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Topic: History of the Republic of Turkey

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		When Turkey laid down as a condition, on April 5, 1922, that the enemy forces in Anatolia were to withdraw, this offer was not accepted.
		It was followed by the acceptance of a law, on March 3, 1924, stating that the Caliphate was abolished and the ottoman Dynasty was to be deported.
		Reorganization continued with new reforms, in addition to the foundation of the Republic, the unification of instruction and the abolition of the Sultanate and Caliphate.
	www.turkishnation.4mg.com /historyofrepublicturkey.htm (3444 words)

	MSN Encarta - Turkey (country)
		Turkey borders the Aegean Sea and Greece on the west; Bulgaria on the northwest; the Black Sea on the north; Georgia, Armenia, and the autonomous Azerbaijani republic of Naxçivan on the northeast; Iran on the east; and Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea on the south.
		The landscapes of Turkey are varied, from fertile plains in the northwest and southeast to broad river valleys in the west to high barren plateaus and towering mountains in the east.
		The modern Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk) from Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, the Ottoman Empire’s predominantly Turkish-speaking areas.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575380/Turkey_(country).html (1644 words)

	Turkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The territory of Turkey extends from 36° to 42° N and from 26° to 45° E. It is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 kilometers wide.
		Turkey invaded the island in 1974 in response to an Athens backed coup of the island, Turkey states that it was invoking its role under the Treaty of Guarantee to ensure the independence of the island and protection of its Turkish Cypriot minority.
		Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the division between the two running from the Black Sea to the north down along the Bosporus strait through the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean Sea and the larger Mediterranean Sea to the south.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkey (5805 words)

	History of Turkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923 (the Republic was declared on January 20, 1921), from the Turkish remnants of the Ottoman Empire, with Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) as its first president.
		The climax of this movement is the proposal of the Sun Language Theory by Mustafa Kemal himself.
		Turkey was admitted to the League of Nations in July 1932.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Turkey (1550 words)

	History of Turkey
		After the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey the temporal and religious ruling institutions of the old empire (the sultanate and caliphate) were abolished.
		Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk, or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms.
		Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes.
	infotut.com /geography/Turkey (668 words)

	History 3-2
		Turkey also agrees not to claim from the British Government or its nationals the repayment of the sums paid for the warships ordered in England by the Ottoman Government which were requisitioned by the British Government in 1914, and renounces all claims in the matter.
		Turkey undertakes to respect entirely the right of the sanitary employees whose services have been terminated to compensation to be appropriated out of the funds of the former Superior Council of Health of Constantinople, and all other rights acquired by employees or former employees of the Council, or their representatives.
		Turkey and those Powers which are interested in the supervision of the pilgrimages to Jerusalem and to the Hedjaz and the Hedjaz railway shall take such measures as are appropriate in accordance with the provisions of international sanitary conventions.
	www.ualr.edu /mxsarimollao/turkiye/history_3-2.htm (11436 words)

	Royalty.nu - Sultans of the Ottoman Empire - History of Turkey
		History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis by Stanford J. Shaw.
		History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic by Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw.
		The modernization of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries, the spread of nationalism, the empire's demise, and the rise of the Republic of Turkey.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Ottoman (2342 words)

	A history of anarchism in Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The history of anarchism is indeed very short in Turkey and the title of this pamphlet simply expresses this fact.
		The Republic of Turkey and its past Ottoman Empire's last hundred years was mainly dominated by a vital problem.
		The undeniable power and influence of western imperialism and the weakness of the Ottoman State (and later the Republic of Turkey) has put the question of modernisation and westernisation in front of the ruling elite and the intelligentsia of the country.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/turkey/hist_turkey.html (2915 words)

	The Birth of a Nation - AboutTurkey.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Turkey was saved from destruction by the man revered as the founder of the modern nation.
		In 1923, the Turkish Republic was proclaimed within its present boundaries (with the exception of one province later ceded by the French).
		Perhaps the real proof of Atatürks reforms is not his continuing respect by his fellow countrymen but the system he bequeathed: this allowed the party he founded to be voted out of office in 1950 at free and fair general elections.
	aboutturkey.com /turkey/history/Republic_Turkey/Birth_of_a_Nation.shtml (413 words)

	A Virtual Travel Guide to Turkey - Türkiye
		Turkey is often called "the cradle of civilization," as it has been home to a rich variety of tribes and nations of people since 6500 B.C. The Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, replacing the dynastic and theocratic Ottoman system, with its Sultanate and Caliphate.
		Turkey occupied the northern portion of Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island; relations between the two countries remain strained.
		Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in the U.S. Washington D.C
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/turkey.htm (698 words)

	Turkey (06/07)
		After the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey the temporal and religious ruling institutions of the old empire (the sultanate and caliphate) were abolished.
		In the 1990s, Turkey's economy suffered from a series of coalition governments with weak economic policies, leading to high-inflation boom-and-bust cycles that culminated in a severe banking and economic crisis in 2001 and a deep economic downturn (GNP fell 9.5% in 2001) and increase in unemployment.
		Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the straits leading from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3432.htm (3988 words)

	The Republic of Turkey - Turkey - AboutTurkey.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The South-eastern Anatolia Project, commonly known by its acronym, GAP (Güneydoðu Anadolu Projesi), is designed to bring the Turkey's remote and often arid south-eastern provinces to the levels of prosperity seen elsewhere in the country.
		The republic that Atatürk founded and subsequent leaders have shaped is radically different from the imperial society of the Ottoman Empire.
		As the land bridge between Europe and Asia, and the protector of the straits between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, Turkey is, quite simply, the most important country in the region.
	www.aboutturkey.com /turkey/Republic_Turkey.shtml (473 words)

	Mustafa Kemal ATATURK - Turkish Republic
		He founded the modern Turkish Republic out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire; an empire that was seen as the sick man of Europe at the turn of the century.
		By violence and ruse, all the fortresses of your beloved fatherland may be captured, all its shipyards occupied, all its armies dispersed and every part of the country invaved.
		You, the youth of Turkey's future, even in such circumstances, it is your duty to save the Turkish independence and Republic.
	www.turizm.net /turkey/history/ataturk.html (891 words)

	Elections in Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye) is a country between Europe and Asia.
		In the south-east of Turkey there is a strong Kurdish minority with a strong seperatist tendency.
		The country is a parliamentary democratic republic, divided in 81 provinces.
	www.electionworld.org /turkey.htm (462 words)

	History of the Islamic Republic of Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Turkey continued to be a member of NATO and a growing European power until 2005, when a group of military officers (The Shadows of Kemal) arranged a coup and dissolved the National Assembly and dismissed the Prime Minister.
		While Turkey's government was not leaning that far toward fundamentalism, the balance was tipped into the slide with the destruction of Tehran by the greater dragon Aden in 2020, and the emergence of "goblinization" in 2021.
		As part of the Russian Republic's drive across Belarus toward Europe, a southern Guards Army Corps was dispatched to punch into Turkey, and drive up the coast of the Black Sea to Istanbul.
	archive.dumpshock.com /society/turkye.html (835 words)

	Turkish Republic
		When Turkey laid down as a condition, on April 5, 1922, that the enemy forces in Anatolia were to withdraw, this offer was not accepted.
		The Second World War seriously effected the self-sufficient Turkey, but thanks to the intelligent attitudes of the Turkish administration, the country and the nation were saved from the great danger of war.
		Transition to a multi-party parliamentary system in Turkey was first initiated by Atatürk and Turkey experienced short-terms of multi-party systems in 1924 and in 1930.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /info/history_turkey/republic.htm (2999 words)

	Turkey: In Depth : History : Modern Turkey & the Third Republic \| Frommers.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The 1970s were a reactionary time in Turkey, much as the 1960s were in the United States, with Marxist and Leninist doctrines clogging impressionable minds.
		Tensions in the east were mounting among the Kurdish nationalists, while Turkey's involvement in the Korean War only further drained the country's resources.
		Nevertheless, some of Turkey's nouveau riche got accustomed to the excesses of the 1980s, although not always by legitimate means.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/turkey/0349033178.html (513 words)

	Dominican Republic History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Dominican Republic occupies two-thirds or the island of Hispaniola.
		The Dominican Republic finally gained its independence in 1844 and their first constitution was adopted on November 6th.
		From 1978 to 1986, the Dominican Republic experienced a period relatively free of repression and almost complete freedom of speech and expression.
	www.chaletdirectory.com /dominican_republic_history.php (601 words)

	TOLERANCE WORLD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Turkey, a huge country with a touch of Mediterranean culture and more: The country of tolerance and of warm hospitable people who could share the last loaf of bread with a stranger that knocks on the door.
		Turkey, the country of caring people, people who welcome any guest with generosity.
		The lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents making up the old world.
	www.tolerancetravel.com /english/turkey/turkey.htm (271 words)

	Ataturk's Blueprint for Turkey
		A revue of the history of the Republic of Turkey shows that all good things Turkey enjoys today are the result of having followed Atatürk’s blueprint for Turkey and all failures resulted because of gross deviations from or complete ignorance of these blueprints.
		Thus, as soon as the Republic of Turkey was established, Atatürk passed through the parliament the Law For The Unification of Education.
		In Turkey, the press and the media do their job quite well, but the action stops there.
	www.ataturksociety.org /asa/voa/blueprint.html (1625 words)

	DHKC- Statement on the new EU- "Terrorlist" : SF Indymedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Throughout the history of the Republic of Turkey, the General Staff has been responsible for all massacres and has drowned in blood every search for justice, every search for rights and freedoms.
		If there is a terrorist in Turkey, throughout the Republic's history it is this General Staff and the governments under its thumb which are the terrorists.
		It means it approves of all the massacres, torture and tyranny committed by the General Staff throughout the history of the Republic of Turkey.
	sf.indymedia.org /mail.php?id=126200 (1920 words)

	World Economic Forum Knowledge Navigator - Turkey at a Crossroads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Commending Turkey’s new government for its recent economic and social reforms, Frédéric Sicre, Managing Director, World Economic Forum, welcomed participants to a discussion about Turkey at pivotal intersections, between the West and Islam, between the Middle East and Europe, and between ambitious economic reforms and a progressive social agenda.
		Ali Babacan, Minister of State of Economy of Turkey, articulated his vision of a Turkey boasting strong social policies in a free market context.
		He reminded participants that Turkey had lived through a similar crisis 11 years ago and paid a heavy price: US$ 100 billion in outlays related to the war; 40,000 Turkish causalities; and the temporary housing of 500,000 Iraqi refugees.
	www.weforum.org /site/knowledgenavigator.nsf/Content/_S7828?open (387 words)

	Turkish Embassy.org - Republic of Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Meanwhile, England had proposed that the straits would have an international stutus; some Arab and Armaneian regions would cede from Turkey and a small part of land would be left to the Sultan with Konya or Bursa as the capital.
		It was followed by the acceptance of a law, on March 3, 1924, stating that the Caliphate was abolished and the ottoman Dynasty was to be deported.
		Reorganization continued with new reforms, in addition to the foundation of the Republic, the unification of instruction and the abolition of the Sultanate and Caliphate.
	www.turkishembassy.org /countryprofile/history.htm (3464 words)

	Agenzia Fides - ASIA/TURKEY - Historical step forward towards juridical recognition of the Catholic Church in Turkey: ...
		The Bishops asked the Prime Minister and the government to adopt measures to harmonise the laws of Turkey with the demands of the European Union, which that nation hopes to join.
		There is great optimism among Turkey’s Catholics, after what was seen as a “milestone” for the life of the Church in this country.
		Turkey has a population of 66 million 98% Muslim, while Christianity accounts for 0.6%.
	www.fides.org /eng/news/2004/0406/23_2681.html (420 words)

	The Sport Journal: Volume6, Number4,Fall 2003:History of Sport in Islamic-Period Turkey
		The history of Turkish people began in Central Asia, a land that was often unforgiving of any form of weaknesses.
		Republic of China: A Socio-political Analysis.” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 56 (1): pp.
		History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey.
	www.thesportjournal.org /2003Journal/Vol6-No4/turkey.asp (3679 words)

	Discover Turkey
		Turkey was home to an astounding number of ancient cultures and the cradle of 10 of the world's greatest civilizations.
		Travelling in Turkey means passing from one scene, legend or world to another.
		Turkey is an element of stability in an otherwise turbulent part of the world.
	www.turkishnews.com /DiscoverTurkey (838 words)

	History of Turkey & Anatolia
		In response, the Republic of Turkey blockades Armenia economically, refuses diplomatic ties, and demands that Armenian troops withdraw from Azerbaijan, which is a close Turkish ally.
		Turkey is especially motivated to improve its uneven human rights record and overcome island disputes in order to gain European Union acceptance, which would expand the economy.
		The Republic of Turkey was founded (in 1923) on a policy of ethnic Turk nationalism, which thought of "Kurds" as "mountain Turks" who were "equal citizens," except that the Kurdish language and culture were outlawed!
	www.photoseek.com /Turkhist.html (3295 words)

	History Of Turkey Pre Republic
		The Seljuk Turks were the first Turkish power to arrive in the 11th century as conquerors (earlier Turkish peoples such as the Pechenegs had become allies and subordinates of the Byzantine Empire), who proceeded to gradually conquer the existing Byzantine Empire with its Greek population and heritage.
		By September 18th 1922 the country was liberated resulting in the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, recognising the new borders of Turkey.
		On October 29th 1923 The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed and Mustafa Kemal, later taking the last name Atatürk (meaning father of Turks), would be her first president.
	www.turkeyrealestate.co.uk /Turkey-Pre-Republic/turkey-pre-republic.html (415 words)

	Turkish Odyssey/About Turkey/History/The Republic Period
		Abolition of the Sultanate and Caliphate; establishment of the Republic.
		Inonu was the Turkish representative at the Lausanne Conference which overturned the wartime settlement and established the Turkish Republic in 1923.
		As the second president (1938-50), Inonu kept Turkey neutral during World War II and prepared the country for democratic elections, which resulted in the removal of his Republican People's party from power (1950).
	www.turkishodyssey.com /turkey/history/history4.htm (1503 words)

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