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Topic: Hoklo (ethnic group)

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	TCS! Taiwanese Cultural Society v^___^v
		Still, the ethnic Chinese and Taiwanese aborigines were classified as second- and third-class citizens.
		The signing of the Instrument of Surrender on August 15, 1945, signaled that Taiwan was to be returned to China, one of the Allied objectives from the wartime declarations.
		This group contains two subgroups: the Southern Fujianese 福建 (70% of the total population), who migrated from the coastal Southern Fujian region in the southeast of Mainland China; and the Hakka 福建; (15% of the total population), who originally migrated south to Guangdong 廣東;, its surrounding areas and Taiwan, intermarrying extensively with Taiwanese aborigines.
	www.stanford.edu /group/TCS/taiwan.htm (2482 words)

	Ethnic Differentiation in Taiwan
		The concept of ethnic group has evolved over the years as interests in and research on ethnic relationship are expanding.
		Weber thus defines ethnic groups as "those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or customs or both or because of memories of colonization and migration" (Sinnott & Davis, 1981: 398).
		In fact, ethnic experts suggest that it is not necessary for members of an ethnic group to be homogeneous (van Haegendoren, 1982: 48; Keyes, 1976: 202; Wirsing, 1981: 8).
	www.wufi.org.tw /eng/taiethni.htm (5956 words)

	TAIWANESE HAKKA
		One is northern group which is characterized by high frequency of Gm ag and Gm ab3st and extremely low frequency of Gm afb1b3 haplotype, and the other one southern group characterized by a remarkably high frequency of Gm afb1b3 and a low frequency of Gm ag and Gm ab3st.
		Almost half of these ethnic groups live in the Yun-nan provinces and these ethnic groups may be the enclaves of original inhabitants.
		Some aboriginal groups of Taiwan might have originally migrated from the Philippines, or Taiwan is the ancestral origin for Taiwanese aboriginal groups, Filipinos and other southern Pacific Islanders as some recent studies suggest.
	home.i1.net /~alchu/hakka/toihak0.htm (2757 words)

	Taiwan - LittleLeagueUSA.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The island groups of Taiwan and Penghu (except the municipalities of Taipei and Kaohsiung) are officially administered as Taiwan Province of the Republic of China.
		The main island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa (from the Portuguese Ilha Formosa, meaning "beautiful island"), is located in East Asia off the coast of mainland China, southwest of the main islands of Japan but directly west of the end of Japan's Ryukyu Islands, and north-northwest of the Philippines.
		Most aboriginal groups in Taiwan have their own languages which, unlike Taiwanese or Hakka, do not belong to the Chinese language family, but rather to the Austronesian language family.
	www.littleleagueusa.com /encyclopedia/Taiwan (3819 words)

	Taiwan geo
		Hoklo is the largest single ethnic group on the island.
		Hoklo and Hakka together generally are referred to as “ Taiwanese “, comprising about 84% of the entire population.
		As Hoklo and Hakka settled in large numbers, they brought their own cultural traditions with the inspiration of local identity, greatly reflected the island’s arts and culture.
	www.ebtacsc.org /d_3.html (2114 words)

	“Die Entstehung des Konzepts der `Ethnie` in Taiwan und die Rolle der malayo-polynesischen Urbevolkerung bei der ...
		A group that showed some discontent with the unilateral request formulated by the Hoklo were Taiwan`s Hakka, another Han-Chinese group in Taiwan whose members counted about 9% of Taiwan`s total population and who had always had difficulties to assert themselves against the Hoklo.
		In academic texts, 'ethnic group' is most commonly defined as a group whose members have a common group-name, a common language, a common myth of decent, common characteristics in territory, history, culture, religion as well as a certain feeling of solidarity that distinguishes them from other groups with whom they interact and co-exist.
		As the discourse of `Taiwan`s great ethnic groups` was suitable to strengthen the position of Taiwan`s Han in general, it soon was not only the logo of the political opposition anymore: Even within the mainstream-wing of the KMT-government around Li Denghui, it received increasing approval since the early 1990s.
	www.taiwanfirstnations.org /mem.html (6818 words)

	A Study of The Development of Taiwanese consciousness
		The focus of this study is on ethnic differentiation in the context of the development of a Taiwanese consciousness.
		When two groups of people meet, group names will be coined to differentiate members in we-group and they-group, no matter the extent of distinction.
		The Hoklos from the Hokkien (in Hoklo, or Fukien in Mandarin) province migrated to Taiwan earlier and occupied fertile plains, while the Hakkas from the Canton (Kwangtung in Mandarin) province took hills.
	www.wufi.org.tw /eng/taiident.htm (7486 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on GLOSSIKA.
		"Hoklo" is often used instead of "Taiwanese" or "Southern Min." Using the term "Taiwanese" is sort of like using "American" to refer to English - it ignores the existence of the other langauges spoken in Taiwan.
		I personally prefer Hoklo because it is more narrow in focus, and doesn't refer to all the languages spoken south of the Min River, some of which are mutually unintelligable.
		Hoklo is the native language of over 70% of Taiwanese people, and is also spoken in Southern Fujien (Min-nan), Eastern Canton and Singapore.
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=1022 (3098 words)

	Michael Rudolph
		According to the new political discourse after 1989, Taiwan’s population now was not constituted of a homogeneous Chinese race (zhonghuaminzu) anymore, but of ‘four big ethnic groups’ (Taiwansidazuqun), i.e., Hoklo, Hakka, Mainlanders and Aborigines, that in the course of time had merged into a ‘new Taiwanese’ as a result of mutual cultural fertilization and intermixture.
		The concept was not only suitable to create a new sense of commonness among the members of Taiwan’s different ethnic groups, but also defied the mainland’s claims on Taiwan in historical and in cultural terms.
		Societal groups with a strong catalytic function in the first period were intellectuals within the Taiwanese opposition party DPP, Taiwan's anthropologists, foreign missionaries and the PCT.
	www.taiwanfirstnations.org /movement.html (5133 words)

	[No title]
		Ms Lin and Ms Lee belong to a small group of Taiwanese that government-commissioned polls have shown to prefer independence for Taiwan, in the region of 20 per cent, and fluctuating according to the mood at the time of the poll and to the state of cross-strait relations.
		Hoklo is another term for the Taiwanese who hail from Fujian province and who speak the Minnan dialect.
		While she would not want unification now, as she did not want to be ruled by communists, there was no question at all that it should take place at some point in time.
	www.taiwansecurity.org /News/2002/ST-090102.htm (1784 words)

	Taipei Times - archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		There is a clear distinction between the Hakka and the indigenous peoples here on the one hand and the Hoklo on the other, due to their historical conflicts in the early phase of Taiwan's development.
		The reason why indigenous peoples feel they have been unfairly treated by the Hoklo is that throughout history, their land has been exploited by the Hoklo, Taiwan's largest ethnic group.
		When it moved to Taiwan in 1949 and was faced with the Hoklo group, which made up 70 percent of the local population, they made it their strategy to promote people of Hakka descent, secure the support of indigenuous peoples and isolate the Hoklo.
	www.taipeitimes.com /News/editorials/archives/2004/04/22/2003137634/print (541 words)

	President Chen's Address to the National Day Rally
		The story of Taiwan is co-authored by every ethnic group of this land.
		Taiwan's national identity is established with all-inclusive participation from our ethnic groups--each one being the master of this land, and their mother tongues the languages of Taiwan.
		Whether an individual identifies with Taiwan or the Republic of China, per se, any such professed expression of national identity is a testament to one's loyalty towards this country; and such an expression should not be distorted or misused to divide the people.
	www.gio.gov.tw /taiwan-website/4-oa/20041010/2004101002.html (2347 words)

	Wellesley TCO: About Taiwan
		This group contains two subgroups: the Southern Fujianese or "Hokkien" or "Min-nan", who migrated from the coastal Southern Fujian (Min-nan) region in the southeast of Mainland China; and the Hakka, who originally migrated south to Guangdong, its surrounding areas and Taiwan.
		About 80% of the people in Taiwan belong to the Holo or Hoklo ethnic group and speak both Standard Mandarin (officially recognized by the ROC as the National Dialect) and Taiwanese (a variant of the Min Nan dialect spoken in Fujian province).
		Most aboriginal groups in Taiwan have their own languages which, unlike Taiwanese or Hakka, do not belong to the Chinese language family, but rather to the Austronesian language family.
	www.wellesley.edu /Activities/homepage/tco/taiwan.html (1169 words)

	Saving Dying Languages
		But scattered across the globe, many ethnic groups are struggling to find their own voice, even at the risk of making their dealings with the broader world they inhabit more fractious.
		From the Hoklo and Hakka in Hong Kong to the Euskara in Spain's Basque country, thousands of minority languages are clinging precariously to existence.
		As part of a small group of committed language teachers, inspired by influential University of Hawaii linguist Larry Kimura, Wilson and and Kamana vowed to restore the language to a central place among Hawaiians.
	www.yourdictionary.com /library/article004.html (4002 words)

	Chinese Malaysian - China-related Topics CE-CH - China-Related Topics
		The Penang group is predominantly Hoklo (ethnic group)Hokkien and the Kuala Lumpur group is predominantly Cantonese (linguistics)Cantonese and Hakka-speaking.
		Traditionally, Chinese Malaysian placed great importance and value on education because of their view of education being a means to improve their standard of living and due in part to the traditional Confucian esteem of education and the educated.
		Today, Chinese Malaysian are one of the most academically competitive groups in the country and in the region (including Australia, a popular destination for many Chinese Malaysian students pursuing their tertiary education).
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Chinese_Malaysian (1317 words)

	Politics in Taiwan: Ethnic Politics in Taiwan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This group is typically referred to as "Taiwanese", and it is their language that is referred to as the Taiwanese language.
		A second group of supporters are aligned with politicians drawn into the KMT during its localization campaigns of the 1970's and 80's.
		Hoklo, (or Holo if you prefer to spell it that way, the academic literature seems to be about 50/50), is therefore more acceptable.
	scottsommers.blogs.com /taiwanpolitics/2004/04/ethnic_politics.html (3096 words)

	List of ethnic groups at AllExperts
		A group can have several names (e.g., names in English and in a native language, obsolete names, versions of spelling, etc.) An ethnic group is a human population whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a supposedly shared common genealogy or ancestry (Smith 1986).
		Henceforth, this list may include only groups whose members self-identify and/or are identified by others as members of an ethnic group.
		Dogon - The Dogon are an ethnic* group located mainly in the administrative districts of Bandiagara and Douentza in Mali, West Africa.
	en.allexperts.com /e/l/li/list_of_ethnic_groups.htm (3939 words)

	Asia Times Online - News from greater China; Hong Kong and Taiwan
		Last Friday, for example, a KMT grouping calling itself the 567 Alliance, consisting of younger party members impatient with Lien's leadership, protested about the lack of primaries to select candidates, seeing the current system of "negotiation" simply as a way for the chairman to reward loyalty and appoint his own placemen.
		The two camps are not split entirely along ethnic lines between mainlander exiles of the Chiang Kai-shek era and their offspring, and native Taiwanese, though it is fair to say that each camp is dominated by a particular ethnic group.
		The PFP is basically an ethnic party that can rely on the vote of mainlanders and ethnic Hakka who fear the chauvinism, real or imagined, of the majority Hoklo-speaking Taiwanese, which is, they think, promoted by the DPP.
	atimes01.atimes.com /atimes/China/FG01Ad07.html (2225 words)

	chu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Immunoglobulin studies show that Hakka and Hoklo populations in China are closely related to the southern minorities of China.
		Based on the gene frequency of immunoglobulin haplotypes, it is estimated that 20-25% of the genes of current Hakka or Hoklo populations in China originated from northern Han and 75-80% from southern groups of China.
		In short, it is highly unlikely that Hakka and Hoklo populations in Taiwan and China are descendants of migrants of northern Chinese.
	www.siue.edu /EASTASIA/chu_032700.htm (293 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Abnormal glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome amongst the ...
		The population of Taiwan area were composed of Taiwnanese Hoklo (or Minnan), Taiwanese Hakka (or Haka), immigrant Chinese mainlanders, and aborigines [17,18].
		We focus our study on the Taiwanese Hoklo and Hakka subjects, because that the genotypes of the immigrated Chinese mainlanders were greatly diversed and the aborigines as Malayo-Polynesians were even more different from Han Chinese people [17,18].
		Nevertheless, Taiwanese Hoklo and Hakka individuals, which comprised the majority of Taiwanese before the immigration of mainlanders, are closely related to southern Han Chinese people who appear to inherit haplotypes from both Han Chinese and Yueh individuals, making them genetically somewhat different from the northern Han Chinese and original Han Chinese people [17].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2350/7/36 (4644 words)

	Table of Contents-Number 16
		The historical ethnic division in Taiwan’s society has been between the Han people (Chinese, now the overwhelming majority) and the aborigines.
		The Han people themselves comprise two major groups: the Hoklo and the Hakka.
		As the Hakka are the second largest ethnic group......
	www.eastasian.ucsb.edu /projects/taiwancenter/oldsite/Number16.html (57 words)

	Wa'y Blima! Cebu Visitors Guide: Society & People
		The Chinese girl is the one with the expensive shoes and handbag, and the servant is the one lugging the flowers.
		Existing somewhere alongside the top end of the spectrum is the group which controls three-fourths of the economy.
		The Filipino-Chinese of Cebu are not a homogenous group.
	www.wayblima.com /cebu-society.html (1351 words)

	National Identity and Foreign Policy: Taiwan’s Attitudes toward China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		At first glance, it appears that there is ample space for coalition making and reconciliation among the four ethnic groups since their cleavages are not reinforcing.
		Nonetheless, while language may be conceived as capacity, property, or resource for individuals, it is a form of power for the ethnic group.
		As a privileged, if not dominant, ethnic group, the Mainlanders in Taiwan had in the past constructed their collective identity based on the loyalty to the Republic of China, the Kuomintang, and the Chiangs.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/shih.html (6175 words)

	Asia Times Online Community and News Discussion - Taiwan's Independence in Global Perspective
		This is the stage where nations are grouped into blocs to better compete, to give this anarchic model of sovereign nations competing for each one's own interest (that's over 200 interests)a more manageable situation.
		The Guangfu group is the first to move out, they predate the Minan group by a few hundred years.
		The group from the North came from Quan Zhou while the group from the South came from Zhang Zhou.
	forum.atimes.com /topic.asp?ARCHIVE=true&TOPIC_ID=681 (3717 words)

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