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Topic: Hittite Empire

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Hittites

1420s BCE

Hittite language

1180 BC

1st century BC

14th century BC

1050 BC

Hittites in the Bible

Karum Kanesh

Hanilgalbat

Hattic language

Hattusa

	Hittites - Crystalinks
		The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their empire, and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Egypt and the Middle East.
		The name "Hattic" is used by Anatolianists to distinguish this language from the Indo-European Hittite language, that appeared on the scene at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC and became the administrative language of the Hittite kingdom over the next six or seven centuries.
		The founding of the Hittite Empire is usually attributed to Hattusili I, who conquered the plain south of Hattusa, all the way to the outskirts of Yamkhad (modern-day Aleppo) in Syria.
	www.crystalinks.com /hittites.html (2810 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Hittite Empire
		Hittite, by far the most copiously attested of the group, is known chiefly from a vast...
		The Babylonian Empire was first established in the early 18th century bc by Hammurabi the Great, but declined under the impact of Hittites and Kassites in c.
		It was later annexed by the Roman Empire and became the capital of the Roman...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Hittite+Empire (1377 words)

	HITTITES (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hittite king acted as the supreme priest, military commander, and chief judge of the land.
		The empire was administered by provincial governors acting as deputies of the king.
		The Hittites rarely resorted to the death penalty or to bodily mutilation, both of which were characteristic of other civilizations of the ancient Middle East.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=211973 (1621 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Hittites
		In the 14th century BC, the Hittite empire was at its height, encompassing Anatolia, north-western Syria about as far south as the mouth of the Litani River (a territory known as Amqu), and eastward into upper Mesopotamia.
		The Hittites were pioneers of the Iron Age, demonstrating great skills in the manufacture of iron artifacts from as early as the 14th century BC, when letters to foreign rulers reveal the demand for their iron goods.
		After the incorporation or association of Arzawa and Mitanni (under Suppiluliuma I), the Hittite sphere of influence under Mursili II bordered on the Hayasa-Azzi to the east, on the Ahhiyawa and the newly-forming Assuwa confederacy to the west, on Egypt-controlled Canaan to the south, and on Assyria to the south-east.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Hittites (2200 words)

	Hittites
		The land that the Hittites originally inhabited was known as Hatti, and their main city became Hattusha.
		Although the origin of the Hittites is not known, it is clear that they did speak an Indo-European language, often called Nesian.
		The Hittite governance was totally dominated by the king, who was also the supreme priest, military commander and chief judge.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/hittites.htm (1023 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		The Hittites developed a hieroglyphic writing which can be seen on their seals and public buildings.
		It is believed that the Hittites were one of the first people to work iron and the domestication of the horse (probably through the intermediary of the Hurrites) revolutionized both transport and, along with the chariot, war.
		Hittite God 14 – 13 BC The Peace treaty of Kadesh is recorded as the first international treaty in the world.
	guide-martine.com /history2.asp (804 words)

	The Hittite Empire
		William Wright, a missionary in Damascus, came to this conclusion and also decided that the mysteries signs are Hittite writings.[5] Since almost nothing was known of Hittite history, it was like resurrecting an empire from oblivion, and it was called `a discovery of a forgotten empire.' These were sensational matters in the 1880's.
		Hittite art [13] and script are regarded as material witnesses of an empire that played a role as great as that of Egypt, Assyria, or Babylonia but that, for some reason, was forgotten so that only late in the 19th century of our time it was reestablished in its historical place.
		They wondered how it could be that the `Hittite' culture of the 15th and 14th century BC, in all that concerns science, law, literature, royal annals, traditions, habits, and omens, so closely resembled the culture of the Assyrian Empire of the 7th and 6th centuries.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /hittites.html (3394 words)

	Civilization III: Conquests
		The Pharaoh Ramses II moved into Palestine with a large army of chariots and infantry, to be met by a Hittite force of equal size (yet also composed partly of three-man chariots, a much larger variant of the first wheeled fighting vehicles, which permitted the riders to fight hand-to-hand as well as at a distance).
		The Hittites were able to surprise the Egyptians near dusk, and only a dramatic force march by the Pharaoh's reserves prevented the total destruction of the Egyptian army.
		The Hittites were forced to retreat, but given the casualties they suffered, the Egyptians were unable to capitalize on the Hittite retreat and Ramses' overall objective, Egyptian control of Palestine and Syria, was not achieved.
	www.civ3.com /conq_prof_hittites.cfm (694 words)

	Hittite empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hittite Empire also included the area from Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine, with their invasion ending the Old Babylonian empire in Mesopotamia.
		The Hittites was the first to use iron in weapons successfully, and that gave them an advantage over other people for a few centuries.
		The Hittite Empire was centered around the Plateau and mountains of the Halys River in northern Anatolia.
	humwww.ucsc.edu /gweltaz/courses/israel/encyclopaedia/hittites.htm (310 words)

	The Hittites
		The Hittite king was not only the chief ruler, military leader, and supreme judge but also the earthly deputy of the storm god; upon dying, he himself became a god.
		Thus it appears that the Hittites regarded their own history as beginning with a king called Labarnas (Labarnash); this inference is confirmed by the use in later times of his name and that of his wife Tawannannas as dynastic titles or throne names of subsequent rulers.
		In this endeavor he was at first singularly unsuccessful, for three of his sons in succession proved unreliable to the point of treason; one of the most remarkable and humanly revealing documents of the period is a long and bitter lament in which Hattusilis chides his sons for their infidelity and ingratitude.
	history-world.org /hittites.htm (5137 words)

	Hittite's empire
		Return in strength of the Hittite empire towards -1380, with Suppiluliuma I which pushes back a new invasion of Gasgas, rebuilt Hattusa, signs a treaty with the Pharaon Amenophis III and takes again the expansion towards Mesopotamy and Syria.
		Syria of North becomes a protectorate Hittite and the town of Emar is reinforced by a consequent citadel to face the assyrians threats.
		The empire is carried by the People of the Sea, supported by Gasgas, the Phrygian ones occupying the center, the loop of Halys.
	perso.orange.fr /miltiade/GB/hittitesGB.htm (1377 words)

	Hittite Empire - Map - MSN Encarta
		The Hittites formed the earliest known civilization in Asia Minor (now Turkey).
		The Hittites were known for their advanced system of government.
		Their military was also advanced; they were among the first to smelt iron, and their chariots were the lightest and fastest of their time.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461516791/Hittite_Empire.html (75 words)

	WHKMLA : Narratives - Early Empires
		The Hittite Empire in Anatolia, Urartu, the Empire of the Medes, finally that of the Persians had their political centre here.
		Marriage diplomacy also happened; Egyptian pharaohs married princesses from Mitanni or the Hittite Empire; some scholars assume Nefertiti to have been the Mitanni princess Tadukhipa which was sent to Egypt to marry the Pharaoh.
		The Persian Empire broke with numerous traditions; the Persian Emperor did not claim to be a god; instead he claimed to be king of kings and regarded the entire population of his Empire as his slaves.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/sat/texts/narrearlyemp.html (716 words)

	FOCUS on CIVILIZATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During the reign of King Muvatalli the empire expanded; the Hittites and Egyptians became neighbours.
		Hittites used chariots (3500 of them) against the Egyptian army, for the first time in the history of wars.
		Throughout the history, Hittites formed the first society in human history by creating a legal system which recognized the human rights and more importantly recognition of women's social rights and importance in the social fabric.
	www.focusmm.com /civi_007.htm (270 words)

	The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Works of Art: Ancient Near Eastern Art
		The Hittite army attacked and partly destroyed Babylon in 1595 B.C., and in 1285 B.C. fought a battle against the Egyptian king Ramesses II at Qadesh in Syria.
		This silver rhyton—a drinking vessel in the form of an animal with a pouring hole in its chest—in the form of a stag was hammered from one piece that was joined to the head by a checkerboard-patterned ring.
		Hittite texts also mention that animal-shaped vessels made of gold, silver, stone, and wood, in the appropriate animal form, were given to the gods for their own use.
	www.metmuseum.org /collections/view1.asp?dep=3&full=0&item=1989%2E281%2E10 (427 words)

	[No title]
		Although the Hittites are mentioned several times in the Bible their empire and its location were forgotten until the nineteenth century when the slow process of their rediscovery began.
		Sayce's notion of a Hittite empire was not immediately accepted but he publicized it, including his conclusion that the capital of the empire was at the city of Boghaz Keui (Bogazkoy) about one hundred miles east of Ankara, Turkey.
		By 1300 B.C. the Hittite Empire was challenging the Egyptian Empire in Canaan.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/hittite.htm (1134 words)

	Ataman Hotel - History (The Hittite Period)
		On the citadel of Hattuşa, the seat of the Hittite rulers, there must have been palaces similar to those recently discovered in the cities of the early historical period.
		It is astonishing that a people as strongly and continuously influenced by the Mesopotamians as the Hittites could have formed such very different characteristics from their Oriental neighbors in several aspects of their cultural life and have developed a truly Western way of thinking.
		One of the most important traits of the Hittites was their sense of loyalty to a state governed by law.
	www.atamanhotel.com /history/hittite.html (2828 words)

	Hittie
		The greatest Hittite capital was at Hattusas, outside the modern Turkish town of Bogazköy in north central Turkey, inland from the Black Sea.
		The Hittite king was also the high priest of the kingdom and split his time between government, religious duties, and conquest.
		It is not known by whom, but it is possible that the Hittite armies fell off in ability during decades of relative peace while the growing riches of the empire made it an ever more attractive target, probably to barbarians from the west and north.
	www.angelfire.com /empire2/unkemptgoose/Hittite.html (1365 words)

	Villa Bacchus - Urgup, Cappadocia, Turkey
		The capital of the Hittite kingdom was at Hattushash (Bogazköy), and the other important cities were Alacahöyük and Alisar.
		The Hittite Empire, which lasted for six centuries in the region, collapsed around 1200 BC when the confederacy of Hittite states was invaded by the Phrygian people from the Balkans.
		The Persians divided the empire into semi autonomous provinces and ruled the area using governors who were known as 'satraps'.
	www.villabacchus.com /cappadocia.htm (1872 words)

	Hittites — FactMonster.com
		Hittite art and architecture: Hittite Architecture - Hittite Architecture The principal architectural remnant of the Hittite civilization is at...
		Hittite art and architecture - Hittite art and architecture Hittite art and architecture, works of art and structures created by...
		Hittite art and architecture: Art of the Hittite Empire - Art of the Hittite Empire Hittite art drew upon far earlier sources developed in Sumer and Babylon...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0823837.html (500 words)

	Hittite Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The “discovery” of the Hittite Empire was made in the last quarter of the 19th century.
		In the volume dealing with the “Hittite Empire” I show in great detail that its history needs to be brought much closer to our time—its fixing in time was due to the war carried on by Emperor Hattusilis with Ramses II.
		The Hittite Empire is shown as a non-existent thing; its capital Hattusas (Boghazkoi) was the capital of the Chaldeans.
	www.varchive.org /ce/baalbek/hittite.htm (217 words)

	Hittite Empire
		The core of the army are the Hittite and allied chariotry supported by Hittite infantry, Anatolian chariotry and Anatolian infantry.
		The Hittite chariots differed from most of their contemporaries from about the time of the battle of Qadesh by being specialised for close combat rather than the maryannu system of chariot borne archers.
		This means that unlike the Hittites opponents cannot really take any sort of risk in exposing their foot in case they are ridden down in short order, whilst their own chariots may be at a disadvantage to the Hittites in close combat; this restricts their options which is good for the Hittite player.
	pages.eidosnet.co.uk /~nikgaukroger/armies/dbm/hittite/hittite.htm (812 words)

	Hittites
		Hastings observes that the prominence of the Mother goddess in Hittite religion appears to have led the status of women among the Hittites to be comparatively high.
		The Hittites also honored the goddess Ashertush synonymous with the Canaanite fertility goddess Ashera, infamous in Scripture for the brutal and sensuous manner in which she was worshiped.
		While Hittite law was similar in many ways to the Hammurabi law codes the “Hittite Code” containing two hundred paragraphs of regulations demonstrates a tolerance for sexual immorality with a strong emphasis upon financial concerns.
	home.att.net /~kmpope/Hittites.html (2456 words)

	Hatti
		The history of the Hittite empire is divided into three periods: the Old Kingdom (ca.1700-ca.1500 BCE; from the Egyptian Thirteenth Dynasty to end of Seventeenth), the poorly-documented Middle Kingdom (ca.1500-ca.1400 BCE; beginning of Eighteenth Dynasty), and the glorious New Kingdom, or Empire Period (ca.1400-ca.1190 BCE; from Amenhotep III to the end of the Nineteenth Dynasty).
		It appears that the Egyptians were allied with the Hittites and aided them in their successful attack on Aleppo.
		According to Hittite history, it was during the seige of Carchemish that Suppiluliumas received a message from widowed Queen Ankhesenamun, asking him for one of his sons to be king of Egypt.
	www.nigli.net /akhenaten/hittit_1.html (1235 words)

	Grammar of Lydian language by Cyril Babaev
		In 1906, the Royal Archives of the Hittite Empire were excavated, and in 1915 the Czech linguists Grozny first deciphered Hittite cuneiform and stated the language was surely Indo-European.
		Later the other two languages were separated from Hittite: Palaic, the tongue of northern Anatolia, and Luwian, the language of Syro-Hittite city-states in the western and southern regions of the Hittite Empire.
		Hittites called themselves Nesians, but came to the land named Hatti and acquired a new name, and even Hattusa, the ancient pre-Indo-European name of their capital, was not changed.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/grammar/grammar21.html (3458 words)

	Hist 200 Paper 1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hittite empire, like many others of the Bronze Age, arose at a time when new tactics and implements for fighting were being developed in abundance.
		The upkeep of Hittite religious institutions and their functionaries was a primary obligation of the commander of the Hittite border guards.
		In a treaty between Mursilis, Sun of the Hittites, and Duppi-Tessub, king of Amurru, the preamble mentions that Mursilis was the “favorite of the Storm-god.” In the article about the border guards’ commander, that god was identified as the one deserving the most praise.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~claym/coll_writing/hist200p1.html (1721 words)

	Empire Builders
		The Hittites passed on compelling legends and seem to have had a marked impact on both Greek myth and Roman views of the universe.
		After 1200 BC (fall of Hittites and decline of Egypt) there was a lull in empire building so that the Semitic peoples of Syria and Palestine were able to play significant roles in history (until Assyrians conquered them).
		It was the First empire to govern many racial groups on the principle of equal responsibilities and rights; i.e., allowed large measure of self-rule (respected local traditions and religions).
	socsci.gulfcoast.edu /rbaldwin/empire_builders.htm (2771 words)

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