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Topic: Hofstede

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Corporate culture

Uncertainty avoidance

Masculinity vs femininity

Intercultural communication

Index

1988

	Brendan McSweeney on Geert Hofstede
		The problem for Hofstede’s analysis is that each of these classifications would produce response differences, and yet using the same methodology he employed, each could be deemed to have been caused by, and the means of identifying, a particular ‘culture’ or cultural difference on the basis of whatever a priori classification framed the data stratification.
		Hofstede’s depicts his dimensions of national culture as bi-polar in the sense that each is composed of contrasting positions, for instance ‘individualism’ versus ‘collectivism’.
		Hofstede has also sought to demonstrate the validity of his findings by accounts of historical and contemporary events which he argues are explicable by, and are a consequence of, some, or all, of his dimensions of national culture.
	geert-hofstede.international-business-center.com /mcsweeney.shtml (3165 words)

	Article 3
		According to Geert Hofstede, "The evident failure of much of the international development assistance of the 60’s and 70’s is at least partly due to this lack of cultural sensitivity in the transfer of management ideas.
		Through the use of standardized questionnaires which were to measure employees attitudes and values, Hofstede discovered that it was values rather than attitudes that revealed extraordinary and stable differences between countries.
		Hofstede says, "The naive assumption that management is the same or is becoming the same around the world is not tenable in view of these demonstrated differences in national cultures, "(85).
	members.cox.net /cdisalvo/html/article_3.html (2147 words)

	The Al of the Possible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hofstede ’64 began his long life in politics — which includes service in Gov. Karl Rolvaag’s administration, four years on the Minneapolis City Council, chairmanship of the Metropolitan Council and two terms as mayor of the state’s largest city — as a student at St. Thomas in the early 1960s.
		Hofstede was in his early 30s when he became Minneapolis’ youngest — and first Catholic — mayor in 1974; he served a second term from 1978 to 1980.
		Hofstede views public office not as a job but as a "commitment you make." He was able to move out of the public spotlight gracefully "because it wasn’t my job." Hofstede believes that "there’s a time to come and a time to go.
	www.stthomas.edu /magazine/showarticle.cfm?ArticleID=-633865853 (1202 words)

	Geert Hofstede - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geert Hofstede is an influential Dutch expert on the interactions between national cultures and organizational cultures, and is an author of several books including Culture's Consequences (2nd, fully revised edition, 2001) and Cultures and Organizations, Software of the Mind (2nd, revised edition 2005, with Gert Jan Hofstede).
		Hofstede demonstrated that there are national and regional cultural groupings that affect the behaviour of organizations, and that are very persistent across time.
		Japan is considered by Hofstede to be the most "masculine" culture, Sweden the most "feminine." The U.S. and UK are moderately masculine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geert_Hofstede (856 words)

	Denmark according to Hofstede's cultural dimensions - Gabriela Sauciuc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Such system is based on the definition of culture as a "collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another" [18] including four categories of components: symbols, heroes, rituals and values.
		They arc broad feelings, often unconscious and not open to discussion, about what is good and what is bad, clean or dirty, beautiful or ugly, rational or irrational, normal or abnormal, natural or paradoxical, decent or indecent." [19] The appartenance to a nation supposes the acquisition of the values promoted by it.
		Hofstede points out by his research a correlation between wealth and individualism.
	www.limbistraine.com /ro/cercetare/Gabriela-Sauciuc/3.Denmark-Hofstede-s-cultural-dimensions.html (1078 words)

	Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Resources
		Geert Hofstede gathered extensive data on the world's cultures and we have generated our impressions of that data into charts and graphs that help to better understand the many sublet implications contained in his raw data.
		Geert Hofstede’s Value Survey Module is designed for measuring culture-determined differences between matched samples of respondents from different countries and regions.
		Geert Hofstede analyzed a large data base of employee values scores collected by IBM between 1967 and 1973 covering more than 70 countries, from which he first used the 40 largest only and afterwards extended the analysis to 50 countries and 3 regions.
	www.geert-hofstede.com /geert_hofstede_resources.shtml (1341 words)

	Cultural Similarities and Differences in the Design of University Websites
		Hofstede's research was conducted in international subsidiaries of IBM between 1967 and 1973, and was based on a survey, the results of which were entered into an IBM database.
		In Hofstede's terms, masculinity is associated with challenge and advancement, thus images of man-made monumental buildings may be common in high MAS countries, while pictures of people represent relationships associated with femininity.
		The second possibility is that Hofstede's model may be valid but that the cultural markers associated with each or some of the dimensions are based on faulty assumptions, and that Hofstede's model is not applicable to the study of graphical representations.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol11/issue1/callahan.html (11525 words)

	Document View
		Hofstede's national cultural characteristics seem to be a good indicator of cultural values and representation, but not of practice.
		It suggests Hofstede's dimensions of national culture are a good basis for understanding the influence of national culture on organizations' self-representation, but miss the actual practice of social activities.
		Hofstede warned against the tendency to understand cultural out of the context of one's own national culture, but clearly focusses too strongly on the theoretical dimensions of abstracting culture's influence to organizations which veiled the nitty-gritty of design practice.
	www.umsl.edu /~lacity/culture1.htm (5438 words)

	Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo Dimension of National Cultures. - Review - book review Journal of Sex Research - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hofstede's dimension was discovered as a result of factor analysis of work goals across branches of IBM offices in 40 nations.
		Hofstede notes that MAS correlates with a preference for higher salaries over shorter work hours; a preference for larger over smaller enterprises; a lack of permissiveness for soft drugs, prostitution, and divorce; and a relative need for recognition over benevolence.
		Hofstede reminds the reader that his femininity is not the same as an ideology of feminism.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2372/is_1_37/ai_61636093 (814 words)

	[No title]
		Hofstede served in the Netherlands Army from 1953 to 1955.
		Hofstede is most well known for his work on four dimensions of cultural variability, commonly referred to as "Hofstede's Dimensions." These include: Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance, Masculinity-Femininity, Individualism-Collectivism, Confucian Dynamism.
		Hofstede identified five dimensions and rated 53 countries on indices for each dimension, normalized to values (usually) of 0 to 100.
	courses.csusm.edu /ssm461go/Hofstedecorrelations.doc (1487 words)

	Cornelius Hofstede de Groot
		The next year, Hofstede de Groot left the Mauritshuis to become director of the Rijksprentenkabinet in Amsterdam, but resigned after two years, discouraged by the authoritarian administrative style of the head of the Directory of the Department of Arts and Sciences of the Ministry of the Interior, Victor de Stuers (1843-1916).
		However, Hofstede de Groot declined the associate professorship, insisting that the city where Rembrandt was born deserved a full professor.
		As a Rembrandt scholar, Hofstede de Groot was involved in the question of the authenticity of the Rembrandt oeuvre.
	www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org /hofstededegrootc.htm (1237 words)

	Hofstede's consequences: The impact of his work on consulting and business practices
		Hofstede is the most-cited Dutch author and the ninth-most cited European in the 2001 Social Science Citation Index.
		In fact, Hofstede later was heard to complain occasionally that practitioners sometimes misunderstood or misused his research, a common problem with new theories as they make their way into the world.
		Hofstede set them in motion relative to themselves, hovering in a kind of statistical space where meanings could be derived from their relative positions.
	www.itapintl.com /hofstedesconsequences.htm (4176 words)

	Geert H. Hofstede Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Geert H. Hofstede was born in October 2, 1928 in the Netherlands.
		Hofstede's famous IBM Study is widely recognized as a major break-through in cross-cultural social science studies.
		Hofstede, Geert H. “The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth.” Organizational Dynamics, 16(4) Spring 1988, p.4, 18 pgs.
	www.library.wwu.edu /ref/subjects/cbe/guides/hofstedebib.shtml (975 words)

	Cultural Dimensions Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		According to Geert Hofstede, there is no such thing as a universal management method or management theory across the globe.
		However, the scores of the unique statistical survey that Hofstede carried out should make everybody aware that people in other countries may think, feel, and act very differently from yourself, even when confronted with basic problems of society.
		Any person dealing with Value Based Management or Corporate Strategy is well advised to bear the lessons from Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory constantly in mind (human beings have a tendency to think and feel and act from their own experiences), especially when working internationally.
	www.valuebasedmanagement.net /methods_hofstede.html (342 words)

	Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions
		Geert Hofstede's research gives us insights into other cultures so that we can be more effective when interacting with people in other countries.
		Geert Hofstede™ is a trademark of Geert Hofstede BV, Velp, the Netherlands
		Geert Hofstede conducted perhaps the most comprehensive study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture.
	www.geert-hofstede.com (1349 words)

	Amazon.com: Cultures and Organizations, Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hofstede's definition of culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another." It is important to note that he believes that culture is learned and not inherited.
		Hofstede was one of the first to bring the study of how culture affects human interaction in the field of business.
		A company which believed the Hofstede's claim would be discouraged from considering investing in Britain, Ireland, or the US and would be encouraged to invest in feminine countries such as the Hofstede's Netherlands which they claim is the third most feminine country in the world.
	www.amazon.com /Cultures-Organizations-Software-Mind-Intercultural/dp/0070293074 (2724 words)

	Hofstede's cultural factors
		Geert Hofstede, a Dutch cultural anthropologist, analyzed cultures along five dimensions.
		It is the cultural trait that focuses on to what extent the group invests for the future, is persevering, and is patient in waiting for results.
		Note that Hofstede and Trompenaars are both Dutch purveyors of international cultural models, and are each very critical of the others' models.
	changingminds.org /explanations/culture/hofstede_culture.htm (341 words)

	The University of Maine - News - July 9, 2004 - UMaine Graduate Student Trekked Across Greenland, Antarctica
		Nevertheless, the 39-year-old Hofstede recalls the thrill of being pulled over the ice by parasails and seeing atmospheric light shows created by the effects of sunlight in snow flake filled skies.
		In Antarctica, Hofstede’s progress was slowed by the failure of prototype carbon composite sleds to withstand the rigorous environment.
		Hofstede has a master’s degree in geophysics from the University of Delft in The Netherlands.
	www.umaine.edu /News/article.asp?id_no=802 (698 words)

	Culture and Computer-Mediated Communication: Toward New Understandings
		Hofstede's analyses focused on face-to-face interactions in organizational contexts, in the attempt to appeal to a notion of a presumably homogenous national culture to help explain problems in organizational communication.
		Hence, while Hofstede's axes (as we have seen in Section I) may be successfully adapted to use for CMC research on intercultural communication online (specifically, webpages advertising consumable goods and universities), there is something of a misfit between Hofstede's original research intentions and design and those of CMC researchers examining online intercultural communication.
		One of the most common critiques of Hofstede's dimensions of culture is their apparent presumption that everyone within a given national culture fits within a simple polarity; for example, all Chinese are collectivists while all US citizens are individualists.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol11/issue1/ess.html (4342 words)

	Hofstede - Catac_wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Geert Hofstede's model of "cultural dimensions" and national culture, emerging from research largely conducted in the 1970s, are described in Culture’s Consequences, 1st edition (1980), abridged version (1984), second edition (2001) all published by Sage, and in Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw- Hill, (1991).
		"Hofstede's Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A triumph of faith - A failure of analysis" (http://geert-hofstede.international-business-center.com/mcsweeney.shtml) (abridged) by Dr. Brendan McSweeney, University of Essex
		Abstract: Geert Hofstede’s depiction of enduring and powerful national cultures or national cultural differences is legendary.
	phaidon.philo.at /catac_wiki/index.php/Hofstede (270 words)

	MGTC44a Outline, Section A
		Hofstede is not specifically mentioned in the former C44 text so we will provide information about him below.
		Geert H. Hofstede, born 1928 in the Netherlands.
		Hofstede is perhaps the best known cultural anthropologist (in the context of applications for understanding international business) but he is not the only person who dealt with these issues.
	witiger.com /internationalbusiness/culturalconsiderationsHofstede.htm (1023 words)

	Geert Hofstede
		As a result of this more careful analysis and scrutiny there are now questions, and in some cases open criticism, of the assumptions Geert Hofstede™ utilized in arriving at his conclusions and theories.
		"Hofstede's Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A triumph of faith - A failure of analysis" (abridged version) by Dr. Brendan McSweeney was published in the January 2002 Human Relations journal, with the abridged version published by the European Business Forum and, reproduced here by permission.
		Geert Hofstede™ makes the claim that his name is a Trademark with registration applied for in Benelux.
	geert-hofstede.international-business-center.com /index.shtml (798 words)

	DFLer Hofstede prevails in Ward 3 City Council election - Minnesota Daily
		Hofstede won by a preliminary total of 2,407 votes to 946 votes, according to the city of Minneapolis Web site.
		Hofstede won the Sept. 13 primary with 1,063 votes.
		She has been a member of the Minneapolis Public Library Board, chairwoman of the Neighborhood Revitalization Policy Board and in 1998 was the recipient of the Minneapolis Award for Outstanding Service to the City.
	www.mndaily.com /articles/2005/11/09/66049 (596 words)

	Geert Hofstede’s Model
		Hofstede defines culture as the "software of the mind" that guides us in our daily interactions.
		Thus it may be that such cultures allow for greater diversity in personal behavior in order to give balance to the individual vis-à-vis the group, whereas the United States, characterized by loose groupings and high mobility, does not.
		Hofstede’s study suggested that men’s goals were significantly different from women’s goals and could therefore be expressed on a masculine and a feminine pole.
	www.univ-nancy2.fr /ANGLAIS/DULASP/wcult/Hofstede.htm (1293 words)

	Mid Frame
		Geert Hofstede conducted perhaps the most comprehensive study of how values are influenced by culture.
		Power Distance, that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.
		Geert H. Hofstede was born on October 2, 1928 in Haarlem, the Netherlands.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Speech/rccs/theory81.htm (835 words)

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