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Topic: History of the alphabet

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	Phoenician Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Phoenician alphabetic script of 22 letters was used at Byblos as early as the 15th century B.C. This method of writing, later adopted by the Greeks, is the ancestor of the modern Roman alphabet.
		All the European alphabets are descendants of the Phoenician, and all the Asiatic alphabets are descendants of the Aramaic variants of the Phoenician.
		Phoenician alphabet is the ancestor of the Greek alphabet and, hence, of all Western alphabets.
	phoenicia.org /alphabet.html (3268 words)

	History of the alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from the Phoenician in the 7th century BC as the official script of the Persian Empire, appears to be the ancestor of nearly all the modern alphabets of Asia:
		The Osmanya alphabet devised for Somali in the 1920s was co-official in Somalia with the Latin alphabet until 1972, and the forms of its consonants appear to be complete innovations.
		And while manual alphabets are a direct continuation of the local written alphabet (both the British two-handed and the French/American one-handed alphabets retain the forms of the Latin alphabet, as the Indian manual alphabet does Devanagari, and the Korean does Hangul), Braille, semaphore, maritime signal flags, and the Morse codes are essentially arbitrary geometric forms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_alphabet (1799 words)

	alphabet Information Center - graffiti alphabet
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters — basic written alphabet coloring sheets symbols — each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.
		Notable exceptions are the Braille alphabet, Morse Code and the cuneiform hebrew alphabet alphabet of the ancient city of Ugarit.
		The theory claims that a greater level of abstraction alphabet beads is required due to the greater economy of symbols in alphabetic systems; and this abstraction needed to interpret phonemic symbols in turn has contributed in some way to the development of the societies which use it.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_A_-_Co/alphabet.html (2270 words)

	History of Alphabet, Indian Earth, Nature, Ecology,Ever since the dawn of language and thought man must have felt the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		History of Alphabet, Indian Earth, Nature, Ecology,Ever since the dawn of language and thought man must have felt the need to record his ideas and emotions in some permanent form..., Environmental Science History of Alphabet, by Manpreet
		The first alphabets were developed among the populations devoted to agriculture and stock - raising in China, India, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Central America.
		The Greek alphabet can be seen as the link between the ancient alphabets of the Mediterranean world and the alphabet of today.
	www.4to40.com /earth/index.asp?article=earth_history_historyofalphabet (472 words)

	History Lesson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Understanding and knowing the history of the alphabet explains these peculiarities and sampler alphabets can provide a glimpse into the changing written word of the English language from the 16th century on.
		By the beginning of the 18th century, alphabets were included in nearly every sampler, and stitching samplers became a part of women's education of that era.
		Alphabet samplers have continued to be a traditional favorite, serving as the common thread of sampler-making history.
	thesamplerhouse.com /body_history_lesson.html (1136 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Shaw alphabet exists as an alternative to the Roman alphabet in which English is currently written.
		The Roman alphabet, in its more-or-less its current state was brought to England by Latin-speaking monks.
		In general, alternate consonant sounds are written in the Roman alphabet by affixing a silent "h" to an associated letter with a similar consonant sound.
	www.shawalphabet.com /history.html (1032 words)

	Learn Armenian / The History of Armenian Alphabet Creation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He came to the conclusion that the Greek alphabet was the most advanced one of that time since it had one letter for each sound and was easy to memorise and to use.
		So he created an alphabet which followed the principle of 'one letter for one sound' and was written from left to right and had capital letters, unlike all other languages of Eastern Anatolia and the Middle East, which were mostly written from right to left and had no capitals.
		The new alphabet stimulated an unprecedented boom in literature, and the V century was later called the 'Golden Age of Armenian Literature'.
	hayeren.hayastan.com /english/st4eng.html (405 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Alphabet
		This alphabet, though, eventually disappeared from the mainstream, and survived as the Samaritan script.
		In Israel, it became the "Jewish" alphabet, the direct descendant of which is the modern Hebrew alphabet.
		Traditionally the Greeks held that their alphabet was derived from the Phoenician alphabet, and many scholars agree with this as well.
	www.ancientscripts.com /alphabet.html (1403 words)

	Discovery of Egyptian Inscriptions Indicates an Earlier Date for Origin of the Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first experiments with alphabet thus appeared to be the work of Semitic people living deep in Egypt, not in their homelands in the Syria-Palestine region, as had been thought.
		Alphabetic writing emerged as a kind of shorthand by which fewer than 30 symbols, each one representing a single sound, could be combined to form words for a wide variety of ideas and things.
		These examples, known as Proto-Sinaitic and Proto-Canaanite alphabetic inscriptions, were the basis for scholars' assuming that Semites developed the alphabet by borrowing and simplifying Egyptian hieroglyphs, but doing this in their own lands and not in Egypt itself.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/alphorg.htm (1279 words)

	Brief History of our Alphabet by Wendell Hall
		The alphabet is without doubt one of the greatest creations of the human mind.
		Few people have a clue regarding the origin of the alphabet and would be surprised to know that it's the "oxhouse." Inscriptions recently discovered at Wadi el-Hol in upper Egypt may have set the invention of the alphabet at an earlier date than previously supposed.
		Runic alphabets were commonly referred to as the futhark for the sounds of the first six letters.
	www.nuspel.org /alphabet.html (663 words)

	Fly Fishing History: Alphabet of Angling
		...as much a brief natural history of fish as a treatise on angling; and that I have, as far as practicable, founded what I have said and borrowed from others, respecting the art, upon the basis of science, a circumstance in which all the books on angling that I have met with are lamentably deficient.
		Never a truer word was spoken, given that the majority of anglers still believed that insects fell on the water from above, parr were thought by many to be a separate species of fish to salmon and there was no agreed nomenclature for mayflies among anglers.
		Rennie writes about the sense of taste, hearing and smell in fishes and he was one of the first to point out that fish are very near sighted and that it is a total fallacy to write of 'sharp-eyed trout'.
	www.flyfishinghistory.com /alphabet_of_angling.htm (408 words)

	History of the Manual Alphabet
		Each handshape in the manual alphabet corresponds to a written letter in the English alphabet (for ASL and other systems that use Latin characters).
		It is believed that the American manual alphabet developed out of the Old French system, from which ASL has inherited about sixty percent of its signs.
		Students at the National Institution for Deaf-Mutes in France (see history to learn more) all came in with their own personal systems of gestures and ways of communicating.
	f99.middlebury.edu /RU232A/STUDENTS/elefther/hist_man_alph.htm (340 words)

	History of the Written Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Our alphabet of 26 letters is the result of centuries of changes in writing.
		For the calligrapher, the most interesting periods in history are from the Roman period through the Renaissance (100-1600 A.D.).
		It was during this time, that the pen-lettered alphabets that we study and use today were developed.
	www.studioarts.net /calligraphy/c2.htm (246 words)

	991108; History of the Alphabet, Foundation of Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thus the change from an oral to a literate culture that resulted from the invention of writing is just as complex an event as the present communications revolution and comparably significant for the development of human society.
		Yet it was the alphabet that, in the West, provided the mental infrastructure for cumulative, knowledge-based communication.
		The Greek alphabet, by way of contrast, is here introduced, when it impinges on the Greek scene, as a piece of explosive technology, revolutionary in its effects on human culture, in a way not precisely shared by any other invention.
	www.welchco.com /02/14/01/60/99/11/0802.HTM (606 words)

	The history of Alphabet
		Then, about 3500years ago, the root of the alphabet was first made by the semites.
		The Romans also changed the alphabet a little bit and brought it to England.
		It may be one of the most important invention in the history of the world.
	members.tripod.com /yasong1/index.htm (308 words)

	History of the Latin alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Latin alphabet originated in the 7th century BC, undergoing a history of 2,500 years before emerging as one of the dominant writing systems in use today.
		It is generally held that the Latins adopted the western variant of the Greek alphabet in the 7th century BC from Cumae, a Greek colony in southern Italy, making the early Latin alphabet one among several Old Italic alphabets emerging at the time.
		During colonialism, the alphabet began its spread around the word, being employed for previously unwritten languages, notably in the wake of Christianization, being used in Bible translations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Latin_alphabet (1189 words)

	Arabic Alphabet History and Structure : Article from BaghdadMuseum.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The alphabet's influence spread with that of Islam and it has been, and still is, used to write other languages without any linguistic roots in Arabic, such as Persian and Urdu).
		On the other hand, most of the letters are attached to one another, even when printed, and their appearance changes as a function of whether they are preceded or followed by other letters or stand alone (that is, there is contextual variation).
		The Arabic alphabet is an abjad, a term describing writing in which the vowels are not explicitly written; so the reader must know the language in order to restore them.
	www.baghdadmuseum.info /articles/article-260291093241689.php (254 words)

	Amazon.com: The Alphabetic Labyrinth: The Letters in History and Imagination: Books: Johanna Drucker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This book on the history of the alphabet is focused on Western and Semitic scripts; it pays little heed to the alphabetic scripts of South Asia.
		Parts of it seem a history of concepts used by other scholars attempting to determine the history and origin of the alphabet, rather than a new contribution to the alphabet's history.
		Joanna Drucker traced an history of the alphabet from the very beginning talking about the interesting and often left apart complex variety of meanings of the letterform, embodied by mystery, symbolic, alchemic, religious, esotheric and many other values, offering an unique showcase of the history of writing.
	www.amazon.com /Alphabetic-Labyrinth-Letters-History-Imagination/dp/0500016089 (1696 words)

	The Evolution of the Alphabet
		Most evidence suggests that the invention of the Alphabet occurred in Byblos, the city famous for its trade in papyrus, presumably as a result of the work of the workmen and merchants of Byblos who had a long history of commerce with Egypt.
		The three signs are still used for the numbers 6, 900, and 90 in the scheme of writing numbers by means of the letters of the alphabet.
		From the Greeks the alphabet passed on to the Etruscans of Italy; to the Copts of Egypt (where it replaced their old Egyptian hieroglyphic writing); and to the Slavonic peoples of Eastern Europe.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Parliament/2587/alpha.html (1048 words)

	Social history of Children's Literature
		Periodicals and textbooks also played an important role in the history of this literature and reveal a great deal about perceptions of children and young people over time.
		Recognize and describe major media/types of illustration and identify the most influential illustrators in the history of children's literature.
		Relate the history of children's literature to professional library and educational activities in work with children and youth.
	scils.rutgers.edu /~kvander/HistoryofChildLit/index.html (649 words)

	BOOK ARTS - CALLIGRAPHY 2
		Phoenicians were sailors it is natural that other nations were exposed to this alphabet and ultimately it became the parent of the Hebrew, Arabic, Indian, Burmese, Siamese, Tibetan, Coptic and Cyrillic syllabaries and alphabets.
		There was now an even greater distinction between this lapidary lettering (close kin to their formal pen-written alphabet) and common writing, or cursive, an even more quickly-written form, through the introduction of the chisel as the lettering tool, with its need for precision (and time).
		The illustrations show that the change from a speedily-written, simplified alphabet of capitals to uncial letters was fairly natural.
	www.cbbag.ca /BookArtsWeb/Callig2.html (1339 words)

	History of the Cheyenne Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The modern linguistic alphabet which has been used in bilingual education programs and Cheyenne language materials since the early 1970's is essentially the same alphabet designed by Rev. Rodolphe Petter for the Cheyenne language 100 years ago.
		In the modern alphabet, however, we attempt to write the glottal stop consistently, especially since its presence or absence can indicate two different Cheyenne words.
		The Cheyenne staff of the bilingual education program which adopted this modern alphabet in the early 1970's felt it would be better to use the English letters "ts" rather than the German letter "z" for this sound.
	www.geocities.com /cheyenne_language/alphabet.htm (194 words)

	History of Armenian Alphabet
		The invention of the Armenian Alphabet was a result of Christianity.
		These 2 Saints, who were also a priest and the Catholicos respecitvely, invented the Armenian alphabet* in 405 AD for this reason.
		Soon enough, they taught other priests and monks the alphabet and the translation of holy works began to take its course.
	www.fortunecity.com /business/napier/112/id46.htm (507 words)

	Some Notes on the History of Isopsephia (Gematria) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is important because the Archaic Greek alphabet had the 27 letters needed to support the three enneads of a complete number system, and it was used this way throughout antiquity (even after three of the letters were no longer used for ordinary writing).
		Later Semitic alphabets reduced the number of consonants to the 22 familiar ones, but archaic Greek kept 27 of the original letters, though seven of them were reallocated to vowels (as indeed Semitic writers had sometimes used them).
		In summary, the early borrowing by the Greeks of a 28-letter Semitic alphabet is consistent with the (numismatic and papryrological) evidence for the development of the three-ennead alphabetic numeration system in Greece (possibly by the tenth cent.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~mclennan/BA/SNHIG.html (1289 words)

	The Georgian Script
		The alphabet is phonemic, which means that every phoneme had its corresponding letter in the alphabet.
		In its place the creator of Georgian alphabet put the letter expressing the sound that has not been phoneme in Georgian but did existed in Georgian as a positional variant (allophone) of -i in some positions (these positions will be described in the part on phonology).
		It is created in order to end Georgian alphabet like Greek one and, at the same time, to complete the alphabet as the system of numbers.
	www.ling.lu.se /education/homepages/georgian/DEMO/INTR3/IntroScript.html (1796 words)

	AlphabetFitness.org: What is Alphabet Fitness?
		In a world where the saturation of technology continues to accelerate exponentially, the benefits of rethinking how we perceive the alphabet have become increasingly important.
		Consider the multitude of concepts that alphabet inventors did not recognize about developing brains and bodies when they designed their alphabets.
		• the alphabet would be a precursor for virtual reality, as words increasingly substitute for physical reality, encouraging people to share mostly mental realities.
	www.alphabetfitness.org /alpha_hist.shtml (279 words)

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