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Topic: History of the Jews in Poland

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	Encyclopedia: History of the Jews in Poland
		Over 90% of the Jews in Poland were killed by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust, though, with a few tragic exceptions, such as the Jedwabne pogrom, Poles did not cooperate in the destruction of the Jewish community, and many protected their Jewish neighbors.
		Jews enjoyed undisturbed peace and prosperity in the many principalities into which the country was then divided, they formed the middle class in a country where the general population consisted of landlords (developing into szlachta, the unique Polish nobility) and peasants, and they were instrumental in promoting the commercial interests of the land.
		Moreover, the horrors of the war were aggravated by pestilence, and the Jews and townsfolk of the districts of Kalisz, Cracow, Poznan, Piotrkow, and Lublin perished en masse by the sword of the besieging armies and the plague.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-the-Jews-in-Poland (4099 words)

	History of the Jews in Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although, in 1388, rights were extended to Lithuanian Jews as well, it was under the rule of Wladislaus II and those of his successors that the first extensive persecutions of the Jews in Poland commenced, and the king did not act to stop these events.
		Moreover, the horrors of the war were aggravated by pestilence, and the Jews and townsfolk of the districts of Kalisz, Kraków, Poznań, Piotrków, and Lublin perished en masse by the sword of the besieging armies and the plague.
		Estimating the population increase and the emigration from Poland between 1931 and 1939, there were probably 3,474,000 Jews in Poland as of September 1, 1939 (approximately 10% of the total population).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jews_in_Poland (7616 words)

	History of Eastern European Jews
		The Expulsion of Jews from Spain, 1492 CE
		The History of Turkish Jews By Naim Guleryuz
		History of the Jews in Poland by Ph.
	www.geocities.com /turkel.geo/History.htm (1797 words)

	History of Poland (1385–1569) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Poland's unlikely partnership with the adjoining Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Europe's last heathen state, provided an immediate remedy to the political and military dilemma caused by the end of the Piast Dynasty.
		Putting aside their previous hostility, Poland and Lithuania saw that they shared common enemies, most notably the Teutonic Knights; this situation was the direct incentive for the Union of Krewo in 1385.
		Poland and Lithuania would maintain joint statehood for more than 400 years, and over the first three centuries of that span the "Commonwealth of Two Nations" ranked as one of the leading powers of the continent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jagiellon_Poland (1746 words)

	History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Poland's written history begins with the reign of Mieszko I, who accepted Christianity for himself and his kingdom in AD 966.
		Poland revolted from the empire, and the Polish Church began a reform in accordance with Gregory's decrees.
		By the leading nobles Boleslaw was thoroughly hated as a despot; the masses of the people murmured under the burden of incessant wars; the clergy opposed the energetic reformation of the Church, which the king was carrying on, their opposition being particularly directed against Gregory's decree enforcing the celibacy of the clergy.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/poland.html (2744 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: History of the Jews
		It manifested itself in 1171 when the Jews of Blois were burned on the charge of having used Christian blood in their Passover, and it allowed Philip Augustus in the year of his accession (1180) to decree the confiscation of all the unmovable goods of his Jewish subjects and their banishment from his domains.
		They oppress the Jews by starvation, imprisonment, and by tortures and sufferings; they afflict them with all kinds of punishments, and sometimes even condemn them to death, so the Jews, although living under Christian princes, are in a worse plight than were their ancestors in the land of the Pharaohs.
		The report that the Jews had caused the scourge by poisoning the wells used by Christians, spread rapidly and was believed in most towns of Central Europe, despite the Bulls issued by Clement VI in July and September, 1348, declaring their falsity.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08386a.htm (12633 words)

	History of Poland
		Poland's September 2001 parliamentary elections saw the center-left SLD triumph and form a coalition with the Polish Peasant Party (PSL) and leftist Union of Labor (UP), with Leszek Miller (SLD) as Prime Minister, Cimoszewicz as Foreign Minister, and Oleksy as Sejm Marshall (Speaker of Parliament).
		Poland is an ancient nation that was conceived near the middle of the 10th century.
		Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II.
	infotut.com /geography/Poland (2188 words)

	History of the Jews in Poland
		Jews from Bohemia and Germany settled primarily in Silesia.
		Similar privileges were granted to the Silesian Jews by the local princes, Prince Henry Probus of Wroclaw in 1273-90, Henry of Glogow in 1274 and 1299, Henry of Legnica in 1290 - 95 and Bolko of Legnica and Wroclaw in 1295.
		The legal position of the Jews was still regulated by royal and princely privileges and Sejm statutes, with the difference that in 1539 Polish Jews from private towns and villages became subordinated to the judiciary and administration of the owners.
	members.core.com /~mikerose/history.html (6801 words)

	LNT Poland - Jews in Poland
		Jews were in the vanguard of modern banking, industry (including the sugar refining, textile, paper, and mechanical), commerce, export-import trade, and transportation (the construction of railway lines and river traffic on the Vistula).
		Jews were represented in the November Insurrection (1830 - 1831), the January Insurrection (1863), as well as in the revolutionary movement of 1905.
		The interests of Jews in Poland were represented by politicians and leaders with seats in the Sejm or the Senate, as well as in municipal councils and in Jewish religious communities.
	www.cyberroad.com /poland/jews.html (1047 words)

	Polin
		Mainly during the 1930s, the Polish government was interested and actively involved in the Palestine issue and encouraged emigration as part of its "emigrationist policy" with regard to the Jewish population.
		The efforts of the Jewish parties to cultivate Jewish national and political awareness, both within and outside the framework of their parliamentary activity, produced patterns that left their imprint on the history of the Jews in general and Polish Jewry in particular.
		The CYSZO suffered from a permanent budgetary deficit owing to the meager subsidy it received from the Polish authorities, who ignored the international commitments made at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, at which the "Minorities Treaty" was signed.
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/ggcenter/polin.html (1724 words)

	Judaica: the History of Jewish Poland
		Although the subject is hardly remarked upon in histories of Poland, during its hayday in the 16th through the 18th Centuries, the arenda system likely played a large role in the development of relations between the Jewish and the Polish or Ukrainian communities.
		detailing Jewish history, the expulsion of Jew from England, Spain, Portugal, and Germany, their migration to Poland/Lithuania which "become the new cultural center of Jewish life in Europe" and their life and ordeals when the Polish territories inhabited by them became part of the Russian Empire..
		A brief introduction regarding the history of Jews in Poland is followed by two proposed routes of nine and 10 days duration, respectively.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/history/judaica/link.shtml (706 words)

	Machers: Jewish: History - Jewish Biographies, Holocaust Study, History of Jews in Europe, Asia and America. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beyond the Pale: The History of Jews in Russia An in-depth, illustrated history of Jews in Russia.
		Center for Jewish History Located in New York City, the Center serves as a central repository for the cultural and historical legacy of the Jewish people, and is the largest repository documenting the Jewish experience outside of Israel.
		Temple Mount In Jerusalem History and paintings from the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
	www.machers.com /Default.aspx?tabid=42 (920 words)

	P.O.V. - Hiding and Seeking . Resources . Poland and the Jews \| PBS
		This chapter from a larger online history course developed by Rabbi Ken Spiro looks at the history of the Jews of Poland, starting in 1264 when King Boleslav granted a charter inviting the Jews to Poland.
		Also on the site of the Holocaust Memorial Museum, see "Polish Victims" and "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era" for background on the German campaign against the sovereignty of the majority Roman-Catholic country.
		This very comprehensive entry gives a detailed history of Jews in Poland from 966 AD through the present.
	www.pbs.org /pov/pov2005/hidingandseeking/resources_02.html (241 words)

	PolishRoots - History
		History of the Jews in Poland (1800 - 1939)
		History of the Jews in Poland (1939 - 1945)
		The pictures are interesting because they show places as they appeared in inter-war Poland.
	www.polishroots.com /history.htm (339 words)

	The truth about Poland (2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		(political system, population and culture in medieval Poland)
		(the first Premier of Poland after the World War I) (reflections on November 11)
		MASSACRE OF POLISH OFFICERS AT KATYN FOREST IN 1940
	www.citinet.net /ak/PolandHistory.html (100 words)

	Find in a Library: Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939
		Find in a Library: Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939
		Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/c2fc30266ada2126.html (68 words)

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