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Topic: History of the Portuguese language

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	History of Portuguese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Barbarians (mainly Suevi and Visigoths) largely absorbed the Roman culture and language of the peninsula; however, since the Roman schools and administration were closed and Europe entered the Dark Ages, the Latin Vulgar language was left free to evolve on its own and the uniformity of the Peninsula was soon disrupted.
		From 711, with the Moorish invasion of the Peninsula, Arabic was adopted as the administrative language in the conquered regions.
		The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, despite the severe measures taken by the Dutch to abolish it in Ceylon and Indonesia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Portuguese_language (1193 words)

	Portuguese Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Portuguese soldiers captured Ceuta (on the North African coast) in 1415 and again defeated the Moors, who attempted to re-take it in 1418.
		Dutch Portuguese Colonial HistoryDutch Portuguese Colonial History: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil.
		The Portuguese and the East (in Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese and Thai) with English introduction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_Empire (2797 words)

	Barbara Tanner
		Latin was the primary language spoken in Rome during the height of the Roman Empire.
		Although Portuguese also has some evidence today of contact with the German language, the influence from this time period is really minimal compared to the other Romance languages, due primarily to the geographic isloation of the Iberian Peninsula from Rome which is where the German influence had the most dramatic effect on Latin dialects.
		He attributes the survival of the language to "the spirit of those sixteenth-century critics who believed that their language was worthy of preservation as a separate tongue" (Williams 17).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/portuguese.html (2406 words)

	Portuguese 101 > Portuguese Language > History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the second period of "Old Portuguese", from the 14th to the 16th century, with the Portuguese discoveries, the Portuguese language spread to many regions of Asia, Africa and The Americas (nowadays, most of the Portuguese speakers live in Brazil, in South America).
		The spreading of the language was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people (also very common in other areas of the world) and its association with the Catholic missionary efforts, which led to it being called Cristão ("Christian") in many places in Asia.
		The period of "Modern Portuguese" (spanning from the 16th century to present day) saw an increase in the number of words of Classical Latin origin and erudite words of Greek origin borrowed into Portuguese during the Renaissance, which augmented the complexity of the language.
	www.101languages.net /portuguese/history.html (687 words)

	International Portuguese Language Institute - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The International Portuguese Language Institute (Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa in Portuguese) or IILP is the CPLP's institute supporting the spread and popularity of the Portuguese language in the world.
		But, its history starts in 1989 when the countries of Portuguese language gathered in São Luís do Maranhão in Brazil to create a base for a Portuguese language community.
		The IILP fundamental objectives are "the promotion, the defense, the enrichment and the spread of the Portuguese language as a vehicle of culture, education, information and access to scientific and technologic knowledge and of official use in international forums".
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/International_Portuguese_Language_Institute (260 words)

	Department of Spanish and Portuguese
		Portuguese here may be combined with Spanish (or with any other language taught in the Faculty) in Part IA (first year) of the course, and Portuguese papers may be offered in combination with papers in any other language(s) in Part IB (second year) and Part II (final year).
		Portuguese may be studied at Part IA both by beginners and by students with either an A-level in the language or some knowledge of it.
		In Part IA of the course there are, in addition to language papers and an oral examination, a choice between a literature option exploring the three cultural perspectives of Portugal, Brazil, and Portuguese-speaking Africa, and a linguistics option in which the structure and varieties of the modern Portuguese language are studied.
	www.mml.cam.ac.uk /spanish/about/default.html?printer (549 words)

	Portuguese alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The history of the Portuguese script began in the 12th century, whenscribes in the Western Iberian peninsula started using the localvernacular in documents, in place of Latin.
		Portuguese digraphs are broken into separate letters also for the purposes of crossword puzzles.
		The letters "K", "W", and "Y" were heavily used in the Portuguese alphabet until the 1940s, when they were officially removed from the alphabet by a broad spelling reform agreement between Portugal and Brazil.
	www.therfcc.org /portuguese-alphabet-94080.html (1754 words)

	Portuguese history. Portugal from early history to twentieth century. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Portuguese, largely due to the efforts of Nun'Álvares Pereira, defeated the Castilians in the battle of Aljubarrota (1385) and established John I, a bastard son of Peter, as king.
		Although her reign was marred by coups and dictatorship, the activities of moderates and liberals laid a groundwork for the reforms-penal laws, a civil code (1867), and commercial regulations-of the reigns of Peter V (1853-61; begun under the regency of Maria's husband Ferdinand II) and of Louis I (1861-89).
		Portuguese explorations in Africa strengthened Portugal's hold on Angola and Mozambique; conflicting claims with Britain in E Africa were settled in 1891.
	www.portugalholidayguide.com /portugal_history.htm (2737 words)

	Portuguese alphabet and pronunciation
		Portuguese is a descendent of Vulgar Latin, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by Roman soldiers, settlers and merchants from 218 BC.
		In 1290 King Denis decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "Vulgar language" should be known as the Portuguese language and should be officially used.
		A Língua Portuguesa (a history of the Portuguese language in Portuguese, English and French): http://www.linguaportuguesa.ufrn.br/
	www.omniglot.com /writing/portuguese.htm (1078 words)

	Portuguese Sign Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is a language that uses a system of manual, facial, and other body movements as the means of communication, especially among deaf people.
		As with oral languages, sign languages have highly intricate, rule-governed grammar and phonology and may have a syntax and grammar that differs dramatically from the language spoken locally.
		Sign languages are not often written; most deaf people who use sign language read and write the spoken language of their country.
	www.portugueselanguage.net /portuguese/sign.asp (449 words)

	Portuguese Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The history of the Portuguese script began in the 12th century, when scribes in the Western Iberian peninsula started using the local vernacular in documents, in place of Latin.
		The diacritics "acute accent" (acento agudo) and "circumflex accent" (acento circunflexo) are used primarily to indicate the stresseded syllable of a word.
		The main reason given by Portuguese authorities to justify these restrictions is that an unusual name may lead to discrimination in school by other children, a thesis that was backed by some phychological studies.
	www.wikiverse.org /portuguese-alphabet (1883 words)

	UF Romance Languages: Portuguese
		POR 4880: Introduction to the History of the Portuguese Language
		Increased linguistic competence is sought through 1) study of the language's sound system and its relationship to the writing system; 2) development and application of topical groups of vocabulary; 3) directed discussion of readings and recordings on varied subjects; and 4) preparation and evaluation of daily activities and oral presentations.
		To increase language skills and cultural knowledge through directed reading, writing, interpretation and discussion of literary texts and through scrutiny of sound recordings of the spoken word and of literarily inspired song.
	www.rll.ufl.edu /CoursePr/portugue.html (1248 words)

	Transparent Language - Portuguese Language Learning
		Portuguese ranks second after Spanish as the most widely spoken Romance language, and it ranks eighth in the world in terms of number of speakers.
		The variety of influences on the Portuguese language stems from the consecutive invasions of Visigoths and Muslims in later years, not to mention influences from France and Spain due to the proximity of those countries to Portugal.
		The language did not take hold until the Jesuits (who learned and promoted the Tupi and Guarani languages) were expelled in 1759 and the Tupi language was banned by the government.
	www.learn-portuguese-language-software.com /overview.htm (921 words)

	The Portuguese Language
		Portuguese is the eighth most spoken language and the third most spoken European language in the world (after English and Spanish) and, together with Spanish, French, Italian and Romanian, comprise the five modern Romance languages.
		The Portuguese language evolved from Latin and developed on the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula, the province the Romans called Lusitania (today, the area comprising Portugal and the Spanish province of Galicia).
		Macao (under Portuguese administration until 1999)—while Portuguese is one of the official languages (along with Chinese), it is only used by the administration and spoken by a minority of the population.
	www.deltatranslator.com /port_lang.htm (2289 words)

	Swahili history
		Regarding the history of the Swahili language, the older view linked to the colonial time asserts that the Swahili language originates from Arabs and Persians who moved to the East African coast.
		It is well known that any language that has to grow and expand its territories ought to absorb some vocabulary from other languages in its way.
		The promotion of the Swahili language is not only in its use but also deliberate efforts are made throughout the world to include it in education curriculum for higher institutions of learning.
	www.glcom.com /hassan/swahili_history.html (1029 words)

	History of the Portuguese language in Brazil
		This was primarily because the Jesuit priests studied and taught the Tupi language.
		In 1757, Tupi was banned by royal decree, although the language had already been overwhelmed by Portuguese spoken by the large number of immigrants from the mother country.
		The Portuguese language in Brazil received a new source of contributions with the influx of African slaves.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Portuguese-Brazilian/Brazilian-External_History.html (474 words)

	ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE
		It was precisely during this time — the middle of the twelfth century — that the consciousness of Portuguese as a language which was distinct from Vulgar Latin was established.
		The oldest literary texts in Portuguese date from the twelfth century; they are the Cantigas, or lyrical ballads compiled in three collections, or Cancioneiros, comprising 1,679 lyrical and satirical poems and 427 religious compositions, written between 1169 and 1370.
		Castilian, or Spanish, was still a second language for educated Portuguese in literary and court circles (partly due to the influence on the Portuguese court of intermarriage with the Spanish royal houses) and the writers such as Gil Vicente and Sá de Miranda wrote in Portuguese and Spanish.
	userweb.port.ac.uk /~clarkem/HistLang/UNIT4W.htm (240 words)

	PLWS Courses - Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A minimum total of ten hours of language laboratory work per term is required of all students in NCAS elementary language courses and is recommended for UC-N and NJIT students.
		This course examines the literary genre of the short story and the ways in which Portuguese authors of the late 19th and 20th centuries have used short fiction as a venue for stylistic innovation and social commentary.
		This interdisciplinary class will examine the cultural history of the Portuguese in North America, from the 17th century Melungeons to the most recently arrived populations of the 1960s and 70s.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~plws/courses.htm (431 words)

	Humbul : Portuguese Studies Teaching and Learning Related
		Offering clear explanations of language functions, ranging from pronunciation, accents and vowels, and genders, to the conditional tense and the subjunctive, with a series of extended features that cover the personal infinitive, the future and imperfect subjunctive, and indirect questions in secondary clauses, this is a comprehensive and user-friendly course.
		Here users will find sub-sections which feature: an overview of the history of the Portuguese language; an exploration of language related to culture (with particular emphasis on Brazilian culture and regional dialect); analysis of literary expression, both written and oral; vocabulary and polysemia; and an overview of Portuguese morphosyntaxis.
		This website, by Brazilian Portuguese teacher, Sonia Celagatti Althoff, is a useful resource for those beginning to study Portuguese since it acts as a reference guide for the essentials of the language.
	www.humbul.ac.uk /output/shortout.php?subj=portuguese&type1=teaching&type2=courseware&ref=subout (807 words)

	Portuguese
		The first written record of this language is the 12th century on a land title.
		Today, Portuguese is the 6th largest language in the world for first-language/native speakers.
		Among all languages it is 8th and among Western languages, it is 3rd.
	www.lasculturas.com /aa/aa071101a.htm (528 words)

	Portuguese Evangelical Church Honolulu, Hawaii - Portuguese Hawaiian Heritage
		In Honolulu, on the ewa slopes of Punchbowl and in parts of Manoa, Portuguese families had leased or bought plots of land, built cottages and surrounded them with lawns, fruit trees and grape arbors.
		The congregation's singing brought no such objections, however, for the little church came to be known as "the Singing Church" and many a hospital patient expressed appreciation for the hymns that drifted across the grounds.
		Under Pastor Soares' successor, the Rev. T.M. Talmage, the church decided to eliminate the Portuguese language from all its proceedings, to become a "union" church serving all nationalities in its part of the city.
	www.islandroutes.com /articles/evangelicalchurch.shtml (1210 words)

	Portuguese Language Overview
		Portuguese is the eighth most spoken language and the third most spoken European language (after English and Spanish) in the world and, together with French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian, make up the five modern Romance languages.
		While the Portuguese language has its roots firmly in Europe, most of the world's 210+ million Portuguese speaking people live elsewhere.
		The Portuguese (in Portugal) believe that the Portuguese spoken in Brazil is just plain wrong (to be polite about it).
	www.deltatranslator.com /delta/over.htm (216 words)

	Portuguese India: History of Portuguese Cochin, Cannanore, Quilon. Malabar (Kerala)
		The Portuguese in Arabia Peninsula and in the Persic Gulf (Hormuz, Oman, Mascate, Bahrein)
		Ribeiro's narrative of the Portuguese fortresses and settlements in Ceylon
		The terms of the capitulation were that all the unmarried Portuguese residents were returned to Europe, and all married Portuguese and Mestiços were transferred to Goa.
	www.colonialvoyage.com /cochin.html (1338 words)

	a viagem dos sons - a journey of sounds / cdRoots
		By loonkin at the history of the portuguese navigators, we can also see the processes of exchange in which music played an extremely relevant role, even tough it may not always have been particularly obvious.
		In this, the role of the Portuguese during the Age of Discovery was decisive.
		The mixed descendents of the Portuguese began to be know by the term "Burghers" during the Dutch period, but even at that time they were considered to be racially and economically inferior and were popularly called "mechanics" or "micos".
	www.cdroots.com /tradisom-viagem.html (981 words)

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