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Topic: History of the Jews in Muslim Lands

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	The Treatment of Jews in Arab/Islamic Countries
		When the Jews of Medina refused to convert and rejected Muhammad, two of the major Jewish tribes were expelled; in 627, Muhammad's followers killed between 600 and 900 of the men, and divided the surviving Jewish women and children amongst themselves.
		Jews were generally viewed with contempt by their Muslim neighbors; peaceful coexistence between the two groups involved the subordination and degradation of the Jews.
		When Jews were perceived as having achieved too comfortable a position in Islamic society, anti-Semitism would surface, often with devastating results: On December 30, 1066, Joseph HaNagid, the Jewish vizier of Granada, Spain, was crucified by an Arab mob that proceeded to raze the Jewish quarter of the city and slaughter its 5,000 inhabitants.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/anti-semitism/Jews_in_Arab_lands_(gen).html (1338 words)

	Jews_ Islam
		When the Jews of Medina refused to convert and rejected Muhammad, two of the major Jewish tribes were expelled; in 627, Muhammad's followers killed between 600 and 900 of the men, and divided the surviving Jewish women and children amongst themselves.
		Jews were generally viewed with contempt by their Muslim neighbors; peaceful coexistence between the two groups involved the subordination and degradation of the Jews.
		When Jews were perceived as having achieved too comfortable a position in Islamic society, antiSemitism would surface, often with devastating results: On December 30, 1066, Joseph HaNagid, the Jewish vizier of Granada, Spain, was crucified by an Arab mob that proceeded to raze the Jewish quarter of the city and slaughter its 5,000 inhabitants.
	www.geocities.com /muslimfreethinkers/jews_islam.htm (1351 words)

	History of the Jews in Muslim lands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As dhimmi, Jews were typically subjected to several restrictions, the application and severity of which varied by time and place: prohibitions against proselytizing and marrying Muslim women, and limited access to the legal systems.
		By the late 1940s, conditions of the Jews in many Muslim countries were rapidly worsening through a combination of growing Arab nationalism due to European occupation; Nazi influence in the axis controlled parts of North Africa; and the conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine.
		In 1948 the Jewish population was an estimated 105,000.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Muslim_lands (2321 words)

	Jews, Jewish, The Jewish People - The Peace Encyclopedia
		Jew: this is a term derived from a geo-political designation; Jews are identified with the country of Judea and its nation; this indicates ethnic and national identity rather than just belief or practice.
		A sample of Jews subdivided according to the birth-place of their parents or grand-parents have been examined for a large number of genetic markers in the course of a long-term project on the genetics of Jews.
		The Jew saw them all beat them all, and is now what he always was, exhibiting no decadence, no infirmities of age, no weakening of parts, no slowing of his energies, no dulling of his alert and aggressive mind.
	peace.heebz.com /jews.html (4562 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Mizrahi Jews
		One argument against the term "Arab Jews" is that some of the communities referred to originated as early as the Babylonian captivity (6th century BCE), thus antedating the Arab Muslim conquest by a millennium.
		Arab Jews or Jewish Arab are false terms and false notions, according to Professor Jacob Taieb of the Sorbonne University, France, an expert on Maghrebi Jews born in Tunisia.
		The vast majority of Kurdish Jews, who were primarily concentrated in northern Iraq, left Kurdistan in the mass aliyah (immigration to Israel) of 1950-51, which brought almost all Kurdish Jews to Israel, ending thousands of years of Jewish history in Assyria and Babylonia.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Arab_Jews (2367 words)

	MidEast Web - Brief History of of Palestine, Israel the Israel-Palestine Conflict (Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, ...
		The land variously called Israel and Palestine is a small, (10,000 square miles at present) land at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.
		The present state of Israel occupies all the land from the Jordan river to the Mediterranean ocean, bounded by Egypt in the south, Lebanon in the north, and Jordan in the East.
		Jews had a special motivation for fighting the Nazis because of Nazi persecution of Jews and growing suspicions that the Nazis were systematically exterminating the Jews of Europe.
	www.mideastweb.org /briefhistory.htm (16936 words)

	Muslim Anti-Semitism: A Clear and Present Danger
		Jews could not, for example, bear arms; they could not ride horses; they were required to wear distinctive clothing (the yellow badge had its origins in Baghdad, not in medieval Europe); and they were forbidden to build new places of worship.22.
		Furthermore, malevolent, conspiratorial Jews are to blame for the sectarian strife in early Islam, for heresies and deviations that undermined or endangered the unity of the umma (the Muslim nation).35
		Jews were indeed "the enemy of the entire human race," congenitally "racist" and condescending in their attitude to other peoples, and ruthlessly bent upon global domination.
	www.hmwatch.org /MuslimAnti.html (12679 words)

	A Look at History Encourages Growing Efforts Toward Muslim-Jewish Understanding
		Maria Rosa Menocal of Yale University explores the history of Jews under Muslim rule in Spain: “Throughout most of the invigorated peninsula, Arabic was adopted as the ultimate in classiness and distinction by the communities of the other two faiths.
		Many of the Spanish Jews were so attached to their home that they became Christians, though some continued to practice their faith in secret…Some l50,000 Jews refused baptism, however, and were forcibly deported from Spain; they took refuge in Turkey, the Balkans and North Africa.
		The Muslims of Spain had given Jews the best home they ever had in the diaspora, so the annihilation of Spanish Jewry was mourned by Jews throughout the world as the greatest disaster to have befallen their people since the destruction of the Temple in CE 70.”
	www.wrmea.com /archives/April_2006/0604057.html (1118 words)

	Jews in Muslim lands
		Jews not only are tiny minorities in the Muslim world, but to some of their surrounding public, they represent the perceived twin threats of Israel and America.
		In anticipation of the war, the JDC has been working with Jewish communities in Muslim countries, along with their governments and non-governmental organizations.
		The Jews of Iraq are considered the most vulnerable community in the Muslim world, due to their tiny number and the war that surrounds them.
	www.jewishaz.com /jewishnews/030328/jews.shtml (298 words)

	Islam and Judaism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Muslims commonly refer to Jews (and Christians) as fellow "People of the Book": people who follow the same general teachings in relation to the worship of the one God worshipped by Abraham.
		There was general improvement in the conditions of Jews as Islamic law commands that Jews should be judged by Jewish laws, and that synagogues are to be protected.
		For the majority Muslim citizens of Israel are descendants of the 150,000 Palestinian Arabs who remained within what became Israel after the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Islam_and_Judaism (1912 words)

	Jews in the Arab world
		The history of Jewish communities in the Arab world is not widely known and tends to be denied or played down by Arabs, often for political reasons.
		Jew: There is no scientific definition: a Jew is whoever wishes to be a Jew and calls himself a Jew.
		Examines "the enriching and problematic relationship" between Muslims and Jews and suggests that there is a historical precedent that Jews, Muslims, and others can live together.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/background/jews.htm (857 words)

	Untitled Document
		Abraham, the earliest of the Hebrew patriarchs, is believed by Muslims to have been born in a cave in today's Urfa and almost certainly lived in Harran in the 18th century BC.
		The synagogue of Sardis, about fifty miles inland from Izmir, was once one of the largest in history, built first in 220 B.C. and rebuilt in the 3rd century A.D. The enormous hall was part of the municipal bath-gymnasium complex, lavishly decorated inside with mosaic floors and marbled walls.
		In the 12th century, during the time of the 3rd Crusade the brilliant Ayyubite Muslim leader Saladin had the famous Spanish philosopher and writer Maimonides, a Jew, as his personal physician, a man responsible for transmitting early books on astronomy to the west which were considered revolutionary a thousand years after being written in Harran.
	www.anatolia.com /anatolia/History/judaism.asp (1362 words)

	Jewish History Sourcebook: The Expulsion from Spain, 1492 CE
		The Expulsion from Spain, 1492 CE In the spring of 1492, shortly after the Moors were driven out of Granada, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expelled all the Jews from their lands and thus, by a stroke of the pen, put an end to the largest and most distinguished Jewish settlement in Europe.
		Lindo, E. The History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, pp.
		Marx, A., "The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain," JQR, 0.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/jewish/1492-jews-spain1.html (1669 words)

	Jews
		In Tunisia between 1881-1967, antisemitism, French colonialism, Arab nationalism and the creation of Tunisia as a Muslim Arab state converged to to create not only a shift of Jewish identity and Jewish condition, but also to bring about a mass exodus of the Jews from the country, and their resettlement in France and Israel.
		And their identity was a religious communal identity with a strong sense of belonging to a community, bound together by by their Jewish faith, culture, history, traditions, and a sense of continuity with the Jewish past.
		The Jews in Tunisia were able to maintain and reproduce their autonomous administrative, cultural and religious institutions, preserving intact their religious and communal identity.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~shaked/Tunisia/Jews.html (2817 words)

	: ASP : EXPLORE : HISTORY : MUSLIMS JEWS HISTORICAL RELATION - Islamherald.com
		Siddiqi notes that the Jews welcomed the Prophet when he arrived in Madinah at the time of Hijrah (migration), along with the rest of the city's inhabitants.
		Under this constitution, any Jew who followed the Muslims was entitled to their assistance and the same rights as anyone of them without any injustice or partisanship.
		While Europe was in its Dark Ages and Jews were reviled there, Muslims in Spain during the same period worked side by side with Jews in developing literature, science and art.
	www.islamherald.com /asp/explore/history/muslims_jews_historical_relation.asp (994 words)

	Jewish Folklore in Israel-Ben Zvi
		The purpose of this long-term project is to collect all the sources pertinent to the history of the Jews in Muslim lands, and to edit and publish them in volumes arranged by region and period.
		Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the Caribbean: The project seeks to document the presence of Jewish emigrants from Spain and Portugal in the Caribbean.
		This project entails the preparation of volumes of sources on the history of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire from the beginnings of that empire until the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
	www.folklore.org.il /benzvi.htm (652 words)

	Jewish History Sourcebook: Islam and the Jews: The Status of Jews and Christians in Muslim Lands, 1772 CE
		Islam and the Jews: The Status of Jews and Christians in Muslim Lands, 1772 CE In 1772 a Muslim scholar in Cairo was asked how Jews and Christians should be treated.
		It is wrong to greet them even with a simple 'how-do-you-do'; to serve them, even for wages, at the baths or in what relates to their riding animals; and it is forbidden to accept anything from their hand, for that would be an act of debasement by the faithful.
		If one of their slaves who was formerly an infidel, becomes a Muslim, he shall be removed from them, and his master, willingly or unwillingly, shall be compelled to sell him and to accept the price for him.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/jewish/1772-jewsinislam.html (1785 words)

	The History of the Jews Under Islamic Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first part aims to give a general overview of the condition and status of Jews living under Islamic rule from the seventh century to the present, while the second part focuses on the question of Jews immigrating to and living in Palestine while it was under Muslim rule.
		The purpose of this second section is to show that historically Muslim rulers and the Muslim people of Palestine did not have a problem with Jews living there.
		I purchased a copy as a text for a college course in Jewish history that I took in fall 1992 at The Johns Hopkins University.
	www.muhajabah.com /jewsofislam.htm (483 words)

	Jewish Refugees - The Forgotten Refugees Collection - Testimonials of Jews from Muslim Lands
		Many Muslim governments profitted from their departure, obtaining in many cases large swaths of land and big businesses.
		Each country from which they came had events that led the Jews to believe they were in danger, leading to the mass exodus.
		Their memories will not be forgotten and the future generations will have a reliable means to learn the extensive history of Jews in the Middle East.
	www.forgottenrefugees.org /index.php (247 words)

	Amazon.com: Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience: Books: Jane S. Gerber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		She examines the tensions between impoverished Ashkenazim (Jews of middle and northern Europe) and aristocratic Sephardim throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.
		The history of these post-1492 exiles is as fascinating as their history prior to that date.
		The Jews of Spain form a goodly portion of modern Israel's population, and since the accession of King Juan Carlos, Sephardim have returned to Spain in increasing numbers, revivifying their ancient traditions: "It is enough that I am named Abrabanel."
	www.amazon.com /Jews-Spain-History-Sephardic-Experience/dp/0029115744 (1964 words)

	Yale History Faculty : Ivan Marcus
		He has offered courses on the history of Jews in Muslim Lands, Jewish-Christian relations, and the Jews in medieval and early modern Europe and the Muslim Mediterranean.
		His specializations include the history of Jewish-Christian representations of each other, and the history of childhood and other life cycle rites of passage.
		Before joining the Yale faculty in the fall of 1994, he was Professor of Jewish History at The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, where he was Provost from 1991 to 1994.
	www.yale.edu /history/faculty/marcus.html (419 words)

	Tel Aviv University Webflash - February 1998
		Emeritus of the Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies and incumbent of the Joseph and Ceil Mazer Chair in the History of the Jews in Muslim Lands, will be awarded the Israel Prize for Research in the Humanities in the category of the land of Israel and its people during the early Moslem Period.
		The Prize is being awarded to him for his monumental work in the study of 846 documents and letters of the Geniza in Cairo and for his contribution to research of the history of the Jews of Babylon, Persia and Italy and their place in the economy of the early middle ages.
		Hana Naveh, Chairperson of the Women Studies Forum at TAU, delivered a lecture on the poetry of the renowned Israeli poet Dalia Rabikowitz, whose poetry was read by the actress Liora Rivlin accompanied by an original music performance.
	www.tau.ac.il /webflash/wf-9802.html (1045 words)

	Courses - Frances Malino, Wellesley History Department
		HIST 219 The Jews of Spain and the Lands of Islam
		The history of the Jews in Muslim lands from the 7th to the 20th century.
		Topics include Muhammed’s relations with the Jews of Medina, poets, princes and philosophers in Abbasid Iraq and Muslim Spain, scientists, scholars and translators in Christian Spain, the Inquisition and emergence of a Sephardic diaspora.
	www.wellesley.edu /History/FMalino/courses.html (454 words)

	Sephardic Genealogy and Sephardim, Websites, Newslists, Archives, Ladino
		Jews Of Cape Verde and of The Azores
		Jews Of Cape Verde and on the Guinea Coast by Richard Loban
		Jews and Christians in Muslim lands, 1772 CE
	www.orthohelp.com /geneal/sefpage2.htm (778 words)

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