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Topic: History of the Scots language

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	History of the Scots language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scots diverged from Northumbrian Middle English with influences from Norse via the Vikings, Dutch and Middle Low German through trade and immigration from the low countries, and Romance via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French due to the Auld Alliance.
		Scots also has loan words resulting from contact with Scottish Gaelic —often for geographical features such as loch or strath, but there are others such as bog from bog (moist or damp); twig (catch on) from tuig (understand), galore (lots of) from gu leòr (plenty), boose or buss from bus (mouth).
		However, the spread of the Middle English language after the 12th century eventually led to Gaelic being confined mostly to the highlands and islands by the end of the Middle Ages, although some lowland areas, notably in Galloway and Carrick, retained the language until the 17th, perhaps even until the 18th, century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language (717 words)

	Scots language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evidence for its existence as a separate language lies in the extensive body of Scots literature, in independent—if somewhat fluid—orthographic conventions and in its former use as the official language of the original Scottish Parliament.
		A model of language revival to which many enthusiasts aspire is that of the Catalan language in areas spanning parts of Spain, France, Andorra and Italy, particularly as regards the situation of Catalan in Catalonia.
		Ulster Scots, spoken by the descendants of Scottish settlers as well as those of Irish descent in Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the Irish Republic, and sometimes described by the neologism "Ullans", a conflation of Ulster and Lallans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scots_language (3981 words)

	Scots in Scotland
		Regional or minority languages are languages which differ from the official language of the state where they are spoken and which are traditionally used within a given territory by nationals of that state who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the population.
		The Scottish Executive's Education Department, in their 'Scots Language Factsheet', endorses this democratic stance, stating that the curriculum in Scotland is not prescribed by statute and that the responsibility for the delivery and content of Scots language in the curriculum rests with individual education authorities and headteachers.
		The document recognises that the language of a pupil 'will sometimes be a dialect and that pupils should be allowed to use their mother tongue throughout the school with community languages displayed, for example, on the classroom walls and used in notices'.
	www1.fa.knaw.nl /mercator/regionale_dossiers/regional_dossier_scots_in_scotland.htm (7665 words)

	ipedia.com: Scots language Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Scots is a Germanic language used in lowland Scotland, and parts of Northern Ireland and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known as Ulster Scots or Ullans.
		Scots (or Lallans meaning lowlands) is a Germanic language used in lowland Scotland, and parts of Northern Ireland and border areas of the Republic of Ireland, where it is known as Ulster Scots or Ullans.
		Ulster Scots, spoken by the descendants of Scottish settlers in Northern Ireland, and sometimes described by the neologism Ullans as a merging of Ulster and Lallans.
	www.ipedia.com /scots_language.html (2283 words)

	Scots Language and Pronunciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Scots is the name given to the language which developed from the Germanic dialect spoken by the Angles who settled in the SE corner of Scotland during the 7th century and which gradually replaced Gaelic as the language spoken in southern and eastern Scotland.
		It is a sister language to English, sharing a common root in what is now refered to as Old English, therefore an English speaker should be able to follow the song text with a little help.
		For example, the use of the apostrophe to suggest omitted letters, as in the Scots word "Flouer" which it has become customary to spell "Floo'er", implies that Scottish speakers are simply mispronouncing and misspelling the English word "Flower" with the apostrophe implying the missing "w".
	www.dickalba.demon.co.uk /songs/scots.htm (468 words)

	Features - Scots Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Scots, like English, is descended from Old English: specifically from a northern form of it whose speakers had reached the area south of the Forth by the seventh century AD.
		By this time too, the Scots had come from Ireland with their Gaelic language, and they gradually began to extend their power till, by the eleventh century, the King of Scots ruled over most of what is now mainland Scotland, with Gaelic as the dominant language.
		Scots is also spoken in Northern Ireland, the result of many crossings of the waters by populations over the centuries, in particular from the settlements of the early seventeenth century.
	www.scotsindependent.org /features/scots/intro.htm (967 words)

	History of the Scots Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Thumbnail History of Scots from The Scots Language Society (in Scots as A Wee Bit Historie o Scots).
		Our mither tongue Overview of the history of Scots by Dr Chris Robinson, Director of Outreach and Administration for Scottish Language Dictionaries "But a stubborn perception that Scots is somehow slang or bad English has hampered such attempts and made generations of Scottish people feel that somehow their speech was inferior.
		No wonder many good Scots speakers today do not even know that they are using the language of great kings and poets and may even deny that they are speaking Scots at all.On the other hand, today there is a new flowering of Scots literature.
	www.scotsgate.com /history.html (257 words)

	Scots-Online - Pittin the Mither Tongue on the Wab!
		Scots - the language of lowland Scotland, a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon Language.
		The Scots language is also known as the Doric, the Buchan Claik, the Patter, Lallans (Lowland Scots,)Braid Scots, Broad Scotch, Scotch, The Mither Tongue and in Ulster as Ulster Scotch or Ullans and to some simmply the Scottish dialect.
		Scots texts for those who are interested in learning Scots or for those who already speak it and wish to enjoy it.
	www.scots-online.org (422 words)

	Scots Language Resource Centre
		Scots, like English, is descended from Old English: specifically from a northern form of it whose speakers had reached the area south of the Forth by the 7th century AD.
		By this time too, the Scots had come from Ireland with their Gaelic language, and they gradually began to extend their power till, by the 11th century, the King of Scots ruled over most of what is now mainland Scotland, with Gaelic as the dominant language.
		Scots is also spoken in Northern Ireland, the result of many crossings of the waters by populations over the centuries, in particular from the settlements of the early 17th century.
	scotsyett.com /anent/brief_history.htm (1081 words)

	Scots Language - Doric, Lallans, Ullans
		Scots is a Germanic language closely related to English and spoken by about 1.5 million people in Scotland.
		Scots is descended from the language of the Angles who settled in northern Britain, in an area now known as Nortumbria and southern Scotland, in the 5th century AD.
		The Scots tongue, already incomprehensible to many south of the border, is about to become even more abstruse with the emergence of a new form of Scottish rhyming slang.
	thecapitalscot.com /pastfeatures/scots-language.html (948 words)

	ScotsGate - hame o the Scots tung (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Scots was the vernacular of poet Robert Burns and retains a lively literary tradition to this day.
		A language variety which is not used on a daily basis is effectively dead, even though it may have attractions as an esoteric hobby.
		Scots, however we chose to label it and whatever we think of it, is of significant importance historically, linguistically and culturally.
	www.scotsgate.com (315 words)

	SLD Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		About Scottish Language Dictionaries: SLD works to research and record the use of Scots as it is spoken today, and to update the nation's record of Scots as it has been spoken througout recorded and oral history.
		SCOTS is being carried out by members of the English Language Department and STELLA project of the School of English and Scottish Language and Literature at Glasgow University.
		Gin bairns are yaised wi seein written Scots richt frae the stert, they'll tak mair tent tae the leid and gie it its due vailye.
	www2.arts.gla.ac.uk /ScotLit/ASLS/SWE/SLDInformation.html (926 words)

	www.Ullans.com
		Scots is over 600 years old and is a variant of Old English.
		Scots is a relatively new language whose closest cousin is English.
		This is no easy task because in all the centuries that the language has existed there has never been an attempt to write a proper Ullans dictionary or to define any rules of syntax or grammar.
	www.ullans.com /dialect/UllansHistory.shtml (272 words)

	Anne King
		For several years I was Chairman of the Language Committee of the Association for Scottish Literary Studies.
		At first-year level: History of English and Scots in Modern Scottish Literature; second-year: Scots and Scottish English and at Honours level I offer three options: Scots: history and structure, Older Scots: language and style and Modern Scots.
		'The Inflectional Morphology of Older Scots' in The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, ed.
	www.englang.ed.ac.uk /people/anne.html (369 words)

	Dictionary of the Scots Language (20-Jun-2005) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Scots is a living language, in which new words continue to be coined and old words continue to evolve new meanings.
		Scots speakers, folklorists, readers of Scottish literature, genealogists, local historians, archivists, lexicographers and place-name researchers are just some of the groups of people who will find the DSL an invaluable source of interest and information.
		The Dictionary of the Scots Language can be accessed at www.dsl.ac.uk and we would be delighted to hear your views on this new and vital resource.
	www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk /News.htm (2715 words)

	HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Free term papers for college, book reports and research papers. Welcome to Essay Express
		History of English Language As I stated previously in my Abstract, the title of my research paper is "History of the English language".
		The history of English can be traced to the colonization of people from a family of languages, which spread throughout Europe and southern Asia in the fourth millennium BC, (Crystal, 1992).
		I had hypothesized that the English language was derivative from the Germanic tribes that invaded England during the fourth and fifth centuries.
	www.essayexpress.com /essay/008150.html (2188 words)

	Gaelic and Scots from Rampant Scotland Directory
		This is Seattle's Gaelic Language and Cultural Society and the site has details of their biennial festival and ongoing activities, such as a Gaelic choir, weekly classes, monthly activity days and ceilidhs.
		Before the development of a distinct Scottish Gaelic language in the 15th century, the literature of both countries may be considered as one.
		Campaigning to further and defend the Scots language not as an academic study but as it is used every day throughout Scotland.
	www.rampantscotland.com /gaelic.htm (2308 words)

	Languages - Scottish Medieval Bibliography
		Below are published resources for the different languages that were spoken at one time or another during the Middle Ages in the area that is now Scotland.
		Although modernly both Scots and English are spoken in Scotland, this was not true in the later Middle Ages.
		Scots is a language closely related to English.
	www.medievalscotland.org /scotbiblio/languages.shtml (1952 words)

	CAIN: Key Issue - Language; minority languages - source material
		Montgomery, M. and Gregg, R. (1997) 'The Scots Language in Ulster', in Charles Jones (ed.) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language.
		O'Reilly, C. (1998) 'The Irish Language as Symbol: Visual Representations of Irish in Northern Ireland.' In A. Buckley (ed.) Symbols in Northern Ireland.
		Scullion, P. (1998) `Attitudes to the Public Presence of the Irish Language in Northern Ireland' (unpublished MA dissertation, the University of Wales).
	cain.ulst.ac.uk /issues/language/source.htm (2591 words)

	THE GOLD RING CD & BOOK STORE - BOOKS, CELTIC LANGUAGES
		Language shift among schoolchildren in Gaeltacht areas, 1974-1984 : an analysis of the distribution of ¹10 grant qualifiers.
		Gowerland and its Language : a History of the English Speech of the Gower Peninsula, South Wales.
		Wales and her language, considered from a historical, educational, and social standpoint : with remarks on modern Welsh literature.
	www.goldring.org /GOLDWB17.HTM (1037 words)

	Humbul : Celtic Studies : Scots Gaelic language
		These are described as lesser-used languages - European territorial languages that are not the official language of the state.
		As such this is an essential resource for anyone researching or studying Scots language, Scottish history, literature, and culture.
		The analysis of place-names has played a central part in the study of the archaeology, history and dialect of many parts of the British Isles and reveals a palimpsest of successive languages and peoples including P and Q Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Viking and Norman.
	www.humbul.ac.uk /output/headlist.php?sub=celtic&code=FN.356 (847 words)

	Scots at Edinburgh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Scotland has a linguistic and literary tradition that sets it apart in many ways from other parts of the British Isles, and Scots has a recorded history of around 8 centuries and is, as a result, of great linguistic and cultural significance and interest.
		o see some modern written Scots, try the 'Scuil Wab' site, which is meant mostly for schoolchildren who are native Scots speakers, and is run by Chris Robinson, a member of the department.
		In 1st year there are introductory lectures on various aspects of Scots, such as the history of Scots and Scots dialects, and on the language of modern Scots Literature.
	www.englang.ed.ac.uk /scots.html (358 words)

	[No title]
		Aims and objectives: The aim of the course is to examine the history of the Scots language from its origins to the present day.
		Coursework: Two essays: (1) to be submitted to the English Language dept. office by 1500 on the Wednesday of W10, T1 (2) to be submitted to the English Language dept. office by 1500 on the Wednesday of W7, T2.
		The course booklet is J.J.Smith, An Introduction to Older Scots (Glasgow: Department of English Language, 2003 edition, available at the beginning of the course).
	www2.arts.gla.ac.uk /SESLL/EngLang/ugrad/honours/6a_syllabus0304.doc (476 words)

	Family Research - English, Scottish and Irish Genealogy » A Brief History of the Scots Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Although their own language was Norman-French, that of their retainers and followers was a form of northern English with strong Scandinavian influence (still noticeable in modern Scots in words such as brae, graith, lowp and nieve).
		For the past twenty years or so, the Scots Language Society has endeavoured to further the cause of Scots, and the great success of W. Lorimer’s New Testament in Scots in 1983, and of the SNDA’s Concise Scots Dictionary in 1985, are good indications of more civilized attitudes.
		Older Scots from the earliest records to 1700; published to sch-.
	www.lineages.co.uk /2004/06/06/a-brief-history-of-the-scots-language (1146 words)

	ASLS: Links
		The Cambridge History of English and American Literature - an invaluable on-line encyclopaedia, although it should be remembered that it was compiled from 1907 to 1921.
		Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue - Scottish language from the 12th century to the end of the 17th.
		Institute for the Languages of Scotland - a feasibility study investigating the proposed establishment of ILS
	www.arts.gla.ac.uk /ScotLit/ASLS/Links.html (8704 words)

	BBC News \| NORTHERN IRELAND \| New Ulster-Scots institute
		It is hoped local students will take up undergraduate courses in the Ulster-Scots language, history and culture, as well as attracting postgraduate research and PhD's.
		The language has only recently been recognised by the UK government, although speakers say it is spoken by approximately 100,000 people.
		Academics are divided about the status of language which is based on English with influences from Irish, Scots Gaelic and Lowland Scots.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/uk/northern_ireland/newsid_1098000/1098898.stm (353 words)

	scots projects
		In co-operation with Dr. Keith Williamson, Institute for Historical Dialectology, University of Edinburgh, at least the most important texts will be grammatically tagged; these will be used for producing text profiles that allow a detailed analysis of differentiation and standardisation processes in the history of Scots.
		Mapping the Loci of Linguistic Change in the History of Scottish English', in the proceedings of the International Conference on the Standardization of English, Cambridge, July 1997.
		The high frequency of phonetic spellings and reduced variant forms in the language of less skilled writers such as women allows us to study the chronology and diffusion of phonological variants that usually remain undetected because of the established, and thus conservative, spelling practices of well-trained writers.
	www.helsinki.fi /hum/eng/doe/projects/scots.html (433 words)

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