Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces.
		His new phonetic alphabet consisted all the lowercase letters of the Latin alphabet, minus c, j, q, w, x, and y, which he thought redundant, plus six new letters for sounds which he thought lacked unambiguous orthographic representation.
		Consonant combinations are used to represent such sounds as the ch in chew and the j in jaw.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/franklin.htm (225 words)

	yourDictionary.com • Library: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
		The International Phonetic Alphabet was created by the International Phonetic Association (also IPA), formed by a group of English and French linguists way back in 1886.
		The alphabet has gone through several revisions: while the bulk of it is based on the 1989 Kiel Convention, some changes were made as late as 1996.
		As language enthusiasts and polyglots become aware of the usefulness of the International Phonetic Alphabet, there will be more people using a precise means of transcribing the sounds of the world's languages.
	www.yourdictionary.com /library/ipa.html (2051 words)

	phonetic alphabet expands - Linguistics - tribe.net
		For the first time in 12 years, the International Phonetic Association is amending its official alphabet.
		The venerable phonetic alphabet was established in 1886, and now, after slow increments of change, includes 28 symbols for vowels, 86 for consonants and 75 other marks for tone, stress, aspiration and other phonetic details.
		SIL International is a Christian organization based in Dallas that studies, documents and helps in developing lesser-known languages.
	linguistica.tribe.net /thread/3ac1e3bf-4ed9-41f7-ab72-ce7c4cf4367b (626 words)

	IPA transcription systems for English
		If you cannot see the phonetic symbols in the text, go to the SAMPA version, where they are replaced by ASCII equivalents.
		The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is widely used for the transcription of English and many other languages.
		They feel that since phonetics is a science there should be just one pronunciation scheme for a word.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/wells/ipa-english-uni.htm (2062 words)

	Wikinfo \| NATO phonetic alphabet
		The NATO phonetic alphabet was developed in the 1950s by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to be intelligible (and pronounceable) to all pilots and operators of civil aircraft.
		It replaced other phonetic alphabets, for example the US military Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet ("able baker") and several versions of RAF phonetic alphabets.
		It is sometimes inappropriately referred to as International Phonetic Alphabet, which is actually the official name of an alphabet used in linguistics created in the late nineteeth century.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=NATO_phonetic_alphabet (544 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This book is a comprehensive guide to the International Phonetic Alphabet, whose aim is to provide a universally agreed system of notation for the sounds of languages, and which has been widely used for over a century.
		The application of the Alphabet is then demonstrated in nearly 30 'Illustrations' - concise analyses of the sound systems of a range of languages, each of them accompanied by a phonetic transcription of a passage of speech.
		The 'Handbook of the International Phonetic Association' aims to bring together a range of information on the International Phonetic Association: a long standing association whose aims include the establishment and maintenance of a phonetic alphabet for the orthographic recording and description of spoken language.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0521637511 (1107 words)

	HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE DAILY ASSIGNMENT SHEET
		Students will learn the International Phonetic Alphabet as modified by Thomas Pyles and will be able to outline in IPA symbols the major sound changes that the language has undergone.
		The history and culture of the Anglo-Saxons, pronunciation, declensions.
		HEL Also known as Hell (History of the English Language Links), this is probably a good place to start for any search for on-line data bases.
	www.southernct.edu /~florey/eng510.html (888 words)

	Arabic words and the Roman alphabet
		The Roman alphabet, of course, is used by a number of European languages, so phonetic representations of Arabic words vary according to the mother tongue of the writer.
		Truly phonetic spelling follows the International Phonetic Alphabet which is used academically by linguists.
		Only eight Arabic letters have a clear equivalent in the Roman alphabet: B, F, K, L, M, N, R, and Z. Arabic has two distinct consonants that approximate to the sound of S. The same applies to D, H and T. There are two glottal sounds that do not obviously correspond to any Roman letter.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/language/roman1.htm (1859 words)

	Rane Professional Audio Reference (I)
		IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) A phonetic alphabet and diacritic modifiers sponsored by the International Phonetic Association to provide a uniform and universally understood system for transcribing the speech sounds of all languages.
		IRMA (International Recording Media Association) An advocacy group for the growth and development of all recording media and is the industry forum for the exchange of information regarding global trends and innovations.
		ISO (International Standards Organization or International Organization for Standardization) Founded in 1947 and consisting of members from over 90 countries, the ISO promotes the development of international standards and related activities to facilitate the exchange of goods and services worldwide.
	www.rane.com /par-i.html (3432 words)

	Aberdeen Language & Linguistics: Phonetics
		Based at the University of Edinburgh, this project seeks to 'develop and explore methods for measuring the degree of phonetic similarity between accents of English; English and other Germanic languages and varieties; Germanic and Romance languages; and varieties of the two main indigenous language families spoken in the Andes, Quechua and Aymara.
		The English and Spanish Phonetics libraries have the following features for the sounds of Spanish and American English: animated articulatory diagram of each consonant and vowel; step-by-step description of how the sound is produced; video and audio of the sound spoken in context; interactive diagram of the articulatory anatomy.
		An interesting history of early mechanical speech synthesis, by Hartmut Traunmüller of the University of Stockholm.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /langling/resources/phonetics.html (1219 words)

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