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Topic: History of the graphical user interface

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	History of the graphical user interface - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is considerably different from the command line interface in which the user types a series of text commands to the computer.
		Windows 1.0 was a GUI (graphic user interface) for the MS-DOS operating system that had been the OS of choice for IBM PC and compatible computers since 1981.
		Some interface features of Mac OS X are inherited from NeXTStep (such as the Dock, the automatic wait cursor, or double-buffered windows giving a solid appearance and flicker-free window redraws), while others are inherited from the old Mac OS operating system (the single system-wide menu-bar).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface#GEM (2698 words)

	Graphical user interface
		A graphical user interface (or GUI, pronounced "gooey") is a method of interacting with a computer through a metaphor of direct manipulation of graphical images and widgetss in addition to text.
		The PUI consists of graphical widgetss (often provided by widget toolkit libraries) such as windows, menuss, radio buttonss, check boxes, and iconss, and employs a pointing device (such as a mouse, trackball, or touchscreen) in addition to a keyboard.
		Designing suitable interfaces for handheld devices, such as PDA applications and their smartphone cousins, has been a major challenge for user interface designers, and some of the more successful diverge considerably from desktop computer designs.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/g/gr/graphical_user_interface.html (877 words)

	History of the graphical user interface at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This was a great leap forward from the command line interface used in other operating systems, in which the user types a series of text commands to the computer.
		Graphical user interface primarily designed for spreadsheets by the company that wrote the legendary VisiCalc spreadsheet.
		Intuition was the widget and graphics library that made the whole thing tick; in somewhat confusing terminology, Workbench could refer to the system as a whole, or the "desktop" ("Finder" in Apple terms) component, itself another library and process.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /History_of_the_graphical_user_interface.html (1754 words)

	What is graphical user interface? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		The first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, but it was not until the 1980s and the emergence of the Apple Macintosh that graphical user interfaces became popular.
		One reason for their slow acceptance was the fact that they require considerable CPU power and a high-quality monitor, which until recently were prohibitively expensive.
		In addition to their visual components, graphical user interfaces also make it easier to move data from one application to another.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/G/Graphical_User_Interface_GUI.html (523 words)

	Designing a Graphic User Interface
		The user would enter data when directed and would be unable to jump to another section out of sequence, except as part of a pre-programmed menu.
		If multiple users take turns using your application at a single workstation, consider recording preferences as user-specific profiles rather than as a single description of the application's appearance the last time it was run.
		Interface transparency occurs when the user's attention is drawn away from the interface and naturally directed at the task itself.
	www.medicalcomputingtoday.com /0agui.html#comments (3783 words)

	mprove: thesis: 3.0.0 Graphical User Interfaces
		He said, «there are so many millions of graphical user interfaces possible and yet we are stuck with one in which we have a single fixed little area called the desktop»;, The Unfinished Revolution and Xanadu [Nelson 99b, p.
		It introduced a consistent graphical user interface that covers the operational tasks of the computer with the notion of an office environment.
		The user is free to move in any direction and even to change the season at any point of the session [Nielsen 95, p.
	www.mprove.de /diplom/text/3_guis.html (1974 words)

	[No title]
		Like many developments in the history of computing, some of the ideas for a GUI computer were thought of long before the technology was even available to build such a machine.
		During the war he had worked as a radar operator, so he was able to envision a display system built around cathode ray tubes where the user could build models of information graphically and jump around dynamically to whatever interested them.
		Even the idea of having users enter commands on a text-based terminal in real-time (called "time-sharing" in the jargon of the day) was considered radical back then.
	arstechnica.com /articles/paedia/gui.ars/1 (681 words)

	MacKiDo/Interface/ui_history
		There is an ongoing myth that Microsoft is justified in ripping off the Macs User Interface, because Apple had ripped off the MacUI from Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center).
		Graphics weren't new, though how much they were relied upon was new.
		The concepts of User Interface (Human Factors) was not new, it was just a little newer in applying it to computers.
	www.mackido.com /Interface/ui_history.html (2224 words)

	Apple and the GUI
		The graphical user interface now in use by every major operating system in the world has an intriguing history.
		They decided that its operating system would do away with the arcane command-line interface and instead would emulate the simplicity of a user's desktop, where papers overlapped each other and were moved at will while actions were performed on them without complex commands to type.
		Although much of the interface of both the Lisa and Mac was based heavily on the work done at PARC, and 15 of the engineers at Xerox later left to join Apple, much of the Mac and Lisa operating systems were already written before Job's visit to PARC.
	applemuseum.bott.org /sections/gui.html (2449 words)

	The Graphical User Interface - Time for a Paradigm Shift?
		Once a user has become familiar with one application, he or she can learn new applications relatively easily.
		Users were always forced to buy Apple's expensive hardware to use the Macintosh GUI.
		The Mac GUI superseded command-line interfaces that were only known by specialists, and became a paradigm for Human-Computer Interaction that has not been broken until today.
	www.sensomatic.com /chz/gui/history.html (1193 words)

	Graphical User Interface: Insights on User (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In one implementation, a method for ensuring the trustworthiness of graphical user interfaces is described wherein a computing system user selects and/or modifies an image to be used as at least a portion of the background of one or more visual elements of a graphical user interface of a trusted...
		User Interface is a hardware and software which facilitate communication between the user and the...
		X-Bc is a graphical user interface to the arbitrary precision calculator bc.
	graphicaluserinterface.sicsuser.com (2466 words)

	Jensen Harris: An Office User Interface Blog : History
		This is the fourth part in my eight-part series of entries in which I outline some of the reasons we decided to pursue a new user interface for Office 2007.
		This is the third part in my eight-part series of entries in which I outline some of the reasons we decided to pursue a new user interface for Office 2007.
		This is the first in a series of entries in which I outline some of the reasons we decided to pursue a new user interface for Office 2007.
	blogs.msdn.com /jensenh/archive/category/10948.aspx (995 words)

	Graphic User Interface History
		The following is an unofficial survey of the claimed historical origins for various user interface concepts for mainframe and personal computers, notably the Macintosh computer.
		It is famous in interface history for the pioneering early work inventing the mouse and other concepts by Douglas Engelbart in the mid 1970s.
		The tour of this lab that Xerox voluntarily offered to Steve Jobs in 1979 allegedly let the cat out of the bag on many of the interface ideas that were later used or modified into the Apple Lisa and Apple Macintosh in 1983 and 1984.
	www.stanford.edu /~siegman/interface_history.html (536 words)

	Chapter 2. History: A Brief History of User Interfaces
		The history of that progression can be conveniently broken into three eras: batch (1945-1968), command-line (1969-1983) and graphical (1984 and after).
		The opening dates on the latter two eras are the years when vital new interface technologies broke out of the laboratory and began to transform users' expectations about interfaces in a serious way.
		Those technologies were interactive timesharing and the graphical user interface.
	www.catb.org /~esr/writings/taouu/html/ch02.html (271 words)

	Apple Computer History Links
		This site attempts to "capture your Apple experiences, anecdotes and stories about key events in Apple's history." It is filled with a growing collection of stories by previous Apple employees.
		From the introduction: "This paper is an attempt by a longtime Lisa user to clarify the significance of the Apple Lisa personal computer for the computing industry.
		Covers the technical history of Apple's multiple operating systems, from 1976 through the present, including those that were never released.
	www.landsnail.com /apple/links.htm (2412 words)

	The Making Of Windows 1.0 \| The OS that would Dominate the World \| Nov 18, 2005 \| Network Computing
		A graphical user interface (GUI) would allow PC users to use a mouse instead of DOS commands to compute.
		This much is clear: Both Jobs and Gates were influenced by Xerox' Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), which had developed a computer named the Alto that featured a crude graphical interface.
		By 1979, CPU power and display technology had increased to the point where it was feasible to move a GUI to a small personal computer.
	www.networkcomputing.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=174400221 (708 words)

	Graphical User Interface (GUI) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A graphical user interface (GUI) uses graphical elements, instead of text, for the input and output of a program.
		A pointing device — mouse, trackball, trackpad, writing tablet, etc. — is used to move a pointer around on the screen, as opposed to typing in a series of commands in command-line interfaces.
		Although the ideas behind graphical user interfaces go back into the 1940s, researchers at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) were the first to make the GUI happen.
	www.macos.utah.edu /Documentation/MacOSXClasses/macosxone/gui.html (519 words)

	[No title]
		While Apple had introduced a mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface the year before with the Lisa, its US$10,000 price tag drove away all but the most enthusiastic early adopters.
		The history of the graphical user interface is a long and fascinating tale.
		Selling for US$1,495, its 4,096-color graphics, 4-voice stereo sampled sound and preemptive multitasking operating system made it seem like it came from ten years in the future.
	arstechnica.com /articles/culture/total-share.ars/5 (669 words)

	The Apple Museum
		is an essay about Apple's involvement in the history of the graphical user interface (GUI), as well as a synopsis on its ongoing battle with Microsoft.
		Complementing this is the Celebrity Mac Users list, which further proves how creative professionals prefer the Mac.
		A section for biographies of the people in Apple's history will also be included, where youwill find many pictures and tidbits of well-known as well as unknown "Apple Fellows".
	applemuseum.bott.org (657 words)

	Category:Graphical user interface - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Articles and media on this topic in other Wikimedia projects can be found at: Commons Category Graphical user interface
		The main article for this category is Graphical user interface.
		There are 2 subcategories shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Graphical_user_interface (96 words)

	W3C User Interface Domain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In particular, the Domain is working on formats and languages that will present information to users with more accuracy and a higher level of control.
		The key idea is to separate the user interface and presentation from the data model and logic, allowinging the same form to be used on a wide variety of devices such as voice browers, handhelds, desktops and even paper.
		Graphics are the most visible part of the modern Web and arguably one of the primary reasons for it popularity and explosive growth.
	www.w3.org /UI (1607 words)

	The Real History of the GUI - WebmasterBase.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Others think "GUI", as in "Graphical User Interface." A GUI is what computer types call the system of icons, taskbars, and other objects that our computers use to display and access information.
		Jobs was reluctant to go at first, but eventually Raskin, who wrote his master’s thesis on a WYSIWYG graphical interface back in 1967 and was seeing some of his ideas brought to fruition by the folks in PARC, piqued his interest.
		X-driven interfaces are popping up in such non-PC devices as TiVo, Web pads, and PDAs, and one X user speculates that as these devices become more widespread, we may see X actually being used more than either Apple or Windows GUIs.
	penguicon.sourceforge.net /comphist/links/gui.html (9107 words)

	InfoDesign News Flashes Archive - November 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		INTERFACE DESIGN: Interface Design as a Life or Death Proposition - "(...) recent initiatives have instituted a more prescriptive, design-focused procedure encouraging extensive user research at the beginning of the development process." (Doug LeMoine - Cooper)
		Users are justifiably very cynical about their privacy and about the extent to which they can trust Web sites." (Meryl K. Evans and Nick Finck - Digital Web Magazine)
		INTERFACE DESIGN: When Good Interfaces Go Crufty - "(...) over the past 20 years, I've noticed that cruft has been appearing in computer interfaces.
	www.bogieland.com /infodesign/archive/200211.htm (1737 words)

	Graphical User Interface Timeline
		This timeline lists all of the graphical user interface environments that I have been able to find information about through my own research and on the Internet.
		The Alto is the first system to pull together all of the elements of the modern Graphical User Interface.
		September: Digital Research announces its GEM icon/desktop user interface for 8086- and DOS-based computers.
	toastytech.com /guis/guitimeline.html (258 words)

	David Seah : 2005 : May : 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This article on ArsTechnica describes the history of the Graphical User Interface, from its inception by Douglas Englebart in 1962 to present day.
		Brad forwarded me this link to Creating Passionate Users, a neat blog from the people who created the Head First series of computer books; I’d picked up one of them before.
		We're a user group with a multi-disciplinary approach to life and work.
	davidseah.com /archives/2005/05/10 (210 words)

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