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Topic: History of the Kurds

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	Kurds. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Despite their lack of political unity throughout history, the Kurds, as individuals and in small groups, have had a lasting impact on developments in SW Asia.
		Revolts by the Kurds of Turkey in 1925 and 1930 were forcibly quelled.
		Iraqi attacks on the Kurds continued throughout the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88), culminating (1988) in poison gas attacks on Kurdish villages to quash resistance and in the rounding up and execution of male Kurds, all of which resulted in the killing of some 200,000 in that year alone.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ku/Kurds.html (1224 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - History of the Kurds
		In their own histories, they are proud to mention the Hurrian period in the mid third millennium BC as the earliest documented period.
		At the dawn of history the mountains overhanging Assyria were held by a people named Gutii, a title which signified "a warrior", and which was rendered in Assyrian by the synonym of Gardu or Kardu, the precise term quoted by Strabo to explain the name of the Cardaces.
		But the Kurds, owing to the remoteness of their country from the capital and the decline of Turkey, had greatly increased in influence and power, and had spread westwards over the country as far as Angora.
	www.fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/History_of_the_Kurds (982 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of the Kurds
		The Kurds are an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting the mountainous areas of the northern Middle East (Zagros and Taurus mountain ranges), a geographical area collectively referred to as Kurdistan.
		Kurds are also found in southwestern Armenia and an enclave in Azerbaijan (Kalbajar and Lachin, to the west of Nagorno Karabakh).
		History of the Kurds The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-the-Kurds (1055 words)

	History: Kurds - A People Without a State
		History of the Kurds The Kurds are a Sunni Muslim people living primarily in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
		On one hand, the Kurds have been struggling to gain their independence for a number of years, and even though they have been locked in a ten year guerrilla war with the Turks, have come too far to stop fighting and accept the harsh treatment they have received from the Turks and Iraqis.
		The Kurds have no choice but to continue fighting until either they or the Turks and Iraqis are defeated, as both groups are unwilling to allow them to remain in their countries.
	www.cyberessays.com /History/65.htm (0 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for History of the Kurds
		Early History Migrations have occurred throughout history and have played an important part in the peopling of all the areas of the earth.
		Kurds, with history of shifting alliances, now say America is their friend
		Liberation for Kurds has been a blessing; Saddam is on trial and Iraq has just held its first free elections for a generation but opposition to the war continues to grow - but not from everybody.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=History+of+the+Kurds (0 words)

	KURD_IT_GROUP
		The beginning of the Kurdish people and their history is one that is difficult to define but much research provides us with details that the Kurds are descendants of the Median Empire.
		The Kurds take part in ruling the dynasty, and due to their ancient warlike traditions, are able to provide significant military assistance against the Greeks and Romans.
		After some limited autonomy is gained by the Kurds in Iraq, the PDK begins to attack Iraqi forces to take control of the Kurdish province of Kirkuk.The United States abandons the project, and the Kurdish revolts are suppressed by Iraq.
	groups.msn.com /KURDITGROUP/historyofthekurdsthetimeline.msnw (1184 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Terrorism Report
		Kurds, no longer free to roam, were forced to abandon their seasonal migrations and traditional ways.
		During the early 20th century, Kurds began to consider the concept of nationalism, a notion introduced by the British amid the division of traditional Kurdistan among neighboring countries.
		The Kurds received especially harsh treatment at the hands of the Turkish government, which tried to deprive them of Kurdish identity by designating them "Mountain Turks," outlawing their language and forbidding them to wear traditional Kurdish costumes in the cities.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/daily/feb99/kurdprofile.htm (920 words)

	Kurdistan Observer
		The Kurds have focused on ‘history’ as a justification framework for their right to self-determination; however the ways in which history has been deployed is not helpful to their claim.
		The purpose of this article is to introduce the ‘history’ as a domain of knowledge from a non-linear—descriptive standpoint by addressing internal relational analysis between the emerging Kurdish inteligencia, the activist and party politics.
		It is a culture that deprives the Kurdish society from the fruits of an intellectual labor that is fundamental to the foundations and the advancement the Kurdish society.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /kurdistanobserve/18-9-04-opinion-hasan-history-as-justification.html (2403 words)

	History of the Kurds - ArticleWorld
		Kurds are a distinct, ethnic group, with a population estimated at 20 millions living in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Armenia.
		In the Kurds history, the 5000 years old Hurrian period is mentioned, which is the earliest documented period.
		The death and destruction unified the Kurds to revolt.
	www.articleworld.org /History_of_the_Kurds (533 words)

	About the Kurds
		The "Aryanization" of the aboriginal Palaeo- Caucasian Kurds, linguistically, culturally and racially, seems to have begun by the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, with the continuous immigration and settlement of Indio-European-speaking tribes, such as the Hittites, Mitannis, Haigs, Medes, Persian, Scythians and Alans.
		Kurds are speakers of Kurdish, a member of the northwestern subdivision of the Iranic branch of the Indo-Europian family of languages, which is akin to Persian, and by extension to other Europian languages.
		Kurds and their history are the end products of thousands of years of continuous internal evolution and assimilation of new peoples and ideas introduced sporadically into their land.
	www.selenasol.com /selena/struggle/kurds.html (3489 words)

	Article-A Modern History of the Kurds- Third Edition
		The Kurds are a people without a country, yet their fate affects that of many nations.
		The tragic history of the Kurds, with regards to their internecine politics vis-a-vis the various tribes, and more importantly their use as a pawn by larger states in the harsh realpolitik of the region has been captured in this extraordinary book.
		Also presented is the similarly clear pattern by the states, which currently have Kurdish populations, to disenfranchise the Kurds and marginalize their political aspirations.This history covers the fallout from the Coalition war against Iraq (Operation DESERT STORM).
	www.minihttpserver.net /z_book/A_a_modern_history_of_-1850434166.htm (0 words)

	Iraq Kurds - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, ...
		Kurds represent by far the largest non-Arab ethnic minority, accounting in 1987 for about 19 percent of the population, or around 3.1 million.
		Ranging across northern Iraq, the Kurds are part of the larger Kurdish population (probably numbering close to 16 million) that inhabits the wide arc from eastern Turkey and the northwestern part of Syria through Soviet Azarbaijan and Iraq to the northwest of the Zagros Mountains in Iran.
		In the past it was correct to distinguish the various communities of Kurds according to their tribal affiliation, and to a large extent this was still true in the 1980s; tribes like the Herkki, the Sorchi, and Zibari have maintained a powerful cohesion.
	www.photius.com /countries/iraq/society/iraq_society_kurds.html (962 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Kurds (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Kurds are an ethnic group comprising (according to some sources) about 25 million people, primarily in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria.
		For over a century, many Kurds have been campaigning for the right to their own state, which they would call Kurdistan -- by some accounts the Kurds are the largest ethnic group without their own state.
		However, despite promises of the creation of such a state made in the early 20th century, all the region's governments are opposed to it.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ku/Kurds (471 words)

	KURDS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Kurds are people of Indo-European origin who live mainly in the mountains and uplands where Turkey, Iraq, and Iran meet, in an area known as "Kurdistan" for hundreds of years.
		In Turkey almost 10 million Kurds are forbidden to use their own language or to describe themselves as Kurds, on pain of imprisonment Kurds are officially known as "Mountain Turks".
		The successes of the Iraqi Kurds in the field of language and education have, however, enabled them to create an impressive literature and a fully adequate written language, and have produced a generation of Kurds whose primary and secondary education have been in Kurdish.
	www.cool.mb.ca /~kakel/kurds.html (742 words)

	AllRefer.com - Syria - Kurds \| Syrian Information Resource
		Most Kurds are farmers; some are city dwellers; and others are nomads who drive their flocks far into the mountains in the summer and graze them on the lowlands in the winter.
		Kurds who have left the more isolated villages and entered Arab society have generally adopted the dress and customs of the community in which they live.
		Kurds who have entered the country in the present generation usually retain much of the language, dress, and customs of their native highlands.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/syria/syria33.html (631 words)

	Kurds (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kurds speak Kurdish, a language of the western Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages.
		Kurds who live in Kurdistan often live in rural districts; a few keep up a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style.
		With the absence of a central government, many Kurd’s considered their clan leaders to be their highest source of authority (1).
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/middle_east/kurds.html (436 words)

	Untitled Document
		Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak a north-western Iranian language related to Persian.With regard to the origin of the Kurds, it was formerly considered sufficient to describe them as the descendants of the Carduchi, who opposed the retreat of the Ten Thousand through the mountains in the 4th century BC.
		It should be mentioned that the Kurds are an Indo-European people, whereas the above groups are thought to have been non Indo-Europeans, apart from the original Mitanni leadership.
		After the war the Kurds attempted to free themselves from Turkish control, and in 1834, after the Bedirkhan clan uprising, it became necessary to reduce them to subjection.
	www.rozanehmagazine.com /SeptOct05/akurds.html (899 words)

	WWW.OPPRESSION.ORG / MIDDLE EAST / KURDS / HISTORY
		Consequently, the Kurds were and continue to be a great obstacle in terms of unifying Iraq as one sovereign nation.
		Contrary to the RCC claims of finally solving the Kurdish problem by redefining the party's ideological and theoretical position and by passing the aforementioned resolutions in the manifesto, the agreement was almost destined to fail.
		Aside from the occasional media report on this or similar organizations, the Kurds and the lessons to be learned from their struggle appear to be ignored by an overwhelming majority of the world.
	www.oppression.org /middleeast/kurdish_history.html (1997 words)

	THE KURDS OF IRAQ: RECENT HISTORY, FUTURE PROSPECTS
		Since the creation of the modern state of Iraq, the history of Iraqi Kurdistan has been one of underdevelopment, political and cultural repression, destruction, ethnic cleansing and genocide.(2) Al-Anfal (The Spoils) was the codename given to an aggressive, planned, military operation against Iraqi Kurds.
		The Treaty provided for independence from Turkey in those parts of Anatolia where Kurds were in the majority and set forth a political mechanism for the establishment of a Kurdish state that was to have encompassed the vilayet of Mosul.
		At first, the Kurds were successful in driving out the Iraqi army from their territory but the Iraqi Army regrouped and crushed the rebellion.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/2002/issue4/jv6n4a5.html (0 words)

	Did Saddam Gas the Kurds?
		History News Network Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too.
		Cole is Professor of Modern Middle Eastern and South Asian History at the University of Michigan.
		As a result of the successful bid for autonomy of Kurds in northern Iraq under the U.S. no-fly zone, tens of thousands of documents from the Iraqi secret police and military were captured by Kurdish rebels from 1991 forward.
	hnn.us /articles/1242.html (784 words)

	A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE HISTORY OF THE KURDS
		From this date right until the advent of Islam, the fate of the Kurds, who geographers and Greek historians call Karduchoi, was to remain linked to that of the other populations of the empires which succeeded one another on the Iranian scene: Seljuks, Parthes and Sassanids.
		Due to the weakening of the caliphs' power, the Kurds, who already had a key role in the arts, history and philosophy fields, begin to assert, from the middle of the IXth century onwards, their own political power.
		Victim of its geography, of history and also, undoubtedly of its own leaders' lack of clear-sightedness, the Kurdish people have undoubtedly been the population who have paid the heaviest tribute and who have suffered the most from the remodeling of the Near-Eastern map.
	www.institutkurde.org /en/institute/who_are_the_kurds.php (3428 words)

	AllRefer.com - Kurds : History (CIS And Baltic Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Iraqi attacks on the Kurds continued throughout the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88), culminating (1988) in poison gas attacks on Kurdish villages to quash resistance and in the rounding up and execution of male Kurds, all of which resulted in the killing of some 200,000 in that year alone.
		In Turkey, where the government has long attempted to suppress Kurdish culture, fighting erupted in the mid-1980s, mainly in SE Turkey, between government forces and guerrillas of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which was established in 1984.
		Reforms passed in 2002 and 2003 to facilitate Turkish entrance in the European Union included ending bans on private education in Kurdish and on giving children Kurdish names; also, emergency rule in SE Turkey was ended.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/K/Kurds-history.html (940 words)

	KURDISH American Youth- United Kurdish-Youth Voice - www.kurdyouth.com)
		After some limited autonomy is gained by the Kurds in Iraq, the PDK begins to attack Iraqi forces to take control of the Kurdish province of Kirkuk.The United States abandons the project, and the Kurdish revolts are suppressed by the Iraqi Ba'ath Regime.
		Several Kurds in Iran are arrested and major cities in Eastern Kurdistan are bombed.
		Kurds participate in the new government of Iraq and the PDK and PUK, along with several other smaller Kurdish parties, unite under one Kurdistan Alliance list.
	www.kurdyouth.org /learn/timeline.htm (1492 words)

	A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition
		A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edi : The division of the Kurdish people among four mo...
		Histories of Heresy in the 17th and 18th : Histories of heresy published in the early moder...
		The Modern History of Jordan by Kamal Sa : Few states in the modern world have had a less p...
	www.bigoldbuilding.com /347026.html (384 words)

	Introduction : GENOCIDE IN IRAQ: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993)
		The Autonomous Region, rejected by the Kurds and imposed unilaterally by Baghdad in 1974, comprised the three northern governorates of Erbil, Suleimaniyeh and Dohuk.
		On April 15, 1987, Iraqi aircraft dropped poison gas on the KDP headquarters at Zewa Shkan, close to the Turkish border in Dohuk governorate, and the PUK headquarters in the twin villages of Sergalou and Bergalou, in the governorate of Suleimaniyeh.
		One is near the north bank of the Euphrates River, close to the town of Ramadi and adjacent to a complex housing Iranian Kurds forcibly displaced in the early stages of the Iran-Iraq War.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1993/iraqanfal/ANFALINT.htm (6014 words)

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