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Topic: History of the Panama Canal

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	The Panama Canal
		Panama was to be compensated by an initial payment of $10 million and an annuity of $250,000, beginning in 1913.
		The length of the Panama Canal is approximately 51 miles.
		The contract for the canals construction was signed on March 12th, 1881, and it was agreed the work would be carried out for 512 million French francs, but the contract was conditional in the sense it was not to become binding until two years had elapsed.
	www.eclipse.co.uk /~sl5763/panama.htm (3320 words)

	"The Panama Canal : A Brief History", paper by Tyler Jones
		Panama planned a revolution, and Roosevelt sent a battleship, the Nashville to protect "American lives in Panama", which meant that no other country was going to land on the isthmus (invasion by land was impossible because of the impenetrable Panamanian jungle).
		The width of the canal was increased to 300 feet (from 200 feet), and the size of the locks to be used was increased by 15 feet (95 to 110 feet).
		The canal had to be dug out of the largest mountain in the path, which was one of the smallest mountain on the isthmus.
	www.june29.com /Tyler/nonfiction/pan2.html (3387 words)

	Welcome to the Panama Canal - PanCanal.com
		The Panama Canal Authority (ACP) announced today operational metrics for the 2005 fiscal year (FY 05).
		Panama Canal Authority Forms Strategic Alliance with the Tampa Port Authority
		With more than 60 percent of Panama Canal traffic originating from or traveling to the East Coast of the United States, the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) yesterday announced an historic move to boost trade by striking a strategic alliance with the Tampa Port Authority.
	www.pancanal.com /eng/index.html (204 words)

	PlanetPapers - The History of the Panama Canal
		This Canal is not the longest, the widest, the deepest, or the oldest canal in the world, but it is the only canal to connect two oceans, and still today is the greatest man-made waterway in the world ("Panama Canal Connects).
		The Panama Canal was, is, and shall remain the terran-engineering marvel of the 20th century.
		But one by one they overcame until the Panama Canal alone stood out from among the trash and dirt and invited people of the world to come and cruise her waters - a new pathway for the ever-expanding, ever-changing human race.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/607.php (1656 words)

	History: The Panama Canal \| CDC Malaria
		The control of malaria was vital for the construction of the Panama Canal The discovery by Major Ronald Ross that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes had tremendous impact on developmental programs in the tropics.
		The Panama Canal extends diagonally across the Isthmus of Panama from south-east to north-west, a distance of 42 miles from shore to shore.
		The Panama Canal was the construction miracle of the beginning of the 20th century.
	www.cdc.gov /malaria/history/panama_canal.htm (1044 words)

	CNN In-Depth Specials - Panama Canal Handover - Troubled passageway
		Wyse's company settled on a canal with a pair of lakes and eight sets of locks, but it was grossly under-capitalized and would clearly never finish the job.
		His successor Theodore Roosevelt settled on the Panama route after some friendly persuasion by the powerful Ohio Republican senator, Mark Hanna, himself lobbied heavily by French interests whose assets were in Panama, not in Nicaragua.
		Panama cut diplomatic ties briefly over the incident, and U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson agreed to draw up plans for a new canal and a completely new treaty.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/1999/panama.canal/stories/history (1636 words)

	Panama Canal, History_Other, Free Essays @ ChuckIII College Resources
		The Panama Canal is one of the greatest works of engineering and modern achievements of mankind.
		The accomplishment of constructing the Panama Canal was a major factor in the U.S. becoming a dominant force throughout the seas.
		In 1888 the French company redirected its efforts to the lock canal system that is along the lines of the current one constructed by the U.S. The French company was too stubborn to realize that the sea-level canal was not working.
	www.chuckiii.com /Reports/History_Other/Panama_Canal.shtml (1365 words)

	History of the Panama Canal and Interesting Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Interest in a canal linking the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans goes all the way back to the Spanish explorers of the 16th century, who were even then suggesting the possibility of a canal.
		Cruises are always exciting, but people on a Panama Canal cruise have the added advantage of witnessing the Canal's triple lock system in action.
		Interestingly, the canal itself generates all the electricity needed to operate the lock system and to power the trains that tow the ships across the canal.
	www.luxury-panama-canal-cruises.com /html/panama_canal.html (451 words)

	History of Count Ferdinand de Lesseps and the Panama Canal
		In the years to follow men and machinery poured into Panama to confront the geographical obstacles of the Isthmus: the backbone of the continental divide at the Culebra Cut and the mighty Chagres river.At this time the French stood at the pinnacle of 19th century engineering.
		Under the direction of the Isthmian Canal Commission, work progressed at a furious pace and after ten years of construction on a monumental scale, the canal was completed.
		By August 15, 1914 the Canal was officially opened by the passing of the SS Ancon.
	www.ared.com /history.htm (624 words)

	History House: Panama III: Death and Dying in Panama
		Building the Panama canal wasn't so much an exercise in engineering as it was a battle against the very laws of nature.
		In the grand tradition of mocking sanitation standards throughout History, join History House on the final leg of our tour through the Panama canal.
		On the other side of the Atlantic, Ferdinand de Lesseps, the canal's chief architect, had been been bribing politicians to allow more bonds to be issued to float this absurd expense.
	www.historyhouse.com /in_history/panama_3 (1500 words)

	History of the Panama Railroad-Overview
		THE HISTORY OF the Panamanian isthmus, since Spaniards first landed on its shores in 1501, is a tale of treasure, and treasure seekers, of clashes among empires, nations, and cultures; of adventurers and builders; of magnificent dreams fulfilled and simple needs unmet.
		His discovery would alter history and finally lead to the building of the Panama Canal.
		Panama (the first European settlement on the west coast of the hemisphere), became the centre of commercial activity and the springboard for the conquest of Peru.
	www.trainweb.org /panama/history.html (1374 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: Convention Between the US And Panama (Panama Canal), 1903
		No part of the work on said Canal or the Panama railroad or on any auxiliary works relating thereto and authorized by the terms of this treaty shall be prevented, delayed or impeded by or pending such proceedings to ascertain such damages.
		The Canal, when constructed, and the entrances thereto shall be neutral in perpetuity, and shall be opened upon the terms provided for by Section I of Article three of, and in conformity with all the stipulations of, the treaty entered into by the Governments of the United States and Great Britain on November 18, 1901.
		If the Republic of Panama shall hereafter enter as a constituent into any other Government or into any union or confederation of states, so as to merge her sovereignty or independence in such Government, union or confederation, the rights of the United States under this convention shall not be in any respect lessened or impaired.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1903panama.html (1239 words)

	BBC - History - Panama Canal Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It took four years to build all of the Canal's locks, with the first concrete being laid at Gatun on 24 August 1909.
		The amount of concrete needed in Panama was of a huge volume - such quantities were not required for any other project until the building of the Hoover Dam, in Nevada, in the 1930s.
		After more than 80 years of service, the concrete of the Panama Canal locks and spillways is still, in 2003, near perfect condition.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/society_culture/industrialisation/panama_gallery_08.shtml (113 words)

	History of the Panama Canal
		We next move to the US Involvement in with the Panama Canal followed by a section about its construction.
		Panama Canal cruises have become one of the most popular ways to visit the Panama Canal.
		There are a number of different cruises and itineraries for the Panama Canal offered by most of the major lines.
	www.panamacanal-cruises.com /panama-canal-history (127 words)

	About Osmund Osmundsen and Panama Canal History
		He left Stavanger Norway around 1900, married Hildur Olava Olsen and lived in and around NY City building a career as an "Expert Rigger." His knowledge of rigging is what I believe drew him to the Panama Canal.
		However, recent public TV programs and books about the canal revealed that rigging was very important to the success of this mammoth project.
		Histories of the Brooklyn Bridge and the Panama Canal credit "Norwegian Riggers" as being critical to the success of both projects.
	artanderson.home.mindspring.com /page2.html (354 words)

	Thesis on The History of the Panama Canal
		It weaves across a strip of tropical land where the Isthmus of Panama narrows in the shape of a long flattened letter S. The fame of the Panama Canal is not in its size, since it is only about 51 miles long.
		The Panama Canal Commission, an agency with both United States and Panamanian membership, replaced the Panama Canal Company.
		Panama began to assume the governing responsibilities of the former Panama Canal Company.
	www.emailessay.com /paper/The_History_of_the_Panama_Cana-7209.html (198 words)

	The Panama Canal Society of Florida
		This Web Page is dedicated to the thousands of members of the Panama Canal Society who have banded together, starting in 1932, to remember the great days of working on the Panama Canal and living, and learning in the Canal Zone and the Republic of Panama.
		Since the beginning of construction of the Canal in 1904, tens of thousands of Americans dedicated themselves to building, operating, and defending the Panama Canal as well as providing the government, hospitals, schools and services required to support that population.
		The Panama Canal ceased to be an American Enterprise on December 31, 1999, ending a long and proud history of service to world commerce.
	www.pancanalsociety.org (208 words)

	History of the Panama Canal
		The Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique was disorganized from the start, starting without a blueprint and laying down railroad tracks that didn't fit the gauge of the existing Panama railroad.
		He favored Nicaragua at first but abruptly changed his mind to Colombian-owned Panama when the French made it known they were willing to unload their partly dug ditch at a bargain price of $40 million.
		Gorgas was assigned to Panama but ran into stiff resistance at first from budget-conscious bureaucrats -- who thought, incredibly, that he wanted tons of old newspapers, which he needed to seal windows for fumigating, as reading material for fever patients.
	www.latinamericanstudies.org /canal/canal-history.htm (1194 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -PANAMA CANAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		But representatives of the New Panama Canal Company (which had taken over the French rights in Panama) lobbied vigorously for the Panama route, and President Theodore Roosevelt settled on it when the company reduced its asking price from $109 million to $40 million.
		A lock canal was decided upon, and work began on surveys and construction of the necessary facilities.
		The canal, forty miles in length, opened to shipping in August 1914 and was formally dedicated on July 12, 1920.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_067200_panamacanal.htm (702 words)

	History House: Panama II: The Canal That Almost Wasn't
		He had completed the Suez canal in 1869, bridging the waterway gap between Europe and west Asia.
		It was of a canal along the railway, with a large tunnel, and it was mostly the fruit of their wild imaginations, no doubt concocted late in the evening by the light of candles and warmth of stern liquor.
		Humiliated, Wyse dropped the tunnel idea and concocted some nutty scheme to pass the Chagres under the canal (the canal itself would already be almost 50 feet below the river).
	www.historyhouse.com /in_history/panama_2 (1504 words)

	Panama - Panama Canal
		At the Miraflores Locks of the Panama Canal, about a hundred tourists watch as a gigantic cruise ship is towed into position for its descent to the Pacific Ocean.
		The Panama Interoceanic Canal Museum, in the Casco Viejo of Panama City, details Panama's history as a transoceanic route in this excellent museum are found memorabilia from colonial Spanish times.
		Panama's history as an interoceanic route began long before the building of the Panama Canal.
	www.centralamerica.com /panama/pancanal.htm (709 words)

	Essay on the history of the Panama Canal
		Essay on the history of the Panama Canal
		This Canal is not the longest, the widest, the deepest, or the oldest canal in the …
		But one by one they overcame until the Panama Canal alone stood out from among the trash and dirt and invited people of the world to come and cruise her waters - a new pathway for the ever-expanding world.
	www.dedicatedwriters.com /paper/the_history_of_the_Panama_Cana-7210.html (196 words)

	AbfiMagazine.com - History - Panama Canal Zone
		By a treaty of 1903 a strip of land in the center of the country Panama was granted to the United States of America for the purposes of construction, maintenance and protection of the canal.
		This canal was built through the isthmus of Panama during the years 1905 - 1915.
		The total length of the canal is about 80 kilometers and has a width of at least 70 meters.
	www.abfimagazine.com /history/data/panamacanalzone.htm (211 words)

	Panama
		The Panama Canal bisects the isthmus at its narrowest and lowest point, allowing passage from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean.
		For canal rights in perpetuity, the U.S. paid Panama $10 million and agreed to pay $250,000 each year, which was increased to $430,000 in 1933 and to $1,930,000 in 1955.
		The Panama Canal - Holiday Returns After a century of operation, the U.S. is returning the Panama Canal to its...
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107870.html (788 words)

	Clements exhibition highlights history of Panama Canal
		From Columbus and other explorers of the 15th and 16th centuries to blood-thirsty pirates, colonists and land speculators to gold seekers, revolutionaries, brilliant scientists and civil engineers, the story of the Panama Canal is one of scandals and successes, all documented at the Clements by letters, photos, hand-written accounts, political cartoons and news magazines.
		The Canal is essentially unchanged since its construction at the beginning of the century.
		The Panama Canal project created an unprecedented need for such equipment and Clements’ factory was in high gear between 1904 and 1915.
	www.umich.edu /~urecord/9900/Dec13_99/21.htm (695 words)

	Dissertations, Essays on the history of the panama canal
		Dissertations, Essays on the history of the panama canal
		History of the Panama Canal In 1825, a group of American businesspeople announced the formation of a canal building company, with interests in constructing a canal system across the Isthmus.
		A discussion also included three important questions concerning the Canal, its importance and the relationship between the United States and Panama.
	www.essayboom.com /essay/the_history_of_the_panama_cana-38212.html (162 words)

	CANAL HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As early as 8000 B.C., the Isthmus of Panama was used as a transit route by prehistoric man migrating through Central America to settle in South America.
		A canal was beyond their capabilities, but the Spanish did pave mule trails with cobblestones to carry tons of gold moving back to Spain from the conquest of Peru.
		Most of the names of the men and women who worked on the Canal are forgotten today, but their legacy lives on.
	www.panamatravel.com /pcmuseum/history.html (374 words)

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