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Topic: Hixkaryana language

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	Language - Search View - MSN Encarta
		A creole language, on the other hand, arises in a contact situation similar to that which produces pidgin languages and perhaps goes through a stage in which it is a pidgin, but a creole becomes the native language of its community.
		The family consists of a number of subfamilies or branches (groups of languages that descended from a common ancestor, which in turn is a member of a larger group of languages that descended from a common ancestor).
		Languages of the Algonquian and Iroquoian families constitute the major indigenous languages of northeastern North America, while the Siouan family is one of the main families of central North America.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761570647__1/Language.html (6619 words)

	Encyclopedia: List of languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Anlo (IPA: Aŋlo) is a dialect of the Ewe language.
		The language of the Ghomara is a Northern Berber language of the Zenati subgroup, spoken on the eastern edge of the Rif in Morocco.
		Kerek is a language of Russia that belongs to the northern branch of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-languages (8150 words)

	Cariban languages - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Carib languages are widespread across northern South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes and from Maracaibo (Venezuela) to Central Brazil.
		Cariban languages are relatively close to each other; in some cases, it is difficult to decide whether different groups speak different languages or dialects of the same language.
		Thus the language is called Island Carib, though it is not part of the Carib linguistic family.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/a/r/Carib_language.html (279 words)

	Language - MSN Encarta
		A general characteristic of language is that words are not directly combined into sentences, but rather into intermediate units, called phrases, which then are combined into sentences.
		While the fields of language study mentioned above deal primarily with the form of linguistic elements, semantics is the field of study that deals with the meaning of these elements.
		Language acquisition, the process by which children and adults learn a language or languages, is a major field of linguistic study.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570647_2/Language.html (596 words)

	Atlas of the Languages of Suriname, Reviewed for Kacike by Janette Bulkan Forte
		The Arawak language, which was attested early on in the conquest is among the few survivors of the indigenous languages of the Caribbean area.
		The various creole languages of Suriname are assumed to have a common origin in a contact language in use on the plantations in the coastal area of Suriname in the latter half of the 17
		Language, too, participates in this religious division: while the reformist mosques emphasize the use of Arabic in prayer, the conservative, west-facing mosques pray using an old-fashioned, literary Javanese, almost as impenetrable to the congregation as Arabic would be.
	www.kacike.org /ForteAtlas.htm (6486 words)

	Hixkaryana language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is one of a few known natural languages that normally use (additional info and facts about Object Verb Subject) Object Verb Subject word order, and was apparently the first such language to be described (by linguist Desmond C. Derbyshire).
		Like most other languages with objects preceding the verb, it is ((linguistics) the placing of one linguistic element after another (as placing a modifier after the word that it modifies in a sentence or placing an affix after the base to which it is attached)) postpositional.
		Word order is crucial in Hixkaryana for understanding what is meant, as there are no case endings indicating the object and subject roles.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Hi/Hixkaryana_language.htm (163 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Hixkaryana language
		Hixkaryana is one of the Carib languages, spoken by just over 500 people on the Nhamundá river, a tributary of the Amazon River in Brazil.
		It is one of a few known natural languages that normally use Object Verb Subject word order, and may have been the first such language to be described (by linguist Desmond C. Derbyshire).
		Like most other languages with objects preceding the verb, it is postpositional.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Hixkaryana_language (344 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:hix
		Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%.
		Through modern medicine, intermarrying with the Waiwai, self-confidence through literature in Hixkaryana, 5 Hixkaryana teachers running a school for children ages 5 to 14, and government help in setting up a Brazil nut industry, they have continued to grow.
		Derbyshire, Desmond C. "Clause subordination and nominalization in Tupí-Guaranian and Cariban languages."
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=hix (327 words)

	North Kyushu Creole - Fukuoka History - A Forum For Research on Kyushu
		The function of this expanding Yayoi language which I shall later describe as a Creole (North-Kyushu Creole) was that of a lingua franca among the various Jomon Japanese absorbing and homogenizing many of the original languages in the regions of Honshu and Kyushu.
		However, the label is based upon an approximate grouping of languages, a language typology: the metaphor employed being a language 'family' or a 'family tree'.
		The presence of distinctly separate languages, in this case Ryukyuan and Ainu, at the geographical peripheries of the Japanese landmass is an entirely predictable sociolinguistic consequence of the migration scenario which I have outlined.
	www.fukuokahistory.com /live/content/view/25/52 (8968 words)

	The Hindu : Languages born and languages gone: the quest for a common grammar
		These languages are expressive, philosophical, concise and pithy; they speak of the agony and the unfairness of life; and have occasionally been used as vehicles of anti-establishmentarian thought.
		When a language is lost, a culture is lost since a language "encapsulates a long history of people in an ecology, a way of living and a way of thinking...
		Yet, there are languages such as Kayardild, a rapidly dying language of aboriginal Australia, which marks tense in its nouns too- "The boy speared the fish-ed", or even "Speared fish-ed the boy".
	www.hindu.com /thehindu/2000/06/08/stories/08080003.htm (1911 words)

	Typology@Everything2.com
		In linguistics, the classification of languages not by their genetic or historical relationships but by the way they are structured.
		Languages were called isolating if each piece of meaning was a separate word, as in Chinese.
		And Latin was an example of a synthetic language, where the different elements of meaning were fused and could no longer be separated, as in dominorum 'of the masters' where -orum simultaneously conveys masculine, plural, and genitive.
	www.everything2.com /index.pl?node=typology (1660 words)

	SILEWP 2004-003
		These languages, along with many others in the world, are on the verge of extinction because parents have chosen for various reasons not to pass on their language to their children.
		There is a distinct possibility of language loss in several decades, but for the next few decades at least, it seems secure; children are learning Paumarí, there is a thriving and functional literacy, and people are proud of their language.
		Literacy in some cases proved the value of their language, that it was as good as any other language, and thus the people who spoke it were not animals, as in the common Brazilian scenario.
	www.sil.org /silewp/2004/silewp2004-004.htm (4376 words)

	Hixkaryana language - tScholars.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is one of a few known natural languages that normally use Object Verb Subject word order, and was apparently the first such language to be described (by linguist Desmond C. Derbyshire).
		Like most other languages with objects preceding the verb, it is postpositional.
		This Indigenous languages of the Americas-related article is a stub.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Hixkaryana_language (256 words)

	syntax
		The term second language is used to mean that a language is learned after the first or native language is relatively established.
		Children learn a new language easily and adults do not because, according to the theory, the ability to learn language is limited to childhood.
		Learning foreign language is not easy, but, it is very valuable thing to learn a foreign language, because we learn not only the language but also the culture of that language.
	filebox.vt.edu /users/suma/syntax.htm (1226 words)

	Guarani language resources
		Little trace is left of the original Guarani culture except the language, which is spoken by 90% of the population.
		Little trace is left of the original Guarani culture except the language, which is understood by 90% of the population.
		It is one of the official languages of Paraguay (along with Spanish), where it is spoken by 94% of the population.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Guarani.html (1347 words)

	New Statesman - The last word
		Murrinh-Patha, an Australian language disparaged by a local (white) teacher as the "primitive yabbering" of grizzled bush-dwellers, has a highly sophisticated grammatical structure that expresses the needs and desires of its speakers.
		His reticence is admirably modest, and allows the languages to take centre stage, but to sustain our interest in his journey we need to know more about how he feels when he arrives and leaves, and what he sees.
		It is a pity that the publishers of a book bemoaning the demise of lesser-used languages and dialects haven't removed the litter of offending Americanisms such as "favor", "neighbor" and "gray", which leap from the page like typos.
	www.newstatesman.com /200402090044 (821 words)

	The Language Construction Kit
		If a language doesn't have case it may rely on word order to indicate the relationship between a verb's arguments; but there is another alternative: head-marking on the verb.
		In Indo-European languages we are used to unanalyzable roots for the numbers; but in other families number names are derivations, often related to the process of counting on fingers and toes-- e.g.
		In quite a few languages it's perceived as rather a familiarity to address someone using the second person pronoun: to be polite you use the plural (French vous), or a third-person form (Italian Lei, Spanish Usted from vuestra merced 'your mercy', Portuguese o senhor 'the gentleman'), or a title (Japanese sensei 'teacher', otousan 'father', etc.).
	www.zompist.com /kitgram.html (4675 words)

	Why Don't They Just Speak English? - Books & Culture
		There are, in fact, many languages with multiple genders to learn (Swahili features six main ones), while just as many other languages have no gender at all (the language I am writing in is one example).
		The "Number of Genders" map, surveying 256 languages across the globe, shows that languages with way too many genders are concentrated in Africa, while languages with none are most common in Southeast Asia and in the Americas.
		One of the languages in the wals' database is Khasi of India.
	www.christianitytoday.com /bc/2006/004/14.22.html (1934 words)

	Klingon and its Users: A Sociolinguistic Profile
		This language is the mother language of no one, because if this happens this language is not a pidgin anymore, but it is called a Creole as for example the Creole language Papiamentu that is spoken on the Dutch Antilles.
		This language status can be divided into status within the community (so what do the own people think of their language) and status outside the community (so what do other groups think of this language).
		Language is flexible; an individual can change his own pronunciation in a way that he can show his degree of solidarity with a certain group.
	www.geocities.com /judith_hh/scripdef.htm (19356 words)

	megaGAMERZ 3133T :: MegaGamerz forum: on the wordy nature of grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		My point is that school teaches a standard language to children who already know a variety of the language.
		but it really depends on what your idea of "a variety of the language" is. People living in inner cities develop a "variety" of their language that, from the point of view from someone that knows the formal variety of the language, is almost impossible to cohere.
		"a changing language is ultimately detrimental" - sure, in the same way a changing culture is ultimately detrimental, in that we might find it hard to understand what people did hundreds of years ago.
	www.megagamerz.com /forums/mg3/1924 (1342 words)

	Hixkaryana Language and the Hixkaryána Indian Tribe (Hishcariana, Hixkariana, Hishkaryana, Ishkariyána, Hyskariana, ...
		Hixkaryana Language and the Hixkaryána Indian Tribe (Hishcariana, Hixkariana, Hishkaryana, Ishkariyána, Hyskariana, Tucano)
		Hixkaryana is a Carib language of South America, spoken by a few hundred people in Brazil.
		Along with a few other Cariban languages, like Apalai and Patamona, Hixkaryana is notable for using OVS word order (just the opposite of English), which is the rarest typology to be found in the world's languages.
	www.native-languages.org /hixkaryana.htm (147 words)

	Hixkaryana language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hixkaryana is one of the Carib languages, spokenby just over 500 people on the Nhamundá river, a tributary of the AmazonRiver in Brazil.
		It is unique in that it is one of the only known natural languagesto possess an Object Verb Subject word order.
		Word order is crucial in Hixkaryana for understanding what is meant, as thereare no case endings depicting what the object and subject are.
	www.therfcc.org /hixkaryana-language-148908.html (105 words)

	bradshaw of the future: there is no such thing as correct grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Later on in school you are (or at least I was) taught that there is a correct form of English that is superior to all other forms.
		In looking at how language is used, we are getting as close as we can to the unconscious knowledge that speakers possess about their language.
		The language I speak to my friends is not the language I write in my user manuals.
	goofy.dreaming.org /journal/archives/000037.html (583 words)

	Ironbound Films, Inc.
		As the Russian language absorbed the Chulym speakers, these stories were relegated to the recesses of the Chylum minds and culture, weakening their animistic religious beliefs.
		The plight of the language worsened in the 1970s as the Soviet government implemented its "village consolidation program," forcibly relocating the Chulym into larger, Russianspeaking settlements—further diluting the population base and thinning the concentration of native speakers.
		While it may be too late to preserve the Chulym language as a medium for daily communication and repository of traditional knowledge among the Chulym people, it is not too late to record it, and in so doing make at least some small part of the knowledge available to future generations—particularly the young Chulym.
	www.ironboundfilms.com /news/science1104.html (2428 words)

	Cariban languages - NativeWiki
		Curiously, the Carib language quickly died out while the Arawakan language was maintained over the generations.
		This was the result of the invading Carib men usually killing the local men of the islands they conquered and taking Arawak wives who then passed on their own language to the children.
		This language was called Island Carib, even though it is not part of the Carib linguistic family.
	www.nativewiki.org /Cariban_languages (445 words)

	Language Log: Yoda's syntax the Tribune analyzes; supply more details I will!
		In some cases the evidence for those was a bit shaky (some languages have highly variable constituent order, making it quite hard to tell from texts what the most straightforward and basic would be).
		Des and I thought that the evidence suggested certain little-known Amerindian languages of the Amazon basin might be OSV: Xavante, Apurinã, Urubu-Kaapor, Nadëb, and possibly Warao.
		I bet we wouldn't do so well learning whatever his first language was, the one that he learned nine hundred years ago at (one assumes) his mother's knee.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/002173.html (864 words)

	World Atlas of Language Structures: List of Sources
		This bibliography first lists the sources for languages in the 100-language sample, followed by a list of sources for languages in the 200-language sample that are not in the 100-language sample.
		Studies in Chinantec Languages 2 Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
		Beaton, A. A Grammar of the Fur Language.
	linguistics.buffalo.edu /people/faculty/dryer/dryer/atlas.bib (2246 words)

	LSA: About Linguistics
		We are all aware that different languages have different words for the same concept, as when English 'dog' shows up in Spanish as perro or in Japanese as inu.
		But no language is known to relate sentences by inverting the order of sentences of indefinite length (so that the question would appear as Hixkaryana speak can parrot green the?).
		In other words, while languages can be astonishingly different from one another—and this is why it is important for linguists to study languages of as many different types as possible—there are nonetheless features that unite all languages as different manifestations of the human language ability.
	www.lsadc.org /info/ling-fields-diversity.cfm (652 words)

	Amazon.com: Hixkaryana and Linguistic Typology (SIL International and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications ...
		Amazon.com: Hixkaryana and Linguistic Typology (SIL International and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, Vol.
		Hixkaryana and Linguistic Typology (SIL International and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, Vol.
		Part one presents a grammatical sketch of the Hixkaryana language--which is a member of the Carib language family and is spoken in northern Brazil--and the other part suggests the place Hixkaryana has in syntactic typology.
	www.amazon.com /Hixkaryana-Linguistic-International-Publications-Linguistics/dp/0883120828 (371 words)

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