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Topic: History of the PRC 1949 1976

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	History of the People's Republic of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This span of history thus lasts between 1949 and the present, and included decades of political struggle, economic and social reform, as well as many movements that left a permanent mark both inside China and on a much larger, international scale.
		In the early 1950s, the PRC undertook a massive economic and social reconstruction.
		Ironically, the PRC has moved sharply away from Maoism since his death, and most of Mao's followers regard the Deng Xiaoping reforms to be a betrayal of Mao's legacy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_PRC_(1949-1976) (2442 words)

	Zhu De - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Yenan, Zhu directed the reconstruction of the Red Army under the political guidance of Mao and during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) and the Chinese Civil War he held the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army.
		After 1949 Zhu was named Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and was vice-Chairman of the Communist Party.
		He continued to be a prominent and much respected elder statesman until his death in July 1976, at which time he was Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (since 1975).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zhu_De (502 words)

	ming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This article is part of the History of China series.
		Both offensive of the neo-Confucian sensibilities of the scholarly elite, religious lobbies encouraged commercialism and exploration to divert state funds from the anti-clerical efforts of the Confucian scholar gentry.
		Given the causal premise that economic transformations induce social changes, which in turn have political consequences, one can understand why the rise of capitalism, an economic system in which capital is put to work to produce more capital, was somewhat of a driving force behind the rise of modern Europe.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Ming.html (3347 words)

	China History Topic Center - China
		History of China History_of_China China is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with written records dating back about 3,500 years...
		History of the Republic of China History_of_China The Republic of China succeeded the Qing Dynasty in China and ruled mainland China from 1912 to 1949 and has rul...
		History of Tibet Tibet is situated between the two ancient cultural centers of India and China but its location on the remote Tibetan plateau served to isola...
	www.famouschinese.com /topic/China_History (751 words)

	Zhu De -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He is regarded as a founder of the Chinese Red Army (the forerunner of the (additional info and facts about People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army) and the tactician who engineered the revolution from which emerged the (additional info and facts about People's Republic of China) People's Republic of China.
		After 1949 Zhu was named Commander-in-Chief of the (additional info and facts about People's Liberation Army) People's Liberation Army (PLA) and was vice-Chairman of the Communist Party.
		He continued to be a prominent and much respected elder statesman until his death in July 1976, at which time he was Chairman of the Standing Committee of the (additional info and facts about National People's Congress) National People's Congress (since 1975).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/z/zh/zhu_de.htm (640 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Whether the Chinese church in North America can accept this or not, the fact is that PRC’s are beginning to start churches on their own, for their own people, in order that discipling and ministry opportunities may be maximized for the thousands of new PRC converts.
		This does not mean that we do not need to reach out to PRC’s; quite the contrary, the need is greater than ever, as the size of the PRC community continues to grow, as many graduates settle in the corporate world and raise their children here.
		With such a turbulent history in the recent past, it is inevitable that the current generation of PRC’s in North America (and in Europe/England, Japan, Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong) would have a deep misunderstanding (and even mistrust) of Christianity, understood as a historic religious institution closely tied to 19th century imperialism.
	www.aaministry.org /cac/articles/setclock.txt (2317 words)

	The Birth of Modern China
		By early 1949, the Nationalists were hamstrung by intractable corruption and huge debts; they paid off their debts by printing more money, which only lead to hyperinflation.
		One of the most significant developments in recent history was the death of Deng, on February 19, 1997.
		It will be several years before we are able to look back and accurately assess the events of this period; after all, Mao died in 1976 but it was not until two years later that Deng was able to fully consolidate his grip on power.
	www.asterius.com /china/china4.html (2630 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		Unlike the 1949 policy of national stability and security, the MPH was directed to address issues "according to the PRC's practical needs."[23] Indeed, the concerns in the 1980's were more pragmatic and less political; focusing on encouraging education, establishing institutions, promulgating rules and standards, and taking into account traditional Chinese medicine and international technological advances.
		At the time of the founding of the PRC in 1949, China had just seen over a century of continuous depravity, suffering imperialist devastations in the late nineteenth century, rebellion, Japanese aggressions, the First World War, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Second World War, and the civil war between the Nationalists and the Communists.
		By this time, the PRC has gained more experience from its reforms, and perhaps sees the need to simplify bureaucratic arrangements and focus on more on technical and scientific advancement as the means to further modernize the pharmaceutical industry and reinforce its economic growth.
	leda.law.harvard.edu /leda/data/168/dpan.html (12705 words)

	Communist Chinese Democide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This was the worst famine in human history, and it was caused entirely, though not deliberately, by politicians.
		Additionally, there is the difficult question of involuntary abortion, of children desired by the parents, at the behest of the state or its agents.
		The number of deaths resulting from coerced abortions and infanticide since 1971 is estimated at over 110 million, making this perhaps the greatest crime in all of history.
	www.freedomsnest.com /rummel_prc.html (192 words)

	DEMOCIDE IN TOTALITARIAN STATES
		Of what moment is it to know that the estimated 1976 gross national product for the Hell State of Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge was $540 million when Pol Pot was in the process of murdering between one-fourth to one-third of the total population.
		In the bloody history of the Soviet Union, Stalin's reign from 1928 to 1953 was the most ruthless.
		Since they formerly seized power in 1949 and up to 1987, the Chinese communists killed 5,999,000 to 102,671,000 people, most likely 35,236,000 (not counting the toll of the great famine of 1959 to 1961, nor the 3,466,000 killed by the communists before they assumed total control).
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/CHARNY.CHAP.HTM (11378 words)

	Chinese History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		His most important contribution to Chinese history was that he wrote a book known as Records of the Grand Historian (actually, he claimed to just be completing a book that his father, Sima Tan, had started, but most of the book is Sima Qian's).
		For the first time in history, China was turning inwards, clinging to an incorrect interpretation of an outmoded philosophy.
		By early 1949, the Nationalists were hamstrung by intractable corruption and huge debts; they paid off their debts by printing more money, which only led to hyperinflation.
	www.chinatour.com /countryinfo/history.htm (5732 words)

	Interarea Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The efficacious deployment of autobiography as an ambivalent form of an alternative history by Tibetans otherwise silenced under PRC rule is explored by Makley.
		The PRC is not merely trying to use its new economic power to transform its political status from a third world country into a Great Power.
		In addition, a brief history of zukushi-zu, the phenomenon in which multiple images of one creature or numerous species are depicted in a single painting, will be presented.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2003abst/Interarea/sessions.htm (17253 words)

	Milestones In United Nations History
		PRC delegation formally seated in GA, New York, 15 Nov 71 (117269 UN/DPI/Y. Nagata).
		The UN Conference on Environment and Development, the "Earth Summit", is held in Rio de Janeiro attended by leaders from over 100 countries, the largest intergovernmental gathering in history, resulting in Agenda 21, a plan of action for sustainable development.
		This is a turning point in the history of efforts towards nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.
	www.un.org /Overview/milesto4.htm (2143 words)

	Sources by Historical Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A basic source for Qing history, this collection includes memorials, edicts, and official records of the Qing emperors' important activities.
		This is the official (draft) history of the Qing period, published in the republican era.
		The basic organization is chronologically; however, after the early volumes covered the basic history of the republican revolutionary movement, subsequent volumes returned to earlier events and added additional documents.
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /chinesehistory/sources_by_historical_period.htm (6437 words)

	Learn more about Timeline of Chinese history in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The PRC replaces the ROC as a permanent member of the UN Security Council
		Margaret Thatcher in China, signs Sino-British Joint Declaration, to handover of Hong Kong to the PRC in 1997
		The PRC passes Japan as the country with which the USA has the largest trade deficit
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /t/ti/timeline_of_chinese_history.html (291 words)

	Pakistan (08/05)
		Pakistan's Islamic history began with the arrival of Muslim traders in the 8th century in Sindh.
		Trade and diplomatic relations were restored in 1976 after a hiatus of 5 years.
		The PRC strongly supported Pakistan's opposition to Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and is perceived by Pakistan as a regional counterweight to India and Russia.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm (7755 words)

	yoder - Honors Program
		China is an incredibly complex entity with a history approximately 22 times longer than the United States and is as far culturally from the West as it is geographically.
		What appears from the history of the PRC is the eventual loss of revolutionary zeal due to a combination of factors: scarce economic resources because of overpopulation, the threat of state repression, and satiation from current economic growth.
		What appears through the various strands of recent Chinese history, be it related to overpopulation, state repression, or economic satiation, is a populace that is currently unprepared and uninterested in pursuing any form of revolution.
	www.goshen.edu /honors/yoder (2378 words)

	NARA - Research - Cold War International History Conference: Paper by Chen Jian
		This documentary collection covers the period from 1921 to 1949 in two different editions: a fourteen volume internal edition published in the mid-1980s; and an eighteen volume open edition published in the early 1990s.
		In actuality, Mao defined the PRC's "national security interests" in highly ideological terms, making it clear that China had to enter the Korean War both for revolutionary commitments and security concerns (and these two in Mao's conceptual world were closely interrelated).
		CHEN Jian is associate Professor of History at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
	www.archives.gov /research/cold-war/conference/chen-jian.html (7190 words)

	ipedia.com: Zhu De Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zhu De Zhū Dé (朱德, Wade-Giles: Chu Teh, zi: Yùjiē 玉阶) (December 1886 - July 6, 1976) was a legendary Chinese Communist military leader and statesman.
		He was born in Sichuan province and began his career as a mercenary in the warlord armies of the Southwest.
		He continued to be a prominent and much respected elder statesman until his death in July 1976, at which time he was Chairman of the National People's Congress (since 1975).
	www.ipedia.com /zhu_de.html (366 words)

	Center For Teaching and Learning Homepage
		The new government of the PRC was led by three bodies: the Communist Party; the State Council that runs the government; and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), formerly known as the Red Army.
		World War II is usually reckoned as beginning on September 1, 1939 with Germany’s invasion of Poland, and ending on August 14, 1945 (Germany had surrendered in May) with the surrender of Japan to Allied forces after suffering atomic bomb strikes at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
		It was the most destructive and costly war in human history, with a death toll in the hundred of millions.
	www.roch.edu /org/ctl/goo_studyguide.htm (8435 words)

	[No title]
		The economy inherited by China's new Communist leaders in 1949 was overwhelmingly agrarian, ravaged by twelve years of warfare, and wracked by hyperinflation.
		In both 1949 and 1999, we observe China's government wrestling with saving, investment, and changes in the price level: inflation, under-saving, and low investment in 1949; deflation, high saving, and excess investment in 1999.
		In 1949, China's leaders aspired to "put politics in command." Today, China is flirting with the possibility of reversing this arrangement.
	www.pitt.edu /~tgrawski/paper99/rawski-intlj.htm (5889 words)

	English Garden: Stamp
		From September 21 to 30, 1949, the First Plenum of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) was held in Beijing, with the participation of various political parties, popular organizations, non-Party democrats and representatives from all walks of life.
		A new-type of people's army unprecedented in the Chinese history was born and grew in the fighting.
		The history of the famous park and palace complex reaches the year 1680, when on the commission of the prince Stanislaw Herakliusz Lubomirski the architect Tylman von Gameren has constructed a central pavilion Baroque style being a bath.
	www.freewebs.com /english-orchard/stampsweekly/stamps2004.htm (11861 words)

	[No title]
		In general, the PRC economic policies and political toleration of the first two or three years resembled the NEP period in Soviet Russia, as well as the first postwar years in Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe.
		Moreover, it was also at this time that the PRC began to compete with the Soviets for the leadership of the Third World.
		This interpretation of the origins of the GCR was presented in the Resolution on CCP History (1948-81), adopted under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping by the 6th Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CCP on June 27, 1981.
	www.ku.edu /~eceurope/communistnationssince1917/ch10.html (18153 words)

	People's Republic of China: IV
		The culmination of Deng Xiaoping's re-ascent to power and the start in earnest of political, economic, social, and cultural reforms were achieved at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee in December 1978.
		Furthermore, Ye declared the Cultural Revolution "an appalling catastrophe" and "the most severe setback to [the] socialist cause since [1949]." Although Mao was not specifically blamed, there was no doubt about his share of responsibility.
		The plenum adopted the 35,000-word "Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China." The resolution reviewed the sixty years since the founding of the CCP, emphasizing party activities since 1949.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/prc4.html (1863 words)

	China (03/05)
		Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (the P.R.C. considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province); 5 autonomous regions, including Tibet; 4 municipalities directly under the State Council.
		Chiang Kai-shek fled with the remnants of his KMT government and military forces to Taiwan, where he proclaimed Taipei to be China's "provisional capital" and vowed to re-conquer the Chinese mainland.
		The new P.R.C. Government was hostile to this official American presence, and all U.S. personnel were withdrawn from the mainland in early 1950.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/18902.htm (11645 words)

	Bibliographies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Includes general reference, historical works, government and law, histories by period, foreign affairs, economic data, social movements and education, intellectual history, and newspapers and journals.
		An interesting bibliography of almost 500 books published on Chinese history in the PRC between 1949 and 1959.
		It is divided into 13 categories: general discussion; agriculture; handcrafts; history of science and technology; commerce and cities; finance, monetary systems and usury; economic exchange; communications and postal service; "sprouts of capitalism;" modern industry; the history of economic thought; and some important theoretical problems of Chinese socioeconomic history.
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /chinesehistory/bibliographies.htm (4027 words)

	JILFA--Zhengyuan Fu
		With the prospect of a PRC military invasion of Taiwan, the U.S. did not commit itself to protect Taiwan from a possible communist takeover.
		By the end of 1949, Communist troops were pushing toward the Yangzi River and the Nationalists were evacuating their government to Taiwan.
		It appears that Chu is now working in the Institute of International Relations of the PRC State Council and his views may be regarded as reflecting that of the PRC official position.
	www.law.ucla.edu /jilfa/fu.htm (8831 words)

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