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Topic: Hohmann transfer orbit

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Circular orbit

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	Hohmann transfer orbit
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbital path that moves a spacecraft from one point to another using a very low amount of energy.
		However, Hohmann transfers are very slow for trips to more distant points, so when visiting the outer planets it is common to use a gravitational slingshot to modify a faster path into a Hohmann orbit in-flight.
		Hohmann transfer orbits rely on the relationship between the velocity of an object in orbit and the altitude of that orbit - the faster an object is moving, the higher the orbit will be.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/h/ho/hohmann_transfer_orbit.html (511 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is a certain orbital path that moves a spacecraft from one point to another using a very low amount of energy.
		The basic idea is to construct an orbit where the speed at apogee is close to the speed of the Earth in its orbit, and the speed at perigee is the speed of the point in question, the Moon, Mars, or even some other orbit around the Earth.
		However, Hohmann transfers are also very slow for trips to more distant points, so when visiting the outer planets it is common to use a gravitational slingshot to modify a faster path into a Hohmann orbit in-flight.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ho/Hohmann_transfer.html (299 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbital maneuver that moves a spacecraft from one orbit to another using the lowest possible delta-v for the specific transfer.
		The Hohmann transfer orbit is one half of an elliptic orbit that touches both the orbit that one wishes to leave (labelled 1 on diagram) and the orbit that one wishes to reach (3 on diagram).
		A Hohmann transfer orbit from a given circular orbit to a larger circular orbit, in the case of a single central body, costs the largest delta-v (53.6 % of the original orbital speed) if the radius of the target circle is 15.5 times as large as that of the original circle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit (1029 words)

	Psychology of... Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		First, he found that the orbits of the planets in our solar system are elliptical, not circular (or epicyclic), as had previously been believed, and that the sun is not located at the center of the orbits, but rather at one focus.
		In the case of an open orbit, the speed at any position of the orbit is at least the escape velocity for that position, in the case of a closed orbit, always less.
		The gravity of the orbiting object raises tidal bulges in the primary, and since below the synchronous orbit the orbiting object is moving faster than the body's surface the bulges lag a short angle behind it.
	www.psychologyof.com /wiki/Orbit (3083 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit : Information and resources about Hohmann transfer orbit : School Work Guru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is a certain orbital path that moves a spacecraft from one point to another using a very low amount of energy.
		The basic idea is to construct an orbit where the speed at apogee is close to the speed of the Earth in its orbit, and the speed at perigee is the speed of the point in question, the Moon, Mars, or even some other orbit around the Earth.
		However, Hohmann transfers are also very slow for trips to more distant points, so when visiting the outer planets it is common to use a gravitational slingshot to modify a faster path into a Hohmann orbit in-flight.
	www.schoolworkguru.org /encyclopedia/h/ho/hohmann_transfer_orbit.html (388 words)

	Hohmann Transfer
		A Hohmann transfer is a fuel efficient way to transfer from one circular orbit to another circular orbit that is in the same plane (same inclination), but a different altitude.
		Since the point in an orbit where the engines are fired automatically becomes a point in the new orbit (or the burn point becomes the intersection of the old and new orbits), this firing must occur where the current orbit and the desired orbit intersect.
		Velocity in inclined orbit: 7.726 km/sec at 28.5 degrees to equator.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/rocket_sci/satellites/hohmann.html (852 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbital maneuver that moves a spacecraft from one orbit to another using a fairly low delta-v.
		In certain situations where the semimajor axis of the final orbit is much greater then the semimajor axis of the initial orbit (usually by a factor of 12), it may be more advantageous to use a bi-elliptic transfer.
		For the geostationary transfer orbit we have $r_2$ = 42,164 km and e.g.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Hohmann_transfer_orbit (1117 words)

	Geostationary transfer orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After a typical launch the inclination of the LEO (the angle between the plane of the orbit and the plane of the equator) is determined by the latitude of the launch site and the direction of launch.
		The capability of achieving geostationary transfer orbit is critical to the placement of modern satellites, as well as to the success of future space programs going to the Moon and to Mars.
		The reason for this is that the GTO is an orbit cycling between a perigee tangent to LEO and an apogee tangent to a geostationary orbit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit (681 words)

	Hohmann Transfer Orbit & Total Travel Time
		Below is the orbit of the Earth around the Sun (approximated by a circle, e=0, as we noted at the end of the last subunit).
		This orbit is the orbit that uses the least possible fuel.
		In the Hohmann orbit we get to Jupiter moving in the same direction but just a bit more slowly than it is (so if we don't fire our rockets we'll "fall" back to Earth).
	www.polaris.iastate.edu /EveningStar/Unit6/unit6_sub2.htm (493 words)

	Delta-v - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, in a gravitational field, orbits involve changes in speed without requiring any delta-v, while gravity can cause the change of speed to be less or more than the delta-v of a vehicle.
		For a burst of thrust during which both the acceleration produced by the thrust, and the gravity, are constant, the specific orbital energy gained per unit delta-v is the mean value of the speed before and the speed after the burst.
		If it is necessary, for mission-based reasons, to put the spacecraft in an orbit of different inclination, a substantial delta-v is required, though the kinetic and potential energies in the final orbit and the launch orbit are equal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Delta-v (659 words)

	Hohmann trajectory - NewMars
		The transfer orbit is such that the point where it departs from Earth is the closest point on the transfer ellipse to the Sun and the point where the transfer orbit intersects Mars is the furthest point in the orbit from the Sun.
		If the periapsis and period of the starting orbit and the apoapsis and period of the destination orbit are known, then Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion can be used to estimate the time required for a Hohmann trajectory transfer orbit.
		The total delta v required for the Hohmann transfer will be the sum of the the velocity magnitude change required for orbital insertion and the velocity magnitude change required for the circularization burn.
	www.newmars.com /wiki/index.php/Hohmann_trajectory (873 words)

	Orbits
		The orbit chosen for a satellite is a compromise between the mission requirements, the capabilities of the rocket used to launch the satellite and orbital mechanics.
		Additionally the orbit is resonant with the rotation period of the earth, meaning that the satellite passes over the same point on the earth at the same time of day at regular intervals (which may be daily or every 2 or more days depending on the resonance).
		A geostationary orbit is a special case of the geosynchronous orbit where inclination = 0 and the period is equal to the rotation period of the earth (approx 1436 minutes), corresponding to a circular orbit of approx.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec06.html (3325 words)

	transfer orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The orbit is chosen to minimize the fuel needed by the spacecraft;; the craft is in free fall for most of the journey.
		Geostationary transfer orbit is the highly elliptical path followed by satellites to be placed in geostationary orbit around the Earth (an orbit coincident with Earth's rotation).
		A small rocket is fired at the transfer orbit's apogee to place the satellite in geostationary orbit.
	www.strayduck.com /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0010414.html (260 words)

	Mission FAQs
		Hohmann transfer orbits are the most propellant-efficient means of moving between two circular coplanar orbits.
		Hohmann transfers are certainly not the fastest route between orbits; however, they are used frequently because most missions are tightly constrained in mass, so propellant is a very precious resource.
		The spacecraft is then in the Hohmann transfer orbit, which is an ellipse tangent to both circular orbits.
	dawn.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/faqs.asp (716 words)

	Encyclopedia: Geostationary transfer orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A geostationary orbit (abbreviated GEO) is a circular orbit in the Earths equatorial plane, any point on which revolves about the Earth in the same direction and with the same period as the Earths rotation.
		A geosynchronous orbit is a geocentric orbit that has the same orbital period as the sidereal rotation period of the Earth.
		In the context of satellite launches the geostationary orbit is usually the one of interest.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Geostationary-transfer-orbit (1199 words)

	Dawn: Mission description
		Vesta: orbit at 2450, 700 and 200 km alt.
		Ceres: orbit at 5900, 1300 and 700 km alt.
		Hohmann transfers are certainly not the fastest route between orbits; however, they are used frequently because most missions are tightly constrained in mass, so propellant is a very precious resource.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /dawn/mission.html (809 words)

	Elliptic orbit - Space Wiki
		An orbit with an eccentricity of 0 is a circular orbit.
		The orbital period is equal to that for a circular orbit with the orbit radius equal to the semi-major axis (
		This means that an orbit, which is defined by the orbiting body's position and velocity, must be represented by at least the the three dimensional Cartesian coordinates (position of the orbiting body represented by x, y, and z) and the similar Cartesian components of the orbiting body's velocity.
	space.wikia.com /wiki/Elliptic_orbit (386 words)

	Interplanetary Transfer Orbits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Orbits in the solar system, particularly orbits from one planet to another, are extremely interesting from an orbital mechanics point of view.
		Transfer to an inner planet is similar, except for the direction of some of the delta-Vs. We will assume that both the Earth and the planet are in circular coplanar orbits (a reasonable assumption).
		We are travelling on the Hohmann Transfer ellipse, and we have already calculated the velocity at aphelion and the velocity of the planet.
	www.ilc-usn.net /conversions/orbital/patched/patched.html (1019 words)

	- Cosmonautics on edge of Centuries
		To get to the planet Mars, rather than just to its orbit, requires that the spacecraft be inserted into the interplanetary trajectory at the correct time to arrive at the Martian orbit when Mars will be at the point where the spacecraft will intercept the orbit of Mars.
		To get to Venus, rather than just to its orbit, again requires that the spacecraft be inserted into the interplanetary trajectory at the correct time to arrive at the Venusian orbit when Venus will be at the point where the spacecraft will intercept the orbit of Venus.
		In a gravity-assist trajectory, angular momentum is transferred from the orbiting planet to a spacecraft approaching from behind.
	library.thinkquest.org /C006381/IT.shtml (1043 words)

	Orbital Operations in Science Fiction
		Vs for the sequence of two maneuvers using the "gravity well" is similar: a Hohmann transfer from the Moon's orbit to an Earth-razing orbit (let's fix it at 1000 km height), followed by a change from this orbit to the hyperbolic orbit (relative to the Earth).
		V to change from Moon's orbit to the transfer orbit is 815 m/s.
		V to change from this transfer orbit to the hyperbolic orbit is 600 m/s.
	www.geocities.com /albmont/orbopssf.htm (343 words)

	Planetary orbit Summary
		Orbits are the pathways taken by objects under the influence of the gravity of another object.
		The third factor is the inclination of the orbit, or the angle between the plane of the orbit and the plane of Earth's orbit.
		As an object orbits another, the periapsis is that point at which the two objects are closest to each other and the apoapsis is that point at which they are the farthest from each other.
	www.bookrags.com /Planetary_orbit (4861 words)

	Hohmann Transfer
		On a transfer to an outer planet such as Mars the spacecraft is launched in the direction that
		Then it is placed into a sun orbit where the furthest distance from the sun (the aphelion) is equal to the orbit of the outer planet that is also the destination planet.
		In order for the Hohmann Orbit Transfer to be used to reach an inner planet such as Venus the process must be changed.
	www.mrfizzix.com /spaceflight/Pages/Hohmann_Transfer.htm (245 words)

	Orbit (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Orbit (anatomy), the socket in the skull which accommodates an eye
		Orbit (the anthology series), a series of original science fiction anthologies
		Orbit (gum), a brand of chewing gum manufactured by the Wrigley Company
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orbit_%28disambiguation%29 (138 words)

	NASAexplores 9-12 Lesson: Planetary Orbits (Student Sheets)
		A spacecraft’s launch must be at a time and speed so that its orbit will intersect with the orbit of Mars when the planet is there.
		Hohmann Transfer Orbit describes the spacecraft's perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) will be Earth's orbit, and the aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) will intercept the orbit of Mars at a single point.
		The portion of the solar orbit that takes the spacecraft from Earth to Mars is called its trajectory.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_912_student_sh.php?id=021220142253 (690 words)

	Transhuman Space: Earth Orbit
		To change from one circular orbit to another in the same plane, the most economical path is known as the Hohmann transfer orbit.
		This is an elliptical orbit whose perigee (closest approach to earth) is the same as the radius of the lower orbit, and whose apogee (highest point above the Earth) is the same as the radius of the higher orbit.
		To change the altitude of an orbit therefore requires two engine burns: the insertion burn to change the circular starting orbit to the elliptical transfer orbit; and the arrival burn to change the elliptical transfer orbit to the circular destination orbit.
	www.nels.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /GURPS/THS/EarthOrbitBurnTable.html (538 words)

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