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Topic: History of theory of capitalism

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Capitalism

Means of production

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Bull market

History of economic thought

Theories of New Imperialism

Exploitation

Capitalism in the nineteenth century

Karl Marx

Collectivism

Neoliberalism

Immanuel Wallerstein

Commerce

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Marxism

	History of theory of capitalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although he is often described as the "father of capitalism" (and the "father of economics"), Adam Smith himself never used the term "capitalism".
		Much of the history of late capitalism involves what David Harvey called the "system of flexible accumulation" in which more and more things become commodities, the value of which is determined through the process of exchange rather through their use.
		His so-called accumulation theory, very influential in its day, suggested that capitalism suffered from under-consumption due to the rise of monopoly capitalism and the resultant concentration of wealth in fewer hands, which he argued gave rise to a misdistribution of purchasing power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_theory_of_capitalism (1381 words)

	Capitalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Capitalism is contrasted with Feudalism, where land is owned by the feudal lords, which collects rent from private operators; Socialism, where the means of production are owned and used by the state; and Communism, where the means of production are owned and used by the community collectively.
		Some emphasize the private ownership of capital as being the essence of capitalism, or emphasize of the importance of a Free market as a mechanism for the movement and accumulation of capital, while others measure capitalism through class analysis (i.e., class structure of society, relations between the Proletariat and the bourgeois).
		Most theories of what has come to be called capitalism developed in the 18th century, 19th century and 20th century, for instance in the context of the Industrial Revolution and European imperialism (e.g.
	pda.molinu.com /wiki/en/ca/Capitalism.htm (9339 words)

	Capitalism FAQ: Theory
		Capitalism recognizes that it is just for a man to keep what he has earned and that it is unjust for a man, or group of men, to have the right to what other people have earned.
		Capitalism is the only system which protects individual rights and freedom, but the variety of political systems which violate individual freedom are numerous: socialism, communism, fascism, Nazism, absolute monarchies, military dictatorships, theocracies, or the welfare state are all systems which infringe upon individual rights, which means they institutionalize the initiation of force against their citizens.
		In particular, her connection of capitalism to individual rights, and her recognition that individuals have the moral right to live for their own sake makes her philosophy of Objectivism of utmost importance for a thorough and consistent defense of capitalism.
	famguardian.org /Subjects/Politics/Articles/Capitalism/capit-2.htm (3082 words)

	Social Contract Theory [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		In the twentieth century, moral and political theory regained philosophical momentum as a result of John Rawls’ Kantian version of social contract theory, and was followed by other revisitings of the subject by David Gauthier and others.
		In particular, feminists and race-conscious philosophers have argued that social contract theory is at least an incomplete picture of our moral and political lives, and may in fact camouflage some of the ways in which the contract is itself parasitical upon the subjugations of classes of persons.
		Given the pervasive influence of contract theory on social, political, and moral philosophy, then, it is not surprising that feminists should have a great deal to say about whether contract theory is adequate or appropriate from the point of view of taking women seriously.
	www.iep.utm.edu /s/soc-cont.htm (9316 words)

	History of Capitalism - Historically, has a capitalist society ever existed?
		Capitalism is the best -- the ideal -- theory, because to the extent that it is allowed to work, it always works in practice.
		Throughout history the parents of most families could not produce enough to support their families without having their children work also (such was the case of my father in India).
		It was the accumulation capital by the industrialists that made the labor of parents more productive, that children had to stop working in fields or factories.
	capitalism.org /faq/history.htm (441 words)

	Capitalism...Bizhisto.com
		Competing theories that developed in the 19th century, in the context of the industrial revolution, and 20th century, in the context of the Cold War, meant to justify the private ownership of capital, to explain the operation of such markets, and to guide the application or elimination of government regulation of property and markets.
		Despite wide disagreements over the precise definition of capitalism, and arguments over which economies are capitalist and to what degree, a set of broad characteristics are generally agreed on by both advocates and critics of capitalism.
		Capitalism - Capitalism generally refers to a combination of economic practices that became institutionalized in Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries.
	www.bizhisto.com /capitalism.html (3671 words)

	Capitalism - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some emphasize the private ownership of capital as being the essence of capitalism, or emphasize the importance of a free market as a mechanism for the movement and accumulation of capital.
		Capitalism contrasts with socialism, where the means of production are owned and run by popular collectives (such as the state) for the people.
		Capitalism as it exists in today's liberal democracies is said to be in opposition to planned economies, such as a command economy, where the economy is coordinated by the state.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Capitalism (5967 words)

	Volumes 21-25: Abstracts
		To test theories of economic imperialism by close historical study of colonial expansion in the late nineteenth century is a fundamental mistake.
		If history is to be taken seriously as a cognitive - not merely literary - discipline to which considerations of truth or falsity are relevant, it is because of the progress made over the course of centuries in the sharpening of the methodology of the infrastructure of history.
		A new hermeneutical theory is needed that will avoid both the "analytical" fixation on the epistemic functions of the historian and the "dialectical" tendency to "ontologize" interpretation to the point where questions of truth in the sense of fidelity to the past become increasingly marginal.
	www.historyandtheory.org /archives/indx2125.html (10893 words)

	ANTI-CAPITALISM: Modern Theory and Historical Origins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Capitalism, by its' unnatural constraint on the free flow of wealth, decreases the quality of life for most, while only increasing it for the few.
		Not only did this artifact of capitalism precipitate workers into indentured servitude, but their servitude was passed from generation to generation by inheritance.
		The beauty of profitless capitalism is that it puts all the people to work directly for their own benefit.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/w/x/wxk116/antic (3344 words)

	Introduction - THE EARLY HISTORY OF CAPITALISM IN ENGLAND
		The early history of the accumulation of capital in England is very obscure, especially as most enterprises were either one-man businesses or simple partnerships, where all decisions were informal and hardly ever recorded.
		This was the state of affairs under the gild system, and the lack of evidence from this quarter increases the importance of the history of the joint-stock companies, which kept records and played a large part in the accumulation of capital even before 1720.
		It is again worth emphasizing that the accumulation of capital has two stories: one, the evolution of economic classes depending for their status on the amount of capital they held, and, second, the actual development of the resources of the country and the increase in the stock or capital of the community as a whole.
	www.history.rochester.edu /steam/lord/1-6.htm (874 words)

	Review of Class Theory and History By Resnick and Wolff
		Recognition that a great deal is at stake in the terms used to describe social formations and the definitions of those terms has produced a strong and often bitter reaction to applying the adjectives and underlying concepts "capitalist" and "feudal" to post-1949 China.
		Capitalism, feudalism, socialism, and communism are four words that have an abundance of fleas.
		Capitalism prevailed in the sense that capitalist exploitation prevailed over all other forms of surplus appropriation and distribution.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/sgabriel/USSR_text.htm (1356 words)

	The Marxist-Leninist Theory of History
		Marx (1818-1883) did not have a theory of morality; he had a theory of history.
		This was not a theory about "human nature" or "human psychology" [1], but about how the mode of economic production (how goods and services are produced) determines all the other political, social, cultural, and moral structures of a society (thought some Marxists are uncomfortable with this in an absolute sense).
		Although communists liked to see fascism as the ultimate expression of capitalism, and fascism did nominally leave property in private hands, fascism and communism nevertheless had more in common with each other than with capitalism, since each was a collectivist ideology that subordinated individual interests to the purposes of the State.
	www.friesian.com /marx.htm (1883 words)

	Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics
		It argues that in its logically consistent form of laissez-faire capitalism—that is, with the powers of government limited to those of national defense and the administration of justice—capitalism is a system of economic progress and prosperity for all, and is a precondition of world peace.
		Because its advocacy of capitalism is based in large measure on the author's own, original contributions to economic theory, this is a book that the professional economist can profit from as much as the general reader.
		Capitalism's value as a treatise that provides a comprehensive, logically consistent view of the economic world cannot be overstated.
	www.capitalism.net (1965 words)

	Class Theory and History: Capitalism and Communism in the USSR
		A theory that is consistent with anything happening clearly cannot be refuted from history; in Resnick and Wolff's hands the purpose of historical analysis is only to illustrate the theory, not to subject it to any potentially damaging test.
		For example the authors state that the "history of Russia was shaped, in part, by the specific and ever-changing class positions occupied and negotiated by its people" (p.
		Mark Harrison is professor of economics at the University of Warwick and honorary senior research fellow of the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham.
	www.eh.net /bookreviews/library/0576.shtml (1337 words)

	Books
		This theory raises a number of difficulties, the first being the definition of communism.
		This is because the aim of capitalism is to maximise the amount of surplus value produced.
		This creates a crisis for humanity, but only for so long as we continue to live in a society in which access to the means of subsistence is dependent on the sale of our minds and bodies to an employer for a wage.
	www.worldsocialism.org /spgb/jun03/bookjune.html (2015 words)

	Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		First, and most generally, Marxism is a theory of history.
		Third, as a theory of history and a theory of capitalism, Marxism purports to tell us, in a fundamental way, "how the world works" –- at the domestic, international, and transnational levels -- and why it works in the manner that it does.
		The most important structure governing our lives is the structure of capitalism, which started out as an essentially local phenomenon (limited to Western Europe), but is now global in scope and reach.
	instructional1.calstatela.edu /tclim/W04_Courses/427_w5_notes1.htm (153 words)

	USSR strayed from communism, say Economics professors
		In "Class Theory and History: Capitalism and Communism in the USSR," professors Stephen A. Resnick and Richard D. Wolff, both specialists in Marxian economics, apply their previously developed class theory to analyze the creation, evolution and demise of the Soviet Union.
		Resnick and Wolff contend that state capitalism was originally seen by the Bolsheviks as a necessary step in the evolution towards a communist state.
		By the 1980s, however, the state capi-talist industries and farms were incapable of generating enough surplus to sustain industrial capital accumulation, maintain the USSR's superpower status, meet the consumer demands of the population and pay for the bloated Communist party apparatus and bureaucracy.
	www.umass.edu /pubaffs/publications/chronicle/archives/02/10-11/economics.html (1117 words)

	LSHG Message Board - new book Class Theory and History:Capitalism and Communism in the USSR
		Class Theory and History takes an ambitious and ground-breaking look at the entire history of the Soviet Union and presents a new kind of analysis of the history of the USSR: examining its birth, evolution, and death in class terms.
		This conclusion then leads to the hypothesis that the twentieth century’s defining struggle was not between communism in the USSR and capitalism in the United States, but rather between their respective state and private capitalisms.
		Combining class theory and Soviet history, the book yields key lessons for the future of private capitalism, state capitalism and communism.
	www.londonsocialisthistorians.org /messageboard/printthread.php?t=75 (478 words)

	Theory and History by Ludwig von Mises
		The Difference between the Point of View of History and That of Philosophy of History (p.
		History and the Rise of Aggressive Nationalism (p.
		Philosophies of History and Philosophical Interpretations of History (p.
	www.mises.org /th.asp (254 words)

	Theory and History; Chapter 11
		However, the main task of history is to indicate the relation of the individuals' actions to the course of affairs.
		The intellectual innovations which August Comte and Buckle rightly considered the main theme of the study of history are not achievements of the masses.
		It is hardly possible to mistake more thoroughly the meaning of history and the evolution of civilization than by concentrating one's attention upon mass phenomena and neglecting individual men and their exploits.
	www.mises.org /th/chapter11.asp (5821 words)

	CURRICULUM VITAE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Stephen A. Resnick and Richard D. Wolff, Class Theory and History: Capitalism and Communism in the U.S.S.R., Routledge 2002, a book review essay, Science and Society, forthcoming.
		Contemporary Economic Theory: Radical Critiques of Neoliberalism(ed.), London: Macmillan and New York: St.
		Political Economy of Capitalism (co-edited with Richard D. Wolff), Athens: Athens University of Economics and Business, 1993 (in Greek).
	www.nd.edu /~remarx/aesa/bibliography/vlachou.html (436 words)

	Rick Wolff, "Personal debts and US Capitalism"
		The history of capitalism teaches us that what everyone wants provides no guarantee that it will happen.
		Everyone may want to keep the boom afloat, but because everyone is also hyper-vigilant to get out of a market that seems to be on the way down, once a downturn starts, it can quickly become a collapse.
		He is the author of many books and articles, including (with Stephen Resnick) Class Theory and History: Capitalism and Communism in the U.S.S.R. (Routledge, 2002).
	mrzine.monthlyreview.org /wolff151005.html (1108 words)

	Capitalism Magazine:
		It was they who, for the first time in history, challenged the age-old notion that only the life of a society’s rulers and/or priests was important -- to instead assert that every man’s life is of crucial value.
		It was they who turned their focus from an obsession with death and the after-life -- to instead seek success and joy in this life.
		Capitalism Magazine survives on donations based on the honor system.
	www.capmag.com /shownews.asp (2032 words)

	Books
		While references to gender, race and class are everywhere in social theory, class has not received the kind of theoretical and empirical attention accorded to gender and race.
		Instead of the orthodox Marxism of Eastern Europe's discredited command economies, the theory elaborated here represents the systematic alternative to neoclassical theory developed over the past twenty-five years by Marxian scholars in the West.
		The dramatic result is a new Marxian theory, a new analysis of class, enterprise, and state.
	www.umass.edu /resnick-wolff/books.html (1110 words)

	www.theory.org.uk Resources: Theodor Adorno
		Adorno (1903-69) argued that capitalism fed people with the products of a 'culture industry' - the opposite of 'true' art - to keep them passively satisfied and politically apathetic.
		Adorno saw that capitalism had not become more precarious or close to collapse, as Marx had predicted.
		Jay, Martin (1973), The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923—1950, Little, Brown; Boston.
	www.theory.org.uk /ctr-ador.htm (438 words)

	VHeadline.com - A right to due process and presumption of innocence until proven guilty... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1913, his first book, "The History and Theory of Capitalism" was published that led to his activities in both politics and journalism.
		Journalists are duty bound by conscience to record the annals of history.
		On an end note: The producer of the movie, Ed Gernon, was fired by CBS for likening the climate in America leading up to the invasion of Iraq to the climate in pre-war Germany that allowed the rise of the Third Reich.
	www.vheadline.com /readnews.asp?id=47504 (1175 words)

	Free University Of LA : LA IMC
		This series of talks/lessons is intended for ALL NON-AUTHORITARIAN people of LA who would like to have a general overview of SOME of the most significant instances, movements, theories, and languages of liberation.
		This series of talks is intended for ALL NON-AUTHORITARIAN people of LA who would like to have a general overview of SOME of the most significant instances, movements, theories, and languages of liberation.
		Whenever possible, the topics will be presented by people who use the presented ideas and lessons in their own struggles (praxis!).
	la.indymedia.org /print.php?id=85257 (559 words)

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