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Topic: History of the umbrella

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Umbrella

Parasol

Jonas Hanway

1750

1672

Victorian era

	Umbrella Encyclopedia Article, Description, History and Biography @ ArtisticNudity.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In England, umbrellas were only used by women until the practice was popularised by Jonas Hanway (1712-86).
		Victorian era umbrellas had frames of wood or baleen, but these devices were expensive and hard to fold when wet.
		Samuel Fox invented the steel-ribbed umbrella in 1852.
	artisticnudity.com /encyclopedia/Umbrella (577 words)

	Umbrella - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An umbrella is a device used for temporary shade or shelter from precipitation.
		Umbrellas carried by hand are now usually used as rain shields, although their first use was for shielding from the sun; however, as tans became more sociably acceptable, this usage declined.
		An umbrella made for protection from the sun, is called a parasol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Umbrella (417 words)

	Encyclopedia article: Umbrella (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		An umbrella is a device used for temporary shade (Protective covering that protects something from direct sunlight) or shelter from precipitation (The falling to earth of any form of water (rain or snow or hail or sleet or mist)).
		An umbrella made for protection from the sun (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system), is called a parasol.
		The expression "umbrella term" means a word that provides a superset (additional info and facts about superset) or group ((chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule) ing of related concepts.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/um/umbrella.htm (704 words)

	The history of the umbrella at european-umbrellas.com
		He constructed the first telescoping pocket umbrella (up to then all small umbrellas had been foldable models), and with it founded the Knirps company in Berlin ("Knirps" is a German word with meaning akin to "little guy" or "squirt").
		With the beginning of the 1950s the rise of the pocket umbrella began, and the "designer umbrella" as a fashion accessory fell behind due to the needs and desires of the travelling automobile society.
		Lightweight umbrellas made of aluminium (and even out of fibreglass), new frames with a double automatic mechanism for closing and opening, new fabrics, and new coatings (such as Teflon) are changing the market.
	www.european-umbrellas.com /all-about-the-umbrella/history/history.html (858 words)

	Botany Encyclopedia: Natural History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the Eighteenth and well into the Nineteenth Century, Natural History as a term was frequently used to refer to all scientific studies, as opposed to political or ecclesiastical history.
		The term "natural history" alone, or sometimes together with archaeology, forms the name of many national, regional and local natural history societies that maintain records for birds (ornithology), mammals, insects (entomology) and plants (botany).
		The growth of natural history societies was also spurred due to the growth of British colonies in tropical regions with numerous new species to be discovered.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/botanyencyclopedia/naturalhistory.html (324 words)

	History of the Umbrella
		Although the use of the umbrella was thus early introduced into Italy, and had probably been continued there as a vestige of ancient Roman manners, yet so late as 1608, Thomas Coryat notices the invention in such terms as to indicate that it was not commonly known in his own country.
		The umbrella was used in England as a luxurious sun-shade early in the seventeenth century.
		Much of the clamour which was raised against the general use of the umbrella originated with the chairmen and hackney-coachmen, who, of course, regarded rainy weather as a thing especially designed for their advantage and from which the public were entitled to no other protection than what their vehicles could afford.
	www.backyardcity.com /Umbrellas-Umbrella-History.htm (1061 words)

	Come Rain or Come Shine - Manufacture of Umbrellas
		Another alternative was the compact umbrella that folded to pocket size, which often confounded one's effort to unfurl it in time, and defied a post-shower intention to re-fold it.
		A display of old umbrellas at the Paris Exposition of 1849 suggested that a typical umbrella of the 1780s had ribs 28-1/4 inches in length and weighed a total of one pound, 8-1/2 ounces.
		An umbrella is as much a liability today in the city of Great Falls, Montana, as it would have been in the same neighborhood in 1805, because of the gusty winds that often accompany rainstorms.
	www.lewis-clark.org /GREATFALLSVT/FALLSOFMO/UMBRELLA/gf_umbrella2.htm (697 words)

	[No title]
		The Umbrella is derived from a stately family, that of the Parasol, the legitimate use of the Umbrella, though sufficiently obvious, being almost ignored in those countries whence it derives its being, since it was as a protection against the scorching heat of the sun that it was first used.
		In the Scirophoria, the feast of Athene Sciras, a white Parasol was borne by the priestesses of the goddess from the Acropolis to the Phalerus.
		For some time Umbrellas were objects of derision, especially from the hackney coachmen, who saw in their use an invasion on the vested rights of the fraternity; just as hackney coaches had once been looked upon by the watermen, who thought people should travel by river, not by road.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext04/mbrll10.txt (12562 words)

	Ball and Umbrella Help File
		Using usual umbrella would be much more difficult because the spokes are curved and the surface is bumpy as the number of spokes is far less than that of Japanese umbrella.
		Japanese professionals use special umbrellas made from thin silk cloth and bamboo, because they are beautiful and the half-transparent silk enables a performer to see the object on the umbrella through it.
		As you throw a coin onto the umbrella, put some spin on it in the direction that it is going to be turning, so that it does not have to pick up spin once it lands.
	www.juggling.org /help/circus-arts/umbrella.html (1205 words)

	story * Behind the Headlines The Story... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For Conspicuous Gallantry A Brief History of the Recipients of the Victoria Cross from Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Nottingham.
		Hurricane lamps and blue umbrellas a history of the Shire of Johnstone to 1973.
		The Valley and the Hills An Illustrated History of Birmingham and Jefferson County.
	www.decurio.de /?decu_search=story (1512 words)

	Umbrella - Signs and Symbols
		It was both a mark of superiority and a symbol of the regent's idealized role as protector of his or her "children." Often it was part of the throne, the seat of authority.
		Correspondingly, an umbrella in a man's hand was regarded as a sign of effeminacy, unless he was holding it for a lady so that she could lift her skirts out of the mud.
		By the end of the eighteenth century the umbrella was firmly established among both men and women of the upper classes in Europe and America, even on the frontier.
	www.lewis-clark.org /GREATFALLSVT/FALLSOFMO/UMBRELLA/gf_umbrella1.htm (912 words)

	Commercial Umbrella Overview: Purpose & Policy Review -- January 12, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The umbrella policy is the most common vehicle used to provide limits higher than those provided by the occurrence and aggregate limits of the underlying policies.
		Once underlying limits or large self-insured retentions are exhausted through the payment of claims, the umbrella "drops down" to act as the primary policy would, providing indemnity and defense coverage for the remainder of the umbrella period or until the umbrella aggregate is exhausted (whichever comes first).
		Absent an exclusion, the umbrella would normally provide coverage for auto liability losses, therefore an underwriter would attach an auto liability exclusion to avoid paying an auto claim in the event the insured bought a vehicle during the policy period without purchasing a primary policy.
	www.geinsurancesolutions.com /erccorporate/theinstitute/pc/inst_ind_umb_comm_overview.htm (2032 words)

	Market Umbrella (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Umbrella Man is a man who appears in the Zapruder film, and several other films and photographs on the edge of the grassy knoll during the JFK assassination within Dealey Plaza.
		A less common theory, held by L. Fletcher Prouty and others, is that the umbrella contained a poison dart fired at Kennedy to immobilize President Kennedy's muscles from moving (his movements are seen to freeze and cease within two seconds of Z-225).
		The Umbrella Cockatoo, ''Cacatua alba'', of Indonesia at first appears to be a solid white parrot with brown eyes.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/121/market-umbrella.html (860 words)

	IS 531: Social Science Information: History Lecture Notes
		History and literature were inseparable for centuries since history was part of the humanities and history was written in the literary mode.
		History, then, is the primary vehicle for socialization of the young and bringing together the various elements of a society.
		History is broadly defined and here includes some cultural anthropology, women's and gender studies, social history, and history of particular fields.
	web.utk.edu /~wrobinso/531_lec_hist.html (7375 words)

	The Natural History Society of Swaziland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Most definitions of Natural History include the study of living things which is covered by biology, botany, zoology, ecology, conservation and other life sciences.
		Another definition of Natural History, and the one which our society endorses, extends the the field of study to related disciplines such as paleontology, archaeology, geology, meteorology and geography.
		There are many: Write books on natural history; Lead wildlife tours for persons interested in nature; Work as a game ranger; Become a wildlife photographer; Sell wildlife related products; The list is limited only by your imagination.
	www.naturalhistorysociety.org.sz (425 words)

	Scottish Local History Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Scottish Local History Forum is the umbrella organisation for all individuals, both amateur and professionals, and organisations interested in the discovery, use and exploitation of local history in Scotland.
		It campaigns on behalf of local history, edits occasional reference works, and generally keeps those involved in local history in touch with Scottish activities.
		Submission of articles for future journals on any aspect of Scottish local history are welcomed, and should be sent to Doris Williamson, c/o Scottish History, School of History and Classics, University of Edinburgh, 17 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh EH8 9LN.
	www.drymen-history.org.uk /forum.html (286 words)

	Morton® Salt - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Salt has greatly influenced the political and economic history of the world.
		In 1911, a little girl with an umbrella and her now-famous slogan, "When It Rains It Pours”, were created to promote this new product in a national consumer advertising campaign.
		The Morton Umbrella Girl and slogan first appeared on the blue package of table salt in 1914.
	www.mortonsalt.com /consumer/about_us/history (1304 words)

	History Company - Avengers Umbrella.
		Upon his arrival, he immediately procured a representative from T. Fox to not only supply him with an umbrella but also, in order to ensure the umbrella's well being, requested that a shop representative be available to roll the umbrella properly after a day of use.
		The new nylon umbrellas were sleek, sharp, and elegant which befitted a look of youth and style.
		This sleek thin umbrella became the height of fashion in the 60s, a fact made abundantly clear when the Fox umbrella appeared in the opening credits of the hit television show, The Avengers.
	www.lightlink.com /history/uk/products/005.html (493 words)

	Open Directory - Society: People: Women: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Berkshire Conference on the History of Women - Formed in response to women academics' sense of professional isolation in the early decades of the 20th century.
		The Berkshire group invites all women professionally engaged in history, pursuing graduate study in history, or dedicated to historical inquiry to participate in their activities.
		History's Women - A magazine highlighting the extraordinary achievements of women throughout history and recognizing the obstacles they have had to overcome in order to reach their goals.
	dmoz.org /Society/People/Women/History (1289 words)

	Umbrellas \| history of the umbrella information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The rubber wristband is the trademark of Make Poverty History, an umbrella group of British charities and organisations campaigning for trade justice, debt cancellation and better aid for the world's...
		Umbrella History "History of the Umbrella" Excerpt from RL.
		It is not a membership organization, and is operated under the Peery Family History umbrella.
	umbrellasite.com /Umbrella3/historyoftheumbrella (755 words)

	San Francisco History - The Umbrella That Made History
		It is an umbrella whose history is closely associated with the admission of California into the Union.
		She so intimated to General Bidwell and then proposed that Senator Seward be invited to her home as a guest of a farewell dinner she had arranged prior to her departure to the West.
		History tells the rest; of how Senator Seward announced on the Senate floor his sympathy for Californians and expressed the hope that his colleagues would admit the State unconditionally and at once.
	www.sfgenealogy.com /sf/history/hgumb.htm (1748 words)

	Case Western Reserve University - Department of History
		Even in this age, however, new fields of historical inquiry and discourse, such as social history or the history of ideas (as pioneered for example in science by Thorndike), were beginning to find practitioners.
		He was soon considered for a variety of positions: as president of the University of Arkansas (1946), as professor at the University of Wisconsin (1947), at the University of Illinois as dean of Liberal Arts (1947), and in 1946 as director of the Western Reserve Historical Society, when Benton's death created that opening.
		His history of the Cleveland Public Library, Open Shelves and Open Minds, was published in 1972 after he resigned the deanship in 1969, thus setting him on the path of writing institutional histories.
	www.cwru.edu /artsci/hsty/hsty4.html (6587 words)

	The Christian Science Monitor \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In any case, an umbrella was originally for protection from the sun, not the rain.
		Umbrellas made of wood and oilcloth became popular as rain shields in the 1700s.
		In 1750 he began carrying an umbrella with him wherever he went in London.
	www.csmonitor.com /durable/2000/04/25/p19s2.htm (276 words)

	Canadian Genealogy and History Links - Organizations and Societies
		Kawartha Ancestral Research Association KARA is a genealogy organization in downtown Peterborough operating a research centre for family history in the Kawartha Region.
		Genealogical Institute of the Jewish Historical Society of Western Canada The Genealogical Institute was founded in June 1990 to operate as the part of the Jewish Historical Society of Western Canada that is dedicated to promoting the hobby of genealogy within the Society.
		North Shuswap Historical Society The NSHS was formed in 1985 with the goal of gathering and preserving the history of the North Shuswap and its surrounding areas.
	www.islandnet.com /~jveinot/cghl/organization.html (3941 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History: Organizations: United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		American Association of the History of Medicine - An academic society devoted to the history of medicine and all aspects of health.
		Maryland Association of History Museums - An alliance of historical, cultural, and educational institutions created to speak for and to enhance the professionalism and effectiveness of all organizations that collect, hold, interpret and protect the cultural and material heritage of the State.
		Three Societies for Men with Revolutionary Ancestors - Explanation of the history of and relationships between the Society of the Cincinnati, the Society of the Sons of the Revolution, and the Sons of the American Revolution.
	dmoz.org /Society/History/Organizations/United_States (1291 words)

	Learning Categories - History
		History in Film - If a teacher wanted to show one of the films included in the site, everything is there to help them -- plot summary, outline, homework, timeline, etc. -- including a download text package that could be modified (if needed) and used as handouts to the class.
		Bruce Hutchison, a prominent newspaper editor and author, once described Canada as "The Unknown Country." To a large extent, Canada, with its complex weave of languages, cultures and regions, is a geopolitical conundrum.
		Women in Canadian History - This is an in-depth description of "Her Story" with a "Woman of the Week" feature.
	www.edunetconnect.com /cat/history.html (1621 words)

	The Army's umbrella war (true) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Army's prohibition against men carrying umbrellas goes back so far in history that nobody remembers why the rule was issued in the first place.
		The idea is that men wearing dress or regular office uniforms would be authorized to use their own umbrellas.
		Enith Hickman, the Times' letters editor, said she got more mail on umbrellas than on any other issue in memory, and 90 percent of it was in favor of allowing men to use umbrellas.
	www.panix.com /~clp/humor/military/The-Army-s-umbrella-war-true.html (684 words)

	CUNA Press Releases
		At the request of Roy Bergengren, Stern drew the 'Umbrella Man' and other cartoons for The Bridge, now Credit Union Magazine, when it was first published in June 1924.
		Finally, in the mid-1960's, the 'Umbrella Man' drawing was retired.
		While credit unions can still use the little man with the umbrella as their trademark, they rarely do.
	www.cuna.org /press/press_releases/cuna_111901.html (394 words)

	Wesleyan Catalog Description
		The history of art further requires the critical analysis and interpretation of written texts to help document and illuminate the contexts—social, economic, political, religious—in which artifacts are produced and used.
		Students who concentrate in the history of Asian art are strongly urged to take at least one course outside the department dealing with the history or culture of pre-modern Asia.
		For admission to the major, the student must have a B average in courses taken in the history of art and a B average overall.
	www.wesleyan.edu /wesmaps/catalog/arhat.htm (1930 words)

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