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Topic: History of the Vatican City

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	Vatican City - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Vatican City — formally State of the Vatican City, or Vatican City State (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano, Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae) — is a tiny sovereign state whose territory consists of a landlocked enclave within the city of Rome, Italy.
		Vatican City has its own post office, commissary (supermarket), bank (the automatic teller machines are the only ones in the world to use Latin), railway station, electricity generating plant, and publishing house.
		The Vatican City, one of the European microstates, is situated on the Vatican Hill in the north-western part of Rome, several hundred metres west of the Tiber river, on the latter's right bank.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Vatican_City (2840 words)

	Vatican City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vatican City Coordinates: 41°54′10″N, 12°27′9″E — formally State of the Vatican City, or Vatican City State (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano, Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae) — is a sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a landlocked, almost completely walled, enclave within the city of Rome, Italy.
		Being separated from the city by the river Tiber, it was an outcrop of the city which was protected by being included by the walls of Leo IV.
		Vatican City has its own post office, fire brigade, police service, commissary (supermarket), bank (the automatic teller machines are the only ones in the world to offer customers service in Latin, among other languages), railway station, electricity generating plant, and publishing house.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vatican_City (3691 words)

	History of the Vatican City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1871 Italian king Victor Emmanuel II captured the city of Rome and declared it the new capital of Italy, thus ending papal temporal power.
		In addition, the Popes of that time developed negative attitudes towards the growing secularization of society in Europe, which was mostly evident under Pope Pius X, who in 1904 severed diplomatic relations with the French government for introducing secular education in schools and on September 1, 1910 introduced compulsory Oath Against Modernism for all priests.
		Present concerns of the Vatican include, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the adjustment of church doctrine in an era of rapid change.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Vatican_City (687 words)

	Vatican City - History of Vatican city, Rome
		The City of the Vatican in Rome is an autonomous State governed directly by the Pontificate and officially recognized through the "Patti Lateranensi" of 1929 after Christ by the Italian Republic.
		Nowadays the City of the Vatican is the smallest State of the world with its roughly 440000 square metres, but it maintains the privileges of an independent State such as to have its own public representations, its own philatelic and numismatic values and official bodies of press, such as the head of the Roman Observer.
		The Vatican City State is situated on the Vatican hill, on the right bank of the Tiber River, within the city of Rome.
	www.romeescape.com /vatican.html (899 words)

	Vatican City : VA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Vatican City : VA Vatican City : VA The State of the Vatican City is the smallest country in the world, a landlocked enclave surrounded by the city of Rome in Italy.
		The State of the Vatican City is the smallest country in the world, a landlocked enclave surrounded by the city of Rome in Italy.
		The Vatican is technically a rare case of a non-hereditary elective monarchy; the monarch, the Pope, being elected for life by those Cardinals under the age of 80 during a Conclave (held in the Sistine Chapel).
	www.explainthat.info /va/va.html (1273 words)

	History of The Holy See (Vatican City State) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		At the foot of the Vatican Hill lay the ancient Basilica of St. Peter.
		Communication with the city was established by the Pons Ælius, which led directly to the mausoleum of Hadrian.
		Until the pontificate of Sixtus V this section of Rome remained a private papal possession and was entrusted to a special administration.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/theholysee.html (590 words)

	Vatican - Europe
		Vatican City, independent state, under the absolute authority of the pope of the Roman Catholic church.
		The smallest independent country in the world, Vatican City was established in 1929 under terms of the Lateran Treaty, concluded by the Italian government and the papacy after many years of controversy.
		This treaty was superseded in 1984 by a new concordat, which, like its predecessor, recognized the full sovereignty of the Holy See (the jurisdiction of the pope) within the state of Vatican City.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/vatican.htm (105 words)

	Vatican City travel guide - Wikitravel
		Vatican City (Citta del Vaticano), also incorrectly known as but popularly synonymous with the Holy See (Santa Sede), is the last Papal state in existence and the temporal seat of the Pope, head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
		Vatican City is accessed from the Italian capital city of Rome, by taxi, bus or by foot.
		The Vatican City is surrounded by Rome, which has considerable attraction as a travel destination itself.
	wikitravel.org /en/Vatican_City (1875 words)

	The Vatican City
		The name of the Vatican City comes from the name of the hill on which it is located, Vatican Hill.
		The Vatican City is surrounded by a high wall and Viale Vaticano for the whole of its length.
		Since the proceedings take some time, there is always an interregnum between the death of pope and the election of his successor; John Paul I died on September 29 and John Paul II (pictured) was elected on October 16, 1978.
	www.italycyberguide.com /Geography/cities/rome2000/vatican.htm (926 words)

	World History Blog: 04/17/2005 - 04/23/2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		History of Vatican City: Primary Documents - Online library and e-text archive of primary source material covering the Catholic Church and the Vatican.
		History of The Holy See (Vatican City State) - This is a brief overview from the History of Nations.
		History of Vatican Archival Holdings - Information on this project at the University of Michigan including a description of how the Vatican archives records.
	world-history-blog.blogspot.com /2005_04_17_world-history-blog_archive.html (1258 words)

	Zenit News Agency - The World Seen From Rome
		VATICAN CITY, NOV. 6, 2002 (Zenit.org).- Here is a translation of the address John Paul II gave at today's general audience in Paul VI Hall.
		The reception reserved for the Lord, who intervenes in history, is marked by choral praise: in addition to the orchestra and the songs of the Temple of Sion (see verses 5-6), the universe also participates, which constitutes a kind of cosmic temple.
		Psalm 97 is a song of praise to the Lord of the universe and of human history.
	www.zenit.org /english/visualizza.phtml?sid=27362 (1096 words)

	World History Compass, European History
		I normanni nel Sud (History of the Normans in Italy)
		An interactive cartographic history of the relationship between hydrological and hydraulic systems and their impact on the urban development of Rome, Italy from 753 BC to the present day.
		History of the Jewish-Turkic Khazar Kingdom of medieval Russia.
	www.worldhistorycompass.com /europe.htm (2611 words)

	The culture history of the Vatican City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives and does not presume to validate their accuracy or authenticity nor to release their copyright.
		The history in general of the Vatican City
		Vatican II reawoke the church during a historic shift of Catholicism from a West European institution to a global church.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/62/index-ff.html (253 words)

	Vatican City
		But as Italy united as a country, many of the Papal States were seized, and the Pope's holdings were further compressed by the incorporation of the city of Rome into Italy, with the papal seat right in the centre, in effect making him a "prisoner".
		Inside Vatican City, you will find some of the most beautiful artwork of the last thousand years.
		The necropolis (city of the dead) is a subterranean world, directly under St. Peter's Basilica, and only accessible by small tour groups who must book in advance.
	www.forbeginners.info /rome/vatican-city (691 words)

	Vatican City travel guide
		Vatican city is the smallest state in the world, with only 400 people, and is one of the most visited in the world.
		Although Vatican City is independent it is completely surrounded by the city of Rome.
		The Vatican Museum is quite possibly the most important art collection in the world.
	www.world66.com /europe/vaticancity (589 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Holy See (Vatican City) at Epinions.com
		Though it is a city surrounded by the history of Rome, it has retained the simplicity yet elaborateness of the art kept within.
		Within the Vatican City is St Peter's Basilica, an amazing work of art in and of itself, with its marble floors and furnishings, elaborate tombs and age old trappings.
		It is an experience not to be missed for through viewing the Vatican City one experiences some of the beauty and majesty of the heritage of the country...and of her people as well!
	www.epinions.com /content_18085416580 (912 words)

	Short History
		By means of this Treaty, Vatican City State came into existence.
		Vatican City is the physical or territorial base of the Holy See, almost a pedestal upon which is posed a much larger and unique independent and sovereign authority/rule: that of the Holy See.
		The State of Vatican City itself also possesses a personality under international law and, because of such, enters into international agreements.
	www.holyseemission.org /short_history.html (639 words)

	Tour of Italy - The Vatican Museums Starting Page
		Originally, the official residence of the bishops of Rome was not the Vatican, but the Lateran Palace, which once belonged to the Roman family of the Laterans, and was donated to the Roman Church.
		Nicholas III was the first pope to adopt the Vatican as his permanent residence.
		The Vatican City State is recognized by the international community as a legal sovereign body, and it is a member of various international organizations (Universal Postal Union, International Telecommunications Union, International Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works).
	touritaly.org /tours/vaticanmuseum/Vatican01.htm (763 words)

	Vatican City State - Holy See - Status Civitatis Vaticanæ - Stato della Città del Vaticano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Vatican City State, sovereign and independent, are the remnants of the papal states that in 1859 comprised an area of some 17 000 sq mi (about 44 000 sq km).
		Popes in their secular role ruled much of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the mid 19th century, when many of the Papal States were seized by the newly united Kingdom of Italy.
		The Pontifical Academy for the study of the social sciences, primarily economics, sociology, law and political science, established by the Holy Father John Paul II on 1 January 1994.
	www.nationsonline.org /oneworld/vatican.htm (987 words)

	History of the Vatican Secret Archive
		Sixtus IV (1471-1484) founded the Vatican Library, which contained a bibliotheca secreta that was to become a part of the Archive.
		The fisrt nuclues of the Vatican Secret Archive was then set up in three halls, adjacent to the Vatican Library and decorated with frescoes by many artists, between 1612 and 1614.
		The Vatican Archive acquired the hall in the Torre dei Venti (Tower of the Wind), frescoed in 1580-1582 by Niccolò Circignani (alsa known as Pomarancio) and by the Flemish artists Matthew and Paul Bril.
	www.springhousehotelrome.it /vaticano/eng_s_archive.html (831 words)

	Master Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		History Magazine strives to feature articles that are interesting rather than academic.
		History Magazine assumes no responsibility for lost, stolen or damaged submissions of text, photographs or illustrations, and will not return unsolicited manuscripts.
		An expression of interest by History Magazine in a potential article is not a commitment to publish.
	www.history-magazine.com /author_notes.htm (1213 words)

	tampabays10.com - Tampa Bay's 10 News - WTSP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		VATICAN CITY (AP) - A man who climbed the side of St. Peter's dome, perching there for hours, is believed to have a psychiatric and criminal record.
		Vatican officials say the man had a letter for the pope.
		A woman who says the man is her son tells an Italian TV station that he's had a history of psychiatric problems.
	www.tampabays10.com /printfullstory.aspx?storyid=12799 (152 words)

	vatican history - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		While...throughout its history that social and...Catholicism, Vatican II is a watershed in history.
		History The history of the Vatican as a papal residence dates from the 5th cent...
		Vatican City (see under Vatican), is a sovereign state within...the worlds richest cities in history and art and one of its great...Whatever its fortunes throughout history, Rome has remained the symbol...right-bank section of Rome contains Vatican City, including Saint Peters...
	www.questia.com /search/vatican-history (1795 words)

	The Vatican Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Vatican Library, in fact, became a center of the revival of classical culture known as the Renaissance.
		Then, as now, the Vatican Library was one of the greatest in the Western world.
		They shed light on the history of the universal Roman church and on the city in which it flourished, on the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation--even on the history of Western efforts to understand and convert the peoples of the non-Western world.
	www.ibiblio.org /expo/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/a-vatican_lib/Vatican_lib.html (397 words)

	Music of the Vatican City - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		As the seat of the Papacy, the Vatican City and its predecessor, the Papal States, has played an important role in the development of Christian music.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Music of the Vatican City contains research on
		Music of the Vatican City, See also, External links, Christian music, Roman Catholic Church art, European music and Southern European music.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Music_of_the_Vatican_City (207 words)

	Vatican City: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Vatican ceased to exist in 1870 when the first king of Italy, Victor Emmanuel of Savoy, seeking national unification, formally occupied the territory and proclaimed Rome its capital.
		The 1871 Guarantees Law established the inviolability of the Pope and recognized his ownership of the Vatican, but the Roman pontiffs did not accept the situation until February 11 1929, when the Holy See signed the Treaty of Letran with Benito Mussolini, establishing the current Stateâs borders and privileges.
		Firstly, Vatican workers organized the first ever protest, demanding wage increases and pensions, and secondly the commercialization of the Popeâs image was authorized, during his visit to the United States in June, allowing the sale of posters and T-shirts.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=183 (499 words)

	Anniversary of Pope John Paul II
		VATICAN CITY, OCT 16, 2003 (VIS) - At 4:45 in the afternoon of October 14, 1978, ten days after the funeral of Pope John Paul I, 110 cardinal electors, and 88 persons selected to assist them, entered into conclave, sealed off from the world, to elect his successor.
		He has made 143 trips within Italy and nearly 700 within the city and diocese of Rome, including visits to 301 of the 325 parishes of the diocese of which he is bishop, in addition to religious institutes, universities, seminaries, hospitals, rest homes, prisons and schools.
		VATICAN CITY, OCT 16, 2003 (VIS) - Late this afternoon, during a solemn Mass attended by 50,000 faithful and concelebrated by members of the College of Cardinals, archbishops and bishops, and pastors of Roman parishes, John Paul II relived with emotion the moment of his election 25 years ago today.
	frpat.com /popeanniversary.htm (2006 words)

	History of the Vatican City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1870 Italian king Victor Emmanuel II captured the city of Rome and declared it the new capital of Italy, thus ending papal temporal power.
		In addition, the Popes of that time developed negative attitutes towards the growing secularization of society in Europe, which was mostly evident under Pope Pius X, who in 1904 severed diplomatic relations with the French government for introducing secular education in schools and on September 1, 1910 introduced compulsory Oath Against Modernism for all priests.
		Present concerns of the Vatican include the death of Pope John Paul II, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the adjustment of church doctrine in an era of rapid change.
	www.juiceenewsdaily.com /0405/news/history_vc.html (665 words)

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