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Topic: Hokan languages

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	Hokan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken in California and Mexico.
		Although some Hokan families may indeed be related, especially in northern California, few linguists today expect Hokan as a whole to prove to be valid, and the term is often used as a convenient label to simplify one of the most linguistically diverse areas of the world.
		Hokan languages are spoken by the Pomo on the California coast, as well as by other Native American nations around Mount Shasta, Lake Tahoe, and the Yuman peoples along the lower Colorado River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hokan_languages (207 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		Native American languages cannot be differentiated as a linguistic unit from other languages of the world but are grouped into a number of separate linguistic stocks having significantly different phonetics, vocabularies, and grammars.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	Encyclopedia: Cyrillic alphabet
		The Geez language (or Giiz language) is an ancient language that developed in the Ethiopian Highlands of the Horn of Africa as the language of the peasantry.
		In oral language, a phoneme is the theoretical basic unit of sound that can be used to distinguish words or morphemes; in sign language, it is a similarly basic unit of hand shape, motion, position, or facial expression.
		Abkhaz is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, Georgia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cyrillic-alphabet (8306 words)

	Chapter 9. How Languages Influence Each Other. Edward Sapir. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech
		The language of a people that is looked upon as a center of culture is naturally far more likely to exert an appreciable influence on other languages spoken in its vicinity than to be influenced by them.
		The Athabaskan languages of America are spoken by peoples that have had astonishingly varied cultural contacts, yet nowhere do we find that an Athabaskan dialect has borrowed at all freely 3 from a neighboring language.
		Within the whole course of the history of the English language we can hardly point to one important morphological change that was not determined by the native drift, though here and there we may surmise that this drift was hastened a little by the suggestive influence of French forms.
	www.bartleby.com /186/9.html (3779 words)

	Language families and languages - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Language_families_and_languages (501 words)

	Don Macnaughtan - Lane Community College Library - American Indian Languages of Western Oregon
		Athapaskan languages were spoken mainly in southwest Oregon, with two tiny pockets of speakers in northwest Oregon, near the mouth of the Columbia River.
		Penutian languages - a family that is rather loosely defined - were spoken on the central Oregon Coast, along the Lower Columbia, in the Cascades, in the Willamette Valley, and in the Rogue Valley.
		An isolated Salish language (Tillamook) was spoken on the northern Oregon coast, and a small pocket of the Hokan family (Shasta) was spoken in the southern Rogue Valley.
	www.lanecc.edu /library/don/orelang.htm (1141 words)

	Stocks and families of Mexican languages
		The indigenous languages of Mexico belong to three major groups, sometimes called 'linguistic stocks', besides six 'linguistic families' that are not related to other languages.
		Regardless of the details of family subgroupings, the Otomanguean stock, which includes languages from as far north as the states of Hidalgo and Querétaro (Otomi) and as far south as Nicaragua (Mangue, now extinct), is a group of languages whose potential for the study of language change over the centuries rivals that of Indo-European languages.
		The genetic relationship of the languages which are today known as the Uto-Aztecan language stock was recognized by the late 19th century and firmly established by the middle of the 20th century.
	www.sil.org /MEXICO/22i-Stocks.htm (1076 words)

	Esselen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Very little data on this language has survived; there was one word list collected during the Mission era and John Peabody Harrington managed to collect some more data in the late 19th century.
		It was originally proposed to be a part of the hypothetical Hokan family, but has since been classified as an isolate.
		The Esalen Institute in Big Sur is named after this group.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Esselen (322 words)

	The Bipartite Stem Belt
		In all of the languages which have this category some or all of the members can have reference to the shape of an instrument, and the category is traditionally referred to as "instrumental prefixes".
		The core languages are characterized by the fact that a majority of the verb stems of the language are bipartite, consisting of a LP and a second element.
		We can posit a time when the Northern Hokan languages (regardless of whether or not this turns out to be a valid genetic grouping) were all spoken in a compact and contiguous area, with Proto- Plateau-Maiduan and ancestral Washo nearby, to the northeast and east, respectively.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/papers/bls96.html (5367 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on MUSKOGEAN AND LAMB'S-QUARTERS.
		Hokan was cobbled together with tiny bits of evidence, almost all of it nothing but words that vaguely resemble each other.
		Hokan is to a large extent a relic of a period of unfettered speculation.
		Hypotheses of a Hokan stock as a genetic unit continue to play an important role in prompting investigation of the historical relationships between these languages, but it should be recognized that Hokan is not yet considered a demonstrated genetic entity.
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=2102 (2586 words)

	Pomoan languages - tScholars.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pomoan is a family of endangered languages spoken in northern California on the Pacific coast.
		The similarity of names of these languages has misled many people into incorrectly thinking they are simply dialects of a single language.
		The remaining Pomoan languages are spoken by rapidly-diminishing handfuls of elderly speakers, with Kashaya having the most speakers.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Pomoan_languages (214 words)

	The Hokan hypothesis (3-5) (from Meso-American Indian languages) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Meso-American groups are Tequistlatec (two languages in Oaxaca, Mex.), Tlapanecan (one living language in Guerrero, Mex., and an extinct one in Nicaragua), and Jicaque (spoken in Honduras).
		The American Indian languages do not form a single historically interrelated stock (as do the Indo-European languages), nor are there any structural features (in phonetics, grammar, or vocabulary) whereby American Indian languages can be distinguished as a whole from...
		Over their long career, they were a huge commercial success performing pop, soul, R and B, and even disco as one of the most beloved family acts in music, though their...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-75317 (892 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 6
		The genetic relationship of many of the languages which are today known as Otomanguean languages has been long recognized, beginning perhaps most explicitly with the proposals of Orozco y Berra in 1864.
		The Zapotecan languages are spoken in the state of Oaxaca, primarily in the central valleys near Oaxaca City, south from there to the Pacific coast, southeast to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and northeast into the Sierra de Juarez.
		Like other Otomanguean languages, most Zapotecan languages are tonal, which means that the pitch with which a word is pronounced is so important that a change in the pitch can change one word into an entirely different one.
	www.mexicantextiles.com /library/zapotecsierra/zapotecsierrasil.html (1018 words)

	Hokan languages - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Hokan languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hokan languages - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Hokan languages.
		Here you will find more informations about Hokan languages.
		The Hokan languages comprise a dozen small language families spoken California and Mexico.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Hokan-languages.html (249 words)

	Shasta Indians: Linguistics by Norah Glover (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Believed to be the oldest language group in California, the Hokan stock was first identified and named by Roland Dixon and Alfred Kroeber in 1913.
		The Hokan languages and language families in California are: Karuk, Shastan, Chimariko, Palaihnihan, Yana, Pomoan, Esselen, Salian, Chumashan, and Yuman.
		While these languages are related, they are not mutually intelligible; however, all four of the Shasta groups do speak the same language, but with variations in dialect (Shipley 85).
	www.siskiyous.edu /shasta/nat/sha/lin.htm (265 words)

	Native American languages -> Languages of North America on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Rapport-building through call in teaching Chinese as a foreign language: an exploratory study.
		Jorge Gomez rings bells as the children's choir of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe practiced Christmas songs in their native language, Chochenyo, in Pleasanton, California, on Saturday, December 4, 2004.
		Sheila Guzman-Schmidt and her daughter, Rachel eye each other after singing Christmas songs in the Chochenyo language in Pleasanton, California, on Saturday, December 4, 2004.
	encyclopedia.com /html/section/natvamlang_languagesofnorthamerica.asp (1169 words)

	bajacalifology.org - Aboriginal Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For knowledge of the southern languages, we are entirely dependent upon the records written by early visitors, particularly Jesuit missionaries such as Jakob Baegert, Miguel del Barco, and Franz Benno Ducrue.
		Hokan languages were scattered around the periphery of Alta California, including Chumash, Pomo, Washo, and others; the Seri hunter-gatherers of the Sonoran coast across the Sea of Cortés are apparently also Hokan speakers.
		For additional discussions of the distributions and relationships of Baja California languages, refer to the Bibliography, and to such sources as Gursky 1966; Joël 1998; Laylander 1993, 1997a; León-Portilla 1976; Massey 1949; Mathes 1975a, 1977a; Mixco 1977d, 1978; Ochoa Zazueta 1979, 1982b; and Robles Uribe 1965.
	www.bajacalifologia.org /english/languages.htm (543 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		These are linguistically diverse languages deserving of individual attention, and it is very difficult to make accurate generalizations about them as a group.
	www.native-languages.org (1052 words)

	Hokan languages -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Documented languages of Mexico are: Coahuilteco, Comecrudo, Cotoname, Naolan, and Tamaulipec (or Maratino).
		From their origins in East-Central Europe, the Slavic languages spread widely and are now spoken throughout most of the Balkans and Eastern Europe, parts of Central Europe, and the northern portion of Asia.
		They—and a number of lesser-known languages and dialects—are all derived from medieval Latin dialects spoken in areas of Europe governed by the Roman Empire.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9040760 (725 words)

	Search Results for hokan - Encyclopædia Britannica
		All of the several languages once spoken in northeast Mexico and South Texas have become extinct.
		The first comprehensive classification into families of the North American Indian languages was made in 1891 by the American John Wesley Powell, who based his study on impressionistic resemblances in...
		Languages spoken by the original inhabitants of the Americas and the...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=hokan&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (345 words)

	ipedia.com: Language families and languages Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Most languages are known to belong to language families.
		Most languages are known to belong to language families (called simply "families" for the rest of this article).
		Besides the above languages that have arisen spontaneously out of the capablility for vocal communication, there are also languages that share many of their important properties.
	www.ipedia.com /language_families_and_languages.html (507 words)

	MavicaNET - Hokan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When the expedition encountered the Washoe people near Bridgeport, they found their language completely unlike the Uto-astecan language of the Great Basin with which they were familiar.
		The Hokan language, a dialect of which is spoken by the Washoe people, is apparently of great antiquity--it belongs to what is very likely the oldest of California languages.
		Page dedicated to the languages of the Hokan language family, with links to information on each language and the American Indian people who speak it.
	www.mavicanet.ru /lite/swe/2059.html (157 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Muskogean
		You have reached the page on Muskogean languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		Koasati is a closely-related language and they have sometimes been treated as two dialects of a language called Alabama-Koasati.
		However, they are separate languages, with the speakers of one not able to understand the other.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/muskogh.htm (988 words)

	FOUR DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE
		The Hokan speakers are among, if not the, earliest inhabitants of California.
		The cultures represented herein as the Hokan language phylum are:
		Some of the Western Hokan languages have survived, but there is only limited recordings of Chimariko, Esselen, and Salinan.
	www.fourdir.com /california_hokan.htm (148 words)

	Hokan Words
		We hope to add a set of 100 common words for each language eventually, complete with phonetic lettering and possibly even audio, but for now we we have included twenty basic words, enough to give you a feeling for each language.
		The nouns are singular and most of the verbs are 3rd person singular ("he or she sings") because many Native American languages don't have a separate infinitive ("to sing") the way English and French do.
		If you would like to know a Hokan word that is not currently on our page, you can take part in our American Indian translations fundraiser or visit our main Hokan languages site for more free resources.
	www.native-languages.org /famhok_words.htm (163 words)

	William H. Jacobsen, Jr. Vita p2
		“Hokan Languages of Mexico,” Symposium “Panorama de los estudios sobre las lenguas indígenas de México,” 13th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Mexico City, July 1993.
		Seattle: Department of Romance Languages and Literature, University of Washington, 1962.
		Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (Vice President 1991, President 1992).
	basque.unr.edu /04/4.2.1t/4.2.1.10.2.jacobsen2a.htm (1604 words)

	Hokan languages -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hokan languages -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The Hokan language family is a hypothetical grouping of a dozen small language families spoken (A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes) California and (A Republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810) Mexico.
		Some linguists also include (Click link for more info and facts about Chumash) Chumash or other families, but the evidence is insubstantial, and most now restrict Hokan to some or all of the languages listed below.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ho/hokan_languages.htm (227 words)

	Redden (1982) Proceedings of the 1981 Hokan Languages Workshop and Penutian Languages Conference held at Sonoma State ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Redden (1982) Proceedings of the 1981 Hokan Languages Workshop and Penutian Languages Conference held at Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, June 29-July 2, 1981
		Proceedings of the 1981 Hokan Languages Workshop and Penutian Languages Conference held at Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, June 29-July 2, 1981
		Hokan languages; Penutian languages; Indians of North America; Congresses; Languages; California
	www.getcited.org /pub/102231750 (68 words)

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