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	Hmong American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Hmong American is a resident of the United States who is of ethnic Hmong descent.
		Hmong Americans are one group of Asian Americans.
		It was not until the passage of the Refugee Act of 1980 that families were able to immigrate to America, becoming the second-wave of Hmong immigration to the U.S. Today, between 150,000 and 200,000 ethnic Hmong reside in the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hmong_American (352 words)

	Hmong - An Asset to MN & U.S.
		The average age of Hmong in Minnesota is 15.9, compared with 35.4 among the entire Minnesota population.
		The Hmong, one of the largest ethnic groups in Laos, were major players in this “Secret War.” The Hmong army, under General Vang Pao, took on the North Vietnamese and successfully confronted the Communist forces, thus obviating the deployment of American soldiers and reducing the threat to American lives in South Vietnam.
		Approximately 10,000 Hmong soldiers died instead of American troops; per capita for the Hmong this was the equivalent of hundreds of thousands of soldiers killed.
	www.hmongcenter.org /vishmonsainp1.html (1045 words)

	Asian American - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term "Asian American" was used informally by activists in the 1960s who sought an alternative to the term, 'Oriental', arguing that the term was derogatory and colonialist.
		Asian Americans are concentrated in the largest U.S. cities, with 40% of all Asian Americans living in the metropolitan areas around Los Angeles, San Francisco, and New York City.
		The Japanese American Internment refers to the controversial, forcible relocation of approximately 112,000 to 120,000 Japanese and Japanese Americans, 62 percent of whom were United States citizens, from the west coast of the United States during World War II to hastily constructed housing facilities called War Relocation Camps in remote portions of the nation's interior.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asian_American (4644 words)

	Roots of a New American Literacy: Hmong Writing in Laos and the U.S. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Hmong soldiers who were exposed to these literacy practices became skilled letter writers -- a talent that would be called upon and learned by others when the Hmong began leaving Laos to migrate to the West and were separated from family and friends.
		Finally, many Hmong are using writing as a way to tell the story of the Hmong to members of the majority culture, many of whom are indifferent or even hostile to the local Hmong community.
		Such texts by Hmong writers illustrate not only how Hmong literacy practices are shaped by the majority discourse -- as Hmong writers participate in the language, themes, and forms of argumentation of the English language majority -- but also the ways in which writers appropriate the majority discourse and use it for their own purposes.
	cela.albany.edu /newslet/spring98/rootsofnew.html (1187 words)

	WWW.HMONGUSA.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		It was estimated that one-third of the Hmong population in Laos perished during the war through being killed in actions, starvation and diseases.
		The Hmong were forced to accept the unsustainable peace treaty that put the Communists in control of Laos.
		Of all Hmong refugees in Thailand in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, only a few ones were allowed to resettle in the United States.
	www.hmongusa.com (407 words)

	Research Report: Being Hmong in America: Hmong American Organizations and the Reclaiming of a Lost Culture (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Hmong historian Timothy Dunnigan describes this groundbreaking moment as it pertained to the Hmong population in Laos.
		These organizations are confronting inadequacies within the larger Hmong community head-on by calling for increasing education among both the youth and their elders, a heightened awareness of U.S. citizenship rights, and the collection and preservation of Hmong artifacts and documents that are representative of the Hmong experience both in America and abroad.
		Hmong Online’s mission is “to be a common ground for every Hmong person on the internet, to not only entertain, but to help educate the Hmong people about their culture.” Along with chat rooms and personal ads, Hmong Online offers an entire page dedicated to the education and historical retelling of the Hmong heritage.
	www.pluralism.org /research/profiles/display.php?profile=73216 (4873 words)

	USATODAY.com - Hmong get closer look since shootings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Paul Mayor Randy Kelly lauds the Hmong for their progress from subsistence farmers in Laos, where they aided the United States in secret fighting during the Vietnam War, to earning college degrees and becoming a successful part of the community.
		In the Laotian hills, the Hmong farmed crops and raised livestock.
		Thao-Yang of the Hmong Chamber of Commerce says her family arrived in 1979 when she was an infant.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2004-11-29-hmong-closerlook_x.htm (981 words)

	The Hmong Tragedy: The Hmongs in the United States, their Origins in Laos, and the Future
		Hmong refugees in the U.S. struggle with our unusual ways, though the rising generation of youth have melted in well with American culture, even at the risk of losing touch with their heritage.
		The torture and slaughter of Hmong children, for example, is one aspect of the state-sponsored terror from the brutal Laotian regime.
		In one case in the previous decade, I was at the hospital with a teenage Hmong girl whose abusive "husband" or boyfriend in a big fight had previously encouraged her to attempt suicide with an overdose.
	www.jefflindsay.com /Hmong_tragedy.html (12583 words)

	Welcome to HAP
		Hmong culture is about family closeness and interconnectedness among peoples and clans.
		Hmong are tied together as a community and we are working to expand those ties to bring us closer to our neighbors.
		Hmong American Partnership is working to keep the best of Hmong and learn the best of other cultures.
	www.hmong.org /displaycontentmenu.asp?ID=2 (587 words)

	Hmong quilts -- pa ndau -- reflect Hmong history
		"The pa ndau is the Hmong's freedom banner." The Hmong lived peacefully in the forests of China for thousands of years until the 19th century, when rulers launched a campaign of persecution to extinguish the Hmong language.
		And when the Hmong eventually lost their written language, the pa ndau became a form of documentation.
		Others said the story cloth was important for young Hmong Americans who have few ties left to the highland culture.
	www.hmongnet.org /culture/pandau2.html (832 words)

	VDARE.com: 08/01/03 - Hmong Wrong For America. America Wrong For Hmong.
		My students were Hmong, members of the mountain tribe in Laos recruited by the CIA in the 1960s to fight a guerilla war against the Communists, now refugees here in the U.S. In the Hmong culture, men are considered superior to women.
		Because the Hmong only developed a written language during the last few decades, learning English has been practically impossible for adults.
		I was pleased when the Hmong were given the option to take the U.S. citizenship test in their native language.
	www.vdare.com /guzzardi/hmong.htm (1226 words)

	AsianWeek.com: National News: Hmong Americans Grapple With Lingering Effects of Polygamy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The Hmong aided the CIA in Laos during the Vietnam war and came to the United States as refugees.
		It’s not unusual for Hmong girls to be pushed into marriage in their early teens, or for women to seek men whom they know are already married.
		Part of that stems from the Hmong experience in Laos, where plural marriage offered support for women and children in tough times, such as war, said Blong Xiong, who lived in Laos for 13 years when he was a boy.
	www.asianweek.com /2002_11_22/news_polygamy.html (1019 words)

	AsianWeek.com: National News: Hmong American Undercount Suspected in Minnesota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		And many Hmong Americans live in groups larger than those allowed by a landlord, and may have feared a Census worker could somehow evict them, he said.
		State Demographer Tom Gillaspy said his office’s 1999 estimate of 60,000 Hmong American in the state may have been simply wrong, perhaps skewed by a growing western Wisconsin population with close ties to the Twin Cities.
		Lee estimated that at least 10,000 Hmong Americans moved to Minnesota from California during the past 10 years, and that the local population probably doubled just from births outstripping deaths.
	www.asianweek.com /2001_08_10/news_hmong.html (478 words)

	Hmong Studies Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		A 1995 survey of Hmong veterans of [the] Vietnam War to determine the extent of war related physical and psychological problems.
		Hmong individuals with disabillities and rehabilitation services: a comparison between Hmong clients and clients of other ethnic groups.
		Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos, 1942-1992.
	members.aol.com /hmongstudiesjrnl/HSJ-v2n1_Research.html (1049 words)

	MPR: This Is Home: The Hmong in Minnesota
		Today these Hmong are wrestling with issues of culture and identity, with maintaining ties to the past and seeking to thrive in modern urban America.
		The history of the Hmong people, their journey to the United States, and the life of one Hmong-American family in Saint Paul.
		The shift of power and leadership from the older to the younger generation in the Hmong community.
	news.minnesota.publicradio.org /features/199903/08_nymanl_home/index.shtml (239 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		HAIL seeks to build an understanding of traditional Hmong arts and culture, translating it to the present day and using it to create contemporary arts and culture for the future.
		HAIL promotes the work of Hmong writers and artists, and its members produce the acclaimed Hmong literary journal, the Paj Ntaub Voice, one of the first and longest-running Hmong literary journals in the world.
		The Hmong American Institute for Learning, publishers of the Paj Ntaub Voice Hmong literary journal, with support from the Hmong Women's Giving Circle, is offering a variety of free writers workshops for Hmong girls and women in the Twin Cities (12 years older and up).
	www.hmonghail.org (529 words)

	UCLA International Institute :: Story, Print Version
		One UCLA Hmong student leader says the recent Hmong American academic conference shows that there is material and demand to introduce Hmong studies into the curriculum.
		Sarah is an Asian American Studies and Sociology major and hopes to expand her research to include other Hmong college students in Southern California.
		She is also a co-author of the student initiated course syllabus and course reader for a potential Hmong American experience class.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /print.asp?parentid=25245 (1310 words)

	Hmong American Association of Colorado
		Hmong American Association of Colorado (HMAAC), a non profit organization working with individuals, families, the Lao and Hmong communities seeks an Executive Director.
		Release Date: February 14, 2006, Westminster, CO: On January 21st, 2006, Hmong American Association of Colorado (HMAAC) had an election for a new President and Treasurer of the Board of Directors.
		The traditional model of the Hmong leadership remains as one area that very little information is available.
	www.hmongcolorado.org (730 words)

	Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		SASE: The Write Place and the Hmong American Institute for Learning are holding their second Business of Writing Workshop on Wednesday, February 16th at the Center for Independent Artists.
		The theme is “The Hmong American Experience: Celebrating 30 Years of Progress” — it reflects the transformation of Hmong refugees to active participants of American society, and the contributions they made since their arrival thirty years ago.
		Hmong writers and artists will also be giving workshops and presentations, and it's an excellent chance for you to pick up your latest copy of the Paj Ntaub Voice or complete your collection with a previous issue
	www.hmonghail.org /events.html (460 words)

	Story Cloths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The work was already famous among American needleworkers, had acquired an extensive bibliography, and had even been, four years before I saw it, the subject of a museum show at University of California, Davisís C.N. Gorham Museum.
		Their American supporters enjoy comparing them to the Seminoles, who retreated from American culture, keeping their own by moving further and further back into the Everglades.
		The Hmong may once have referred to themselves as "Mípeo," the "embroidery people." By the 18OOs the Chinese had supposedly classified them into 70 (in other accounts, 55) clans and required them to wear certain costumes, to segregate them.
	www.georgeleonard.com /aph_story_cloths.htm (3656 words)

	Hmong Research Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Presents overviews on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, a chronology, significant documents, and chapters on such topics as legal systems, education, family, religion, immigration, and prominent Asian-Americans.
		A Bibliography of the Hmong (Miao) of Southeast Asia and the Hmong Refugees in the United States.
		Annotated bibliography on elderly Cambodian, ethnic Chinese, Hmong, Lao, and Vietnamese refugees in the United States.
	people.bu.edu /jchris/hmong.html (1894 words)

	UCLA Center for Southeast Asian Studies :: The Missing Histories of the Hmong
		Moua, Yang and Fang are first-generation Hmong Americans and undergraduates at UCLA.
		She is Filipino American and initially took interest in Hmong Americans because she has a Hmong friend.
		Bays says that once when she was lecturing on this history, a Hmong student in her class walked out crying; the student had never known what the elders in her family had been through.
	www.international.ucla.edu /cseas/article.asp?parentid=25236 (1742 words)

	Home
		HAFA is informing the Hmong Community of the Marquette Interchange Project,
		The Hmong American Friendship Association Inc., is a non-profit organization founded in 1983 by Southeast refugees in Milwaukee.
		Our goal is to improve the quality of life for Hmong and Laotian refugees and the larger community, bridging culture and language barriers to identify resources and meet the needs of low and moderate-income residents.
	www.hmongamer.org (210 words)

	Order Hmong Studies Journal Volume 5 (2005)
		SAINT PAUL, MN — The Hmong Resource Center of the Hmong Cultural Center has published the physical hard copy edition of volume 5 of the Hmong Studies Journal.
		An internet-based journal, The Hmong Studies Journal is the only peer-reviewed academic publication devoted to the scholarly discussion of Hmong history, Hmong culture, Hmong people, and other facets of the Hmong experience in the U.S., Asia and around the world.
		The Hmong Studies Journal has published 7 online issues in 5 volumes with a total of 32 scholarly articles since 1996.
	www.hmongcenter.org /orhmonstudjo.html (424 words)

	Hmong American Alliance Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		He is presently the C.E. Director of Hmong American Alliance Church in North Saint Paul, MN.
		as Senior Pastor for Hmong Alliance Church in Minnetonka, MN.
		as DMD Director for Hmong American Alliance Church in North Saint Paul, MN.
	www.haaconline.org /pastors/xftxoojtub.html (113 words)

	WWW Hmong Homepage
		Hmong Resource Fair (Saint Paul) October 22, 2005 Webpage
		"Hmong Cosmology: Proposed Model, Preliminary Insights" by Vincent K. Her, Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 6, 2005
		“Hmong of Germany: Preliminary Report on the Resettlement of Lao Hmong Refugees in Germany” by Tou T. Yang, Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 4, 2003
	www.hmongnet.org (1701 words)

	Welcome to Hmong American Contemporary Issues
		Taah's unwillingness to simply recognize her divorce in public kept the rumors going stronger, and it was questioning because divorce occured so much in the Hmong American community that it was not anymore an exceptional event.
		The most unfair fact was that he got half of her proprieties and money without deserving it.
		During a trip to Laos, her husband met a 16-year-old girl whom he secretly married according Hmong wedding traditions.
	www.geocities.com /kaoly_y/KaolyYangHome.html (335 words)

	First Hmong-American to be Awarded WSU Doctoral Degree
		, early this year, Moua discussed with some Hmong professionals the possibility of being the first Hmong-American to be awarded a doctorate degree in the state of
		There are many Hmong Ph.D. degree holders in other states, but not in
		His family describes him as “a loving father, a very dedicated man and an active member in the Hmong community.” In addition to teaching, Moua hopes to open a private practice and provide practice and counseling for ethnic minorities on positive parent-child interactions.
	www.wsunews.wsu.edu /detail.asp?StoryID=5833 (236 words)

	Hmong Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		Hmong Flea Market Offers Fun Alternative to Summer Travel
		For Pao Vang a trip to the Hmong Flea Market in St. Paul, “makes me feel at home.
		Going to shop in flea market is just like shopping in Laos and Thailand.” Vang goes 2 or 3 times a week just to remind himself of home.
	www.hmongtimes.com (65 words)

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