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Topic: History of the scientific method

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	scientific method by michael james::learn,observe,question,formulate and solve using the scientific method
		Scientific method is a process that allows new knowledge of natural or physical phenomena to be acquired, gaining explanations by sifting the truth from the false, rather than by guesswork or by something supernatural or from beyond the bounds of nature.
		It is this method of discovery, and the justification for that discovery, which must be accomplished entirely with integrity.
		Scientific Method by Michael James is a site dedicated to how we learn, observe, ask questions, formulate ideas and solve problems.
	www.scientificmethod.co.uk (0 words)

	Scientific method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scientific method as envisaged by one of its early exponents, Sir Isaac Newton, is fundamental to the investigation and acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence.
		The history of the discovery of the structure of DNA is a classic example of the elements of scientific method: in 1950 it was known that genetic inheritance had a mathematical description, starting with the studies of Gregor Mendel.
		The study of a scientific method is distinct from the practice of science and is more a part of the philosophy, history and sociology of science than of science.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_method (4425 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The scientific method or scientific process is fundamental to scientific investigation and to the acquisition of new knowledge based upon physical evidence by the scientific community.
		Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work.
		Scientific understanding derives from observation, but the acceptance of scientific statements is dependent on the related theoretical background or paradigm as well as on observation.
	www.kisanji.org /default.aspx?modulo=wikipedia&arg=Scientific_method (5356 words)

	Wikinfo \| Scientific method:Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In the presentation of the 'ideal' scientific method that follows, one must keep in mind that many parties are simultaneously executing empirical methods and reproducing work of others, and that social and linguistic processes play key roles in deciding the degree of examination that any given hypothesis will receive in practice.
		History is replete with examples of accurate theories ignored by peers, and inaccurate ones propagated unduly, due to social factors that no 'scientific method' would choose to promote - but which are inevitable aspects of being fallible social humans.
		At this stage the disclosure and documentation of experimental and observational methods is of the utmost importance.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Scientific_method (2392 words)

	AHA Information: Charles A. Beard Presidential Address (1933) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Contemporary thought about history, therefore, repudiates the conception dominant among the schoolmen during the latter part of the nineteenth century and the opening years of the twentieth century--the conception that it is possible to describe the past as it actually was, somewhat as the engineer describes a single machine.
		To use academic and doctrinal terms, familiar to you and your co-workers, ethico-political history is the union of the History of Civilization, arising principally in the eighteenth century, with the old Political History or History of the State, revived and restated in Germany in the nineteenth century.
		History thus conceived and developed will free us all from two false historical schools of thought which have had a very favorable reception in the last fifty years and especially at present are felt everywhere, and in some countries these conceptions not only predominate but predominate without rivals.
	www.historians.org /info/AHA_History/cabeard.htm (4400 words)

	Ancient Indian History: Philosophy, Development, Scientific Method, Ethics, Culture, Religion
		Scientific exchanges between Greece and India were mutually beneficial and helped in the development of the sciences in both nations.
		It was a period of scientific discovery and technological innovation.
		Although colonial history has attempted to usurp this collective heritage of the planet and make it exclusively euro-centric, it is important to note that fundamental and important discoveries in science and innovations in technology have come from many different parts of the globe, albeit at different times and stages of world civilization.
	india_resource.tripod.com /scienceh.htm (0 words)

	The Myth of the Magical Scientific Method
		The "hypothetico-deductive" schema taught to students was not developed as a method at all: It was intended a logical analysis of how scientific theories derive support from evidence, and it was developed in a process that intentionally excluded consideration of the process of discovery in science.
		The most obvious failing of the "method" as a guide to furthering (or understanding) scientific progress is that it ignores or distorts the role of careful observation as a source of knowledge.
		Scientific observations span the range between surprises like that one, to observations that are made possible by careful preparation, like the invention of the microscope or an archaeological dig, all the way up to observations that require preparatory work of astounding dedication and inventiveness, like those made using the Hubble Space Telescope.
	www.dharma-haven.org /science/myth-of-scientific-method.htm (6897 words)

	Role Of Science In Knowledge Creation: A Philosophy Of Science Perspective
		There are four lines of argument which undermine the classical preoccupation with scientific consensus: the discovery that scientific research is much more controversy-laden than the older view would lead one to expect; the thesis of theory incommensurability; the thesis of the underdetermination of theories; and the phenomenon of successful counternormal behavior (Laudan, 1984).
		To solve this scientific problem, a theory is proposed and the logical consequences of the theory (hypotheses) are subjected to rigorous empirical tests.
		Scientific realism is also a critical realism, contending that the job of science is to use its method to improve our perceptual (measurement) processes, separate illusion from reality, and thereby generate the most accurate possible description and understanding of the world (Hunt, 1990).
	www.brint.com /papers/science.htm (5047 words)

	End the Biggest Educational & Intellectual Blunder in History by Norma W. Edmund ... Scientific Method Publishing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Edmund contends that researchers, using scientific methods, should have halted the process in its tracks by determining quickly the winners and losers among these trendy programs, rather than falling for the “do your own thing” philosophy espoused by Conant and crew.
		Instead of focusing on the scientific method as had been done in the past, he thought it would be wiser to focus on the case study formula of his two successful schools.
		Edmund argues that the scientific method could be adopted and used to find viable solutions to this problem, as it is designed to weed out what doesn’t work before it is implemented.
	www.bookmasters.com /marktplc/rr01444.htm (668 words)

	End the Biggest Educational & Intellectual Blunder in History by Norma W. Edmund ... Scientific Method Publishing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This is causing billions of dollars of harm to the country, as the scientific method is also the complete method of creative problem solving and decision making for all fields, including our personal lives.
		It is the basic method by which we originate, refine, extend, and apply knowledge in all fields.
		Thus, most people have heard of the scientific method but do not know that there is a dispute about its existence.
	www.bookmasters.com /marktplc/01444.htm (430 words)

	Scientific method is basis for all of today's testing of hypotheses
		Accordingly, Aristotle believed that a 100-pound iron ball logically fell through the air 100 times faster than a 1-pound ball; that the heart was the repository of all human emotion and that the Earth, because it was home to the human race, was at the center of the universe.
		Simply put, the scientific method is the systematic use of experimentation to prove or disprove a hypothesis or idea based on earlier observation.
		Creation of the method can be largely attributed to Francis Bacon, a persuasive 17th-century English statesman and philosopher (1561-1626) who argued that knowledge was gained only through induction -- the exhaustive gathering of empirical data rigorously and logically refined to a single, essential conclusion.
	www.uww.edu /Lettsc/core/STS/mirrored_docs/method.htm (798 words)

	The diffusion of scientific method (from history of science) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		More results on "The diffusion of scientific method (from history of science)" when you join.
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
		Centuries before the adoption of the scientific method, alchemists were learning how to create metals, medicines, and gunpowderýand changing the world in the process.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-29333 (851 words)

	Introduction to the Scientific Method
		The scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary) representation of the world.
		What is key in the description of the scientific method just given is the predictive power (the ability to get more out of the theory than you put in; see Barrow, 1991) of the hypothesis or theory, as tested by experiment.
		As stated earlier, the scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of the scientist's bias on the outcome of an experiment.
	teacher.nsrl.rochester.edu /phy_labs/AppendixE/AppendixE.html (2214 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History: By Topic: Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		History of Optics - Timeline of optical discoveries and theories, from Euclid to the laser.
		History of Science and Technology - A timeline of the history of science that can be organized by either date, or alphabetically by scientist's name, with (very) basic data and some links.
		History of the Physical Sciences in India - Essay outlining developments in the study of physics and chemistry in India.
	dmoz.org /Society/History/By_Topic/Science (2088 words)

	Logic and the Scientific Method - History for Kids!
		With the conversion to Christianity in the 300's AD, there got to be a lot of hostility to the Library, which was seen as a stronghold of paganism, and eventually, around 600 AD, the Library was shut down.
		During this time, under the rule of the Merovingians in France and the Lombards in Northern Italy, and the Romans in Greece and Turkey, little or no scientific progress was being made.
		At the ducal court of Aquitaine, Eleanor of Aquitaine and her court used the same logical principles to discuss the nature of love.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/science/logic.htm (582 words)

	Biology of Animals & Plants - Methods of Science
		It was a long road from that basic test by Redi to today's scientific method, but some of the approach he used persists: modern science is about testing suspected explanations of one's observations.
		The history of science is a long series of new explanations for old results.
		Modern science is based upon a descendant of that original scientific method, with some additions and minor changes.
	faculty.fmcc.suny.edu /mcdarby/Animals&PlantsBook/History/03-Explaining-Life-Science.htm (1411 words)

	Lecture 1 BESC 314
		Scientific method is essentially conservative for it hesitates to draw conclusions until their validity has been established and verified in many ways.
		Scientific thought is, or seems, revolutionary because we do not really see the process but only gigantic results.
		Now he would construct a tentative plot of his next scientific story--the 'working hypothesis', from which would be born the project of the next experiment.
	plantpathology.tamu.edu /kbgs/history.htm (2949 words)

	The Scientific Method - Elegant Experiments
		Scientific method is based on the principle of cause and effect: You get a fever because you are sick; the sky looks blue because of the interaction of light and matter in the atmosphere.
		This continuous scrutiny is essential to the credibility and progress of scientific research.
		One of the fundamental prerequisites of a healthy scientific method is the quality of experimentation that is designed to test an hypothesis.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/BC/Elegant_Experiments.html (576 words)

	Kevin Kelly -- The Technium
		The scientific method today bears little resemblance to the earliest attempts at science 400 years ago, before the advent of experiment, report, peer review and other inventions.
		In researching the trajectory of the scientific method I was shocked to discover how untold its story is. The pillar of technological strength and the foundation of our modern culture is science’s advance.
		Scientific models are often complex, highly mathematical, and difficult to explain or comprehend.
	www.kk.org /thetechnium/archives/2004/12/evolution_of_th.php (2103 words)

	United States Early Radio History
		Early Radio Industry Development (1897-1914) - As with most innovations, radio began with a series of incremental scientific discoveries and technical refinements, which eventually led to the development of commercial applications.
		But profits were slow in coming, and for many years the largest U.S. radio firms were better known for their fraudulent stock selling practices than for their financial viability.
		Arc-Transmitter Development (1904-1921) - A more compact -- although not quite as refined -- method for generating continuous-wave radio signals was the arc-transmitter, initially developed by Danish inventor Valdemar Poulsen.
	earlyradiohistory.us (0 words)

	ASA - July 2000: Re: history of scientific method (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		ASA - July 2000: Re: history of scientific method
		Reply: George Murphy: "Re: history of scientific method"
		method dogma, but there was indeed (or at least it has been reportted)
	www.asa3.org /archive/asa/200007/0164.html (197 words)

	Scientific Method Theatrics
		Astronaut: Obviously the scientific method goes beyond the limits of the earth and extends to infinity and beyond.
		Today’s space travelers are carrying on the legacy of the scientific method and are themselves ‘standing on the shoulders of giants’.
		Who knows where the scientific method will take our civilization, but it has been a golden thread woven through the fabric of our history.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~imsa1/scimeth.html (647 words)

	ACS Education paper
		The history of science is full of stories which exhibit scientific methodology to an exemplary degree.
		Essentially, it is a course on the "scientific method", conveying the nature of science as an empirical endeavor which employs controlled experiments, quantifiable measurements, logical inferences, testable hypotheses, and the like.
		My way of presenting case histories in CHM 203 is to distribute a piece written by the original researcher and heavily annotated by me. Some of the footnotes gloss technical terms, some provide context for the investigation in light of contemporary and current knowledge, and some fill in details.
	webserver.lemoyne.edu /faculty/giunta/acspaper.html (1963 words)

	Scientific Method
		Neoscience or New - science has a multifaceted background, that has historically covered a postmodern description of literature to the application of chaos theory to human management systems.
		This has presented various approaches in different management paradigms, as well as other scientific application of organic systems science to human and social systems.
		Our definition of Neoscience, is the application of a scientific methodology predicating that consciousness lies at the basis of manifest reality, rather than space-time.
	www.neoscience.org /history.htm (112 words)

	science: The Scientific Method
		The scientific method has evolved over many centuries and has now come to be described in terms of a well-recognized and well-defined series of steps.
		If the conclusions drawn from the original hypothesis successfully meet all these tests, the hypothesis becomes accepted as a scientific theory or law; if additional facts are in disagreement with the hypothesis, it may be modified or discarded in favor of a new hypothesis, which is then subjected to further tests.
		Political science: sociology's disdain for the scientific method undermines its scientific pretensions.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0860972.html (375 words)

	Online Introduction to Biology - History - Scientific Method
		A hypothesis should produce testable predictions or it isn't much use scientifically, and the tests are most reliably done under controlled conditions.
		In biology, complete control over conditions is hard to achieve, but scientists still strive for it.
		A fairly bizarre page on research done with marshmallow peeps that sort of follows scientific method but uses groups that are too small to eliminate chance as a confounding factor.
	faculty.fmcc.suny.edu /mcdarby/Majors101Book/Chapter_02-A_Bit_of_History/03-Explaining-Life-Science.htm (1262 words)

	Biology4Kids.com: Scientific Studies: Scientific Method
		Learning about the scientific method is almost like saying that you are learning how to learn.
		You see, the scientific method is the way scientists learn and study the world around them.
		The basis of the scientific method is asking questions and then trying to come up with the answers.
	www.biology4kids.com /files/studies_scimethod.html (615 words)

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