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Topic: Hohokam

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	3D Hohokam Pithouse
		The scenes depict a brief overview of the construction of a pithouse, the main dwelling of the Hohokam, known as the "Ancient Ones" to the modern day O'Odham Indian Culture of Southern Arizona.
		The material I have selected for this project is based on a replica of a Hohokam pithouse typical of the American Southwest in Arizona circa AD 1100 to AD 1250.
		The enhanced visual perception of the construction of the Hohokam pithouse has been the end result of an endeavor that has translated raw data from the field into a final set of images.
	www.pleione.com /pithouse (546 words)

	History - Hohokam
		The name Hohokam (pronounced with the accent on the last syllable) comes from the word Hoohoogum, the name given by the contemporary Native Americans in this area to the prehistoric peoples whom they believe to be their ancestors.
		The Hohokam built hundreds of miles of canals throughout the valley to irrigate their agricultural fields.
		Therefore, the Hohokam culture was not a true civilization as defined by archaeologists.
	www.tempe.gov /museum/Tempe_history/basics/hohokam.htm (510 words)

	Late-period Hohokam site explored
		Hohokams are believed to have inhabited the Sonoran Desert between 500 and 1450 before they abruptly disappeared.
		Leonard said the Hohokam way of life "had a negative impact on the environment," even though they appeared to be in touch with the land.
		Hohokams generally built near a major river or canal system, but this find doesn't have a major waterway and is placed on the Queen Creek alluvial fan.
	www.azcentral.com /arizonarepublic/news/articles/0724hohokam0724.html (682 words)

	Hohokam (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hohokam is the name of one of the four major prehistoric archaeological traditions of the American Southwest.
		The Hohokam tradition is believed to have been centered around the middle Gila River and lower Salt River drainage areas as well as the southern Sonoran Desert in what is now Arizona, Sonora, and Chihuahua.
		Hohokam ceramics were finished using the paddle and anvil technique and fired to achieve a buff color.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/h/ho/hohokam.html (329 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Hohokam
		Hohokam is the name applied to one of the four major prehistoric archaeological traditions of the American Southwest.
		Hohokam women may have plastered house structures, planted and harvested crops, prepared meals, woven fabrics, gathered wild plant foods and materials, produced ceramic pots and figurines and, certainly, cared for young children.
		The Hohokam expanded their trade networks over a vast area, which extended from the Gulf of California and the Pacific Coast eastward to the Texas High Plains, a span of 1000 miles, and from northern Arizona southward to Jalisco, a span of 1200 miles.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hohokam (3661 words)

	Scientists study Ariz. Hohokam era site - Boston.com
		Hohokams are believed to have inhabited the Sonoran Desert between 500 and 1450 before they abruptly disappeared.
		The Hohokam society appeared to break down toward the end of its existence, with the economy and culture falling apart as the population dwindled, according to experts.
		Leonard said the Hohokam way of life "had a negative impact on the environment," even though they appeared to be in touch with the land.
	www.boston.com /news/science/articles/2006/07/24/scientists_study_ariz_hohokam_era_site?rss_id=Boston.com+%2F+News (299 words)

	Hohokam - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Hohokam, term denoting the culture of the ancient agricultural populations inhabiting the Salt and Gila river valleys of S Arizona (AD 300-1200).
		The region has been inhabited in historical times by the Pima and the Tohono O'Odham, although it is not entirely clear that the Hohokam were ancestral to either group.
		Prehistoric demography in the Southwest: migration, coalescence, and Hohokam population decline.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Hohokam.html (468 words)

	Hohokam Indians of the Tucson Basin. Chapter 2. University of Arizona Press.
		Hohokam villagers grew cotton and corn, as well as several types of beans and squash.
		The Hohokam were completely dependent on their immediate environment for all the necessities of life.
		Because they maintained connections with Mesoamerican civilizations through the centuries, the Hohokam made social, religious, and artistic advances that were a bit ahead of their neighbors, the Patayan to the west, the Anasazi to the north, and the Mogollon to the east.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /onlinebks/hohokam/chap2.htm (4470 words)

	CERAMICS -- DESERT FARMERS AT THE RIVERS EDGE
		Hohokam pottery was generally of three types: plain, red and the widely known red-on-buff decorated wares.
		Current data indicate that Hohokam plainware pottery was produced by A.D. 1, and continued to be crafted throughout the Hohokam occupation of the Sonoran Desert.
		In addition, the Classic period Hohokam imported and imitated relatively large quantities of polychrome vessels, ie., fl, white, and red colors) from the Salado cultures to the east in the Tonto Basin.
	www.ci.phoenix.az.us /PUEBLO/dfceramc.html (784 words)

	Historical Pottery
		The Hohokam is known primarily from the "core area" of the Phoenix and Tucson basins, where perennial water sources were available.
		Archeologists consider this area to have been peripheral to the Hohokam core, and was traversed by the Hohokam on shell gathering expeditions to the Sea of Cortez.
		Hohokam culture was not widespread and thus pottery was relatively homogeneous.
	www.clayhound.us /sites/hohokam.htm (809 words)

	Hohokam - Ethnos - Books about the Hohokam People
		Hohokam is the name for a prehistoric archaeologically-defined culture that lived in the deserts of southern Arizona and northwestern Mexico between approximately 200 and 1450 AD.
		The Hohokam are not an ethnic group per se, but rather a prehistoric group believed to be related to the modern Tohono and Akimel O'odham.
		These findings challenge views of Hohokam society that prevailed for most of the twentieth century, suggesting that for Pueblo Grande it was a time of decline rather than prosperity, a time marked by overpopulation, environmental degradation, resource shortage, poor health, and social disintegration.
	www.almudo.com /ethnos/Hohokam.htm (624 words)

	THE HOHOKAM OF THE SOUTHWEST
		Finally, the Hohokam started to build their settlements farther from the rivers than in the past, which made the building of canals to be longer.
		The Hohokam living in the low desert areas did not have these dramatic changes in their way of life but clung to the old ways that they were used to.
		These Hohokam were still cremating their dead, living in pit houses made of mud and poles and grasses, and finishing their ceramics with the paddle and anvil.
	www.cavecreekmuseum.org /hohokam_of_the_southwest.htm (2668 words)

	The Hohokam Culture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hohokam were either descendants of peoples that moved north from Mexico or a group of locals that eventually banded together.
		Well into their development, the Hohokam began constructing extensive irrigation systems for which they are well noted.
		It is widely accepted that the Hohokam are ancestors of the modern Pima and Tohono O'Odham (Papago) tribes that live on reservations in the Phoenix, Arizona area.
	library.thinkquest.org /12641/archaic/archaic1.html (145 words)

	UC Berkeley archaeologist finds Arizona's ancient Hohokam was complex, advanced culture that may have reached the West ...
		The Hohokam, who inhabited the dry Sonoran desert of southern Arizona, were more or less ignored, even though they had by far the most advanced canal irrigation system in the New World.
		Now, the spotlight is on the Hohokam, with results that reveal a very large, multiethnic network that may have spread all the way to the Southern California coast, according to the work of research archaeologist Steven Shackley at the Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley.
		Shackley's thesis that the Hohokam includes the Patayan culture group that extended into Imperial Valley in Southern California is based on the style of projectile points and ceramics and other material remains.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-01/UoCB-UBaf-2901101.php (816 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The irrigation canals that Hohokam farmers dug to water their fields enabled them to grow two crops a year, one in the spring when melted winter snow swelled the river, and another in late summer when heavy rains fell.
		Hohokam farmers used mats of woven fibre to dam the canals.
		The patterns on Hohokam textiles were influenced by artists of Mexican civilizations.
	www.camelotintl.com /world/01hohokam.html (272 words)

	Native Americans - Hohokam
		Many architectural features of Hohokam settlements, including sunken ball-courts and pyramidal mounds, bear striking similarities to structures common among contemporary populations in central Mexico.
		Debate persists regarding the fate of the Hohokam.
		The region was inhabited in historical times by the Pima and Papago, although it is not entirely clear that the Hohokam were ancestral to either group.
	www.nativeamericans.com /Hohokam.htm (304 words)

	THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE HOHOKAM? -- DESERT FARMERS AT THE RIVERS EDGE
		It was once thought that through the constant irrigation of their fields, the Hohokam were forced to abandon them because of excessive salt deposits (salinization) in the soil, a result of constantly soaking the fields with highly alkaline water.
		Nonetheless, it is possible that during the Classic period, the Hohokam did not manage their fields as well as they had during previous periods, causing the soil to become too saturated with salt.
		This evidence suggests that the Hohokam at Pueblo Grande may have exceeded the carrying capacity of the desert which, combined with other factors, eventually forced the Hohokam to abandon the village.
	copwww.ci.phoenix.az.us /PUEBLO/dfdisapp.html (1037 words)

	Archaeological Sites near Phoenix
		One of Arizona's earliest cultures was the Hohokam ("Hohokam" is a Pima word for "Those Who Have Gone" or "All Used Up") who first settled along the Gila River in the 3d Century B C. They may have been the descendants of the earlier and very primitive Cochise culture or immigrants from the south.
		The Hohokam ball courts, however, were semicircular to oval excavations surrounded by earthen embankments, rather than the rectangular to "I"-shaped Mexican masonry courts.
		Hohokam ball courts were used for ceremonial events as well as for ball games, played with hard rubber balls, probably imported from Mexico.
	www.archaeologicadventures.com /history.html (500 words)

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