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	Hohmann transfer orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hohmann transfer orbit is one half of an elliptic orbit that touches both the orbit that one wishes to leave (labelled 1 on diagram) and the orbit that one wishes to reach (3 on diagram).
		is length of semi-major axis of the Hohmann transfer orbit.
		A Hohmann transfer orbit from a given circular orbit to a larger circular orbit, in the case of a single central body, costs the largest delta-v (53.6 % of the original orbital speed) if the radius of the target circle is 15.5 times as large as that of the original circle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit (981 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Hohmann transfer orbit
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is a certain orbital path that moves a spacecraft from one point to another using a very low amount of energy.
		The basic idea is to construct an orbit where the speed at apogee is close to the speed of the Earth in its orbit, and the speed at perigee is the speed of the point in question, the Moon, Mars, or even some other orbit around the Earth.
		However, Hohmann transfers are also very slow for trips to more distant points, so when visiting the outer planets it is common to use a gravitational slingshot to modify a faster path into a Hohmann orbit in-flight.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ho/Hohmann-transfer.html (332 words)

	Walter Hohmann - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In a book written in 1916 (published 1925), Hohmann demonstrated a very fuel-efficient path to move a spacecraft between two different orbits, now called a Hohmann transfer orbit.
		Between 1911 and 1915, Hohmann devoted himself to the problem of interplanetary spaceflight, calculating the requirements of sending a spacecraft from Earth to one of the nearby planets of the solar system.
		Following the rise to power of the Nazi government, Hohmann distanced himself as much as possible from rocketry, wishing to play no part in the development of the rocket as a weapon.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Walter_Hohmann (298 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hohmann transfer orbit
		A geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a low Earth orbit (LEO) and a geostationary orbit (GEO).
		Hohmann transfer orbit File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version.
		In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics a circular orbit is an elliptic orbit with the eccentricity equal to 0.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hohmann-transfer-orbit (1733 words)

	hohmann transfer orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbital path that moves a spacecraft from one point to another using a very low amount of energy.
		Hohmann transfer orbits rely on the relationship between the velocity of an object in orbit and the altitude of that orbit – the faster an object is moving, the higher the orbit will be.
		Note, however, that the alignment of the two planets in their orbits is crucial – the destination planet and the spacecraft must arrive at the same point in their respective orbits around the Sun at the same time.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /hohmann_transfer_orbit.html (553 words)

	Interplanetary Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hohmann demonstrated that the lowest energy transfer between any two orbits is to elongate the orbit so that its apogee lies over the orbit in question.
		In the case of planetary transfers this means adjusting the spacecraft, originally in an orbit almost identical to Earth's, such that the apogee is on the far side of the sun near the orbit of the other planet.
		However the Hohmann transfer takes an amount of time similar to 1/2 of the orbital period of the outer orbit, so in the case of the outer planets this is many years – too long to wait.
	www.wikiverse.org /interplanetary-travel (1149 words)

	Encyclopedia: Gravitational slingshot
		The simplest way to solve this problem is to use a Hohmann transfer orbit, an elliptical orbit with the Earth at perigee and Mars at apogee.
		A Hohmann transfer to the outer planets requires long times and considerable "delta V", the sum of the changes in velocity needed at either end of the transfer orbit.
		Instead of the Hohmann trajectory directly to, say Saturn, the spacecraft is instead sent in a path that is aimed only as far as Jupiter, and the slingshot is then used to accelerate the spacecraft on towards Saturn.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Gravitational-slingshot (2000 words)

	Hohmann Transfer
		The transfer from "LEO to GEO" (Low Earth Orbit to Geosyncronous Orbit) requires a variation of a "Hohmann transfer".
		A Hohmann transfer is a fuel efficient way to transfer from one circular orbit to another circular orbit that is in the same plane (same inclination), but a different altitude.
		In this way the elliptic orbit or transfer orbit is tangent to both the original orbit (A) and the final orbit (C).
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/rocket_sci/satellites/hohmann.html (852 words)

	MarsKite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The transfer trajectory is a semi-ellipse, which is tangential to both orbits in the point of departure and arrival, respectively (see figure 1).
		In the case of a transfer between two circular orbits that are not co-planar, this transfer manoeuvre can still be executed, provided that the initial and final orbit planes as well as the transfer orbit plane all intersect in a common line.
		This transfer type requires three impulsive thrusts, thereby resulting in a trajectory consisting of two semi-ellipses, the first being tangential to the initial orbit, while the second is tangential to the final orbit.
	www.estec.esa.nl /outreach/marskite/marskite/transfertypes.htm (1145 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbit al path that moves a spacecraft from one point to another using a very low amount of energy.
		However, Hohmann transfers are very slow for trips to more distant points, so when visiting the outer planet s it is common to use a gravitational slingshot to increase speed in-flight.
		TfMin: Minimum time orbit transfer A Fortran and MATLAB package designed for the numerical solution of continuous 3D minimum time orbit transfer around the Earth.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Hohmann_transfer_orbit.html (802 words)

	Optimizing Interplanetary Orbits
		During the transfer, one can see when the engine's thrust was cut using two clues: the data points get very close together right before the cut, and the location of the cut coincides with the location where the spacecraft's orbit enters the final elliptical cruise orbit (as shown in the third plot).
		Furthermore, the transfer ellipse's apoapse shrinks in the case of Mercury and Venus and the transfer ellipse's periapse grows outward in the case of the outer planets as the engine's thrust is reduced.
		When the transfer thrust is reduced, more of the total ΔV is produced by the low-thrust engine than by the impulsive maneuver at the end of the transfer (the impulse needed to circularize the orbit at the final radius).
	ccar.colorado.edu /~parkerjs/SpaceFlight/Interplanetary.html (1128 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Hohmann transfer orbit is one half of an (Click link for more info and facts about elliptic orbit) elliptic orbit that touches both the orbit that one wishes to leave (labelled 1 on diagram) and the orbit that one wishes to reach (3 on diagram).
		Note, however, that the alignment of the two planets in their orbits is crucial – the destination planet and the spacecraft must arrive at the same point in their respective orbits around the Sun at the same time, see (Click link for more info and facts about launch window) launch window.
		Applying a delta-v at the LEO of only 0.78 km/s more would give the rocket the (Click link for more info and facts about escape speed) escape speed, while at the geostationary orbit a delta-v of 1.46 km/s is needed for reaching the sub-escape speed of this circular orbit.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ho/hohmann_transfer_orbit.htm (1013 words)

	Dawn: Mission description
		Hohmann transfer orbits are the most propellant-efficient means of moving between two circular coplanar orbits.
		Hohmann transfers are certainly not the fastest route between orbits; however, they are used frequently because most missions are tightly constrained in mass, so propellant is a very precious resource.
		The spacecraft is then in the Hohmann transfer orbit, which is an ellipse tangent to both circular orbits.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /dawn/mission.html (766 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbital path that moves a spacecraft from one point to anotherusing a very low amount of energy.
		Hohmann transfer orbits rely on the relationship between the velocity of an object in orbit and the altitude of that orbit–; the faster an object is moving, the higher the orbit will be.
		Note, however, that the alignment of the two planets in their orbits is crucial – the destination planet andthe spacecraft must arrive at the same point in their respective orbits around the Sun at the same time.
	www.therfcc.org /hohmann-transfer-orbit-69549.html (416 words)

	Mars Trajectories
		The Hohmann transfer occurs when Earth and Mars are in conjunction, on opposite sides of the Sun.
		The difference between the transfer velocity at Earth and Earth's orbital velocity is hyperbolic excess velocity, which is the speed that must be attained by the spacecraft upon departure from Earth's sphere of influence.
		Although the Hohmann transfer is the minimum energy transfer to Mars, this trajectory is not the sole option.
	www.stanford.edu /~klynn/mars_paper.htm (4294 words)

	Untitled
		To compromise between minimal energy transfer and time of flight, a broken-plane Hohmann transfer, shown in Figure 2.3, was chosen.
		The remainder of the excess heat is transferred to the soil using a heat pipe.
		The data transfer rate for the MBR is limited to 16 kbps (thousand bits per second); therefore 200 kilobytes of data can be transferred in a typical 100 second pass.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /archive/design/percival (13063 words)

	Orbits
		These are the orbits used to transfer the satellite from an initial low earth orbit to the final orbit.
		The perigee corresponds to the altitude of the initial low earth orbit parking orbit, the apogee the geostationary orbit altitude and the inclination is usually the inclination of the initial parking orbit.
		Subsynchronous transfer orbits also exist where the rocket only sends the payload part of the way to geostationary height, the payload then uses its own propulsion system to reach the final orbit.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec06.html (3325 words)

	Interplanetary Trajectories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to describe the use of Hohmann transfer orbits in general terms, and how spacecraft use them for interplanetary travel.
		In a gravity-assist trajectory, angular momentum is transferred from the orbiting planet to a spacecraft approaching from behind.
		In a gravity-assist trajectory, ___________________ _____________________ is transferred from the orbiting planet to a spacecraft approaching from behind.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/jplbasic/bsf4-1.htm (1137 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Hohmann transfer orbit is the minimum energy transfer orbit between two circular orbit.
		The minimum energy transfer between elliptical orbits sounds as bad as I was afraid of.
		As far as transfer orbits are concerned, for newbies the main criterion is not to cross any of the orbits at a large angle.
	www.orbitersim.com /v2/read.asp?id=19887 (1262 words)

	Merlyn - Gravity Page 2 - J R Stockton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A Hohmann transfer is the most efficient way of changing orbits using just an initial and final impulse; the path is an ellipse tangential to the initial and final orbits.
		The semi-major axis of a Hohmann transfer orbit T is the sum of the initial orbit radius r and the final orbit radius R.
		The semi-major axis of a Hohmann transfer ellipse between two circular orbits is the average of those of the two orbits.
	www.merlyn.demon.co.uk /gravity2.htm (1534 words)

	Gravitational slingshot - Information
		The simplest way to solve this problem is to use a Hohmann transfer orbit, an elliptical orbit with the Earth at perihelion and Mars at aphelion.
		A Hohmann transfer to Saturn would require a total of 15.7 km/s delta V (disregarding Earth's and Saturn's own gravity wells) which is not within the capabilities of our current spacecraft boosters.
		For example, a Hohmann transfer orbit from Earth to Jupiter brings a spacecraft into a hyperbolic flyby of Jupiter with a periapsis velocity of 60 km/s, and a final velocity (asymptotic residual velocity) of 5.6 km/s, which is 10.7 times slower.
	www.logicjungle.com /wiki/Gravitational_slingshot (1471 words)

	Section 2.0
		The decision to use a Hohmann transfer was based on the fuel considerations.
		In order to achieve such a transfer one must leave the perigee of the original orbit and arrive at the apogee of the desired orbit in such a manner that the asteroid is at the apogee (or close to it) upon arrival.
		The only thing left to examine to ensure the Hohmann transfer would work was to check to see if a catch up or wait orbit around the sun would be necessary.
	www.rmc.ca /other/advs/Section2_0.html (2398 words)

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